This study analyzed land allocation patterns and intensification among crop farmers in Uruan Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 240 farming households. The results showed that most farmland was acquired through inheritance or purchase. Common crop combinations included cassava, pumpkin, maize, and yam. The average Herfindahl index was 0.641, indicating some diversification. The average land intensification index was 0.8654, showing potential soil fertility issues from intensive cultivation without fallow periods. A negative relationship was found between farm size and land intensification, suggesting smaller farms face more pressure to intensively use land. The study recommends improved seeds/inputs and efforts to re
Land use intensity and efficiency of food crops production in osun state of n...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between land use intensity and food crop production efficiency in Osun State, Nigeria. It provides background on agricultural development in Nigeria and issues like declining productivity, food insecurity, and poverty. The study used survey data from 90 farmers in Ede North Local Government Area. Key findings included that most farmers were middle-aged, had primary education, large family sizes, and inherited their land. Analysis showed that farm size had a significant impact on production, while crop diversification, labor use, age, and land use intensity influenced production inefficiency. Major land management methods included mulching, crop rotation, and fertilizer use.
11.construction of soil conservation structures for improvement of crops and ...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses soil erosion and degradation problems in southern Ethiopia and efforts to address them through soil conservation structures.
2) A study constructed various soil conservation measures like soil bunds and fanya-juu on 544 hectares of land with farmer participation.
3) Implementation of these structures stabilized the soil, increased organic matter and fertility, and led to crop yield increases of 15-22% after one year and over 50% after three years.
11.[7 17]determinants of adoption and labour intensity of stone-terraces in e...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of adoption and labor intensity of stone terraces in the Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia. The study uses household and plot level data from 211 farm households to analyze factors affecting adoption of stone terraces and labor use intensity through a double hurdle model. Key findings were that land tenure security, parcel size and fragmentation, and farm training and education influence adoption and labor intensity of stone terraces. The implications are that programs should focus on relaxing land tenure, increasing parcel size and reducing fragmentation, and strengthening farm education.
Constraints of onion (alluim cepa.var.cepa l.) yield production and food pref...Alexander Decker
The document discusses constraints to onion production and food preferences in Bibugn Woreda, Ethiopia. It finds that the major constraints to onion production are low water accessibility and high rates of onion disease. While the climate is suitable for onion growth, water shortages and diseases have led to declining onion yields over time. There is also high local demand for onions that exceeds current production levels. The community prefers onions to shallots for food flavoring, but often uses shallots instead due to shortage of onions. To address these issues, the document recommends improving irrigation access through water diversion and pumping projects, supporting disease-resistant varieties, and prioritizing increased onion production.
Factors influencing farmer’s participation in agricultural projects the case ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that aimed to identify factors influencing farmers' participation in agricultural projects in Ghana. It provides background on the importance of agriculture in Ghana and the northern region, as well as poverty levels. It then describes the Agricultural Value Chain Mentorship Project (AVCMP) being implemented in the region. The study used a survey of 180 farmers in two districts to analyze factors affecting participation. Results from a probit model indicated that years of schooling, access to production credit, and access to agricultural extension services significantly determined farmers' participation in projects. Farmer interest can be sustained by providing tangible benefits like credit and extension.
Factors influencing fertilizer use intensity among small holder crop farmers ...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed factors influencing fertilizer use among small-scale crop farmers in Abak Agricultural
Zone, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 150 farmers and data was analyzed using
descriptive statistics and regression. The results found that most farmers were older with low social capital.
Regression analysis identified age, gender, household size, farm size, perceived fertilizer price, farm
output value, extension visits, number of goats/sheep owned, poultry ownership, and distance to fertilizer
sellers as significant factors affecting fertilizer use. The study recommends further fertilizer subsidies by
the state government and education programs to promote proper family planning and
11.factors influencing fertilizer use intensity among small holder crop farme...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed factors influencing fertilizer use among small-scale crop farmers in Abak Agricultural
Zone, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 150 farmers and data was analyzed using
descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The results found that most farmers were older with low social
capital. Regression analysis identified age, gender, household size, farm size, perceived fertilizer price, farm
output value, extension visits, number of goats/sheep owned, poultry ownership, and distance to fertilizer
sellers as significant factors affecting fertilizer use. The study recommends further fertilizer subsidies and
educating farmers on family planning and fertilizer usage to
Effect of soil conservation investment on efficiency of cassava production in...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effect of soil conservation investment on the efficiency of cassava production in Oyo State, Nigeria. 80 cassava farmers were surveyed. The most common soil conservation methods used were bush fallowing, manuring, mulching, crop rotation, and herbicides, though fertilizer was less used. Regression analysis found that larger farm size was negatively associated with soil conservation investment, while greater farming experience had a positive influence. The study concluded that providing credit facilities could help cassava farmers adopt more modern soil conservation technologies to boost production and meet food demands.
Land use intensity and efficiency of food crops production in osun state of n...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between land use intensity and food crop production efficiency in Osun State, Nigeria. It provides background on agricultural development in Nigeria and issues like declining productivity, food insecurity, and poverty. The study used survey data from 90 farmers in Ede North Local Government Area. Key findings included that most farmers were middle-aged, had primary education, large family sizes, and inherited their land. Analysis showed that farm size had a significant impact on production, while crop diversification, labor use, age, and land use intensity influenced production inefficiency. Major land management methods included mulching, crop rotation, and fertilizer use.
11.construction of soil conservation structures for improvement of crops and ...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses soil erosion and degradation problems in southern Ethiopia and efforts to address them through soil conservation structures.
2) A study constructed various soil conservation measures like soil bunds and fanya-juu on 544 hectares of land with farmer participation.
3) Implementation of these structures stabilized the soil, increased organic matter and fertility, and led to crop yield increases of 15-22% after one year and over 50% after three years.
11.[7 17]determinants of adoption and labour intensity of stone-terraces in e...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of adoption and labor intensity of stone terraces in the Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia. The study uses household and plot level data from 211 farm households to analyze factors affecting adoption of stone terraces and labor use intensity through a double hurdle model. Key findings were that land tenure security, parcel size and fragmentation, and farm training and education influence adoption and labor intensity of stone terraces. The implications are that programs should focus on relaxing land tenure, increasing parcel size and reducing fragmentation, and strengthening farm education.
Constraints of onion (alluim cepa.var.cepa l.) yield production and food pref...Alexander Decker
The document discusses constraints to onion production and food preferences in Bibugn Woreda, Ethiopia. It finds that the major constraints to onion production are low water accessibility and high rates of onion disease. While the climate is suitable for onion growth, water shortages and diseases have led to declining onion yields over time. There is also high local demand for onions that exceeds current production levels. The community prefers onions to shallots for food flavoring, but often uses shallots instead due to shortage of onions. To address these issues, the document recommends improving irrigation access through water diversion and pumping projects, supporting disease-resistant varieties, and prioritizing increased onion production.
Factors influencing farmer’s participation in agricultural projects the case ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that aimed to identify factors influencing farmers' participation in agricultural projects in Ghana. It provides background on the importance of agriculture in Ghana and the northern region, as well as poverty levels. It then describes the Agricultural Value Chain Mentorship Project (AVCMP) being implemented in the region. The study used a survey of 180 farmers in two districts to analyze factors affecting participation. Results from a probit model indicated that years of schooling, access to production credit, and access to agricultural extension services significantly determined farmers' participation in projects. Farmer interest can be sustained by providing tangible benefits like credit and extension.
Factors influencing fertilizer use intensity among small holder crop farmers ...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed factors influencing fertilizer use among small-scale crop farmers in Abak Agricultural
Zone, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 150 farmers and data was analyzed using
descriptive statistics and regression. The results found that most farmers were older with low social capital.
Regression analysis identified age, gender, household size, farm size, perceived fertilizer price, farm
output value, extension visits, number of goats/sheep owned, poultry ownership, and distance to fertilizer
sellers as significant factors affecting fertilizer use. The study recommends further fertilizer subsidies by
the state government and education programs to promote proper family planning and
11.factors influencing fertilizer use intensity among small holder crop farme...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed factors influencing fertilizer use among small-scale crop farmers in Abak Agricultural
Zone, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 150 farmers and data was analyzed using
descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The results found that most farmers were older with low social
capital. Regression analysis identified age, gender, household size, farm size, perceived fertilizer price, farm
output value, extension visits, number of goats/sheep owned, poultry ownership, and distance to fertilizer
sellers as significant factors affecting fertilizer use. The study recommends further fertilizer subsidies and
educating farmers on family planning and fertilizer usage to
Effect of soil conservation investment on efficiency of cassava production in...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effect of soil conservation investment on the efficiency of cassava production in Oyo State, Nigeria. 80 cassava farmers were surveyed. The most common soil conservation methods used were bush fallowing, manuring, mulching, crop rotation, and herbicides, though fertilizer was less used. Regression analysis found that larger farm size was negatively associated with soil conservation investment, while greater farming experience had a positive influence. The study concluded that providing credit facilities could help cassava farmers adopt more modern soil conservation technologies to boost production and meet food demands.
Malthus is still Wrong - we can feed a world of 9 billionPrabhu Pingali
Malthus is still wrong - we can feed a world of 9 billion. Plenary presentation to the Asian society of Agricultural Economists. Hanoi, Vietnam, October 13th, 2011.
Farmers’ perception of the impact of land degradation and soil and water cons...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study assessing farmers' perceptions of land degradation and soil conservation measures in Ethiopia. The key findings are:
1) Most farmers perceived soil erosion and declining soil fertility on their lands as severe problems. Over half believed these issues were reducing crop yields.
2) Nearly all farmers recognized the benefits of soil conservation for improving soil quality and production. However, many were still using traditional conservation methods.
3) Factors like labor requirements, maintenance needs, and reduced farm area discouraged some from adopting improved conservation techniques.
Studies on Tribal Farming in Nicobar Islands, Indiaiosrjce
This document summarizes a study on tribal farming systems in the Nicobar Islands of India. Some key points:
1) The Nicobar Islands have acidic soils except for Car Nicobar and Katchal which have neutral to calcareous soils. Coconut is the predominant crop, occupying 84% of agricultural area on average.
2) The tribes live in a social system called "tuhet" with no individual land rights. Households on average own 235 coconut trees, ranging from 10 to 1,000 trees.
3) Major livestock are pigs (82%) and goats (18%) reared extensively without confinement. Average annual household income is INR 103,345 mostly from coconuts. Major
This document discusses smallholder farmers' agricultural land use and challenges in forest-fringed communities in Ghana. It finds that the dominant land uses are food crop and animal production, but farmers face problems like poor soils, small farm sizes, climate variability, weeds, and pests. The study assessed how agroforestry, which integrates trees and crops, could help address these land use problems. It administered surveys to farmers and reviewed secondary data, finding that agroforestry has potential to improve soil fertility, boost food production, and provide alternative income sources when crop yields are low. However, the document recommends that more extension efforts by government agencies could further optimize agroforestry's benefits for farmers in forest-
Status and Challenges of Soil Management in Nigeria - Olatunji OjuolaFAO
This document summarizes the status and challenges of soil management in Nigeria. It finds that Nigerian soils are generally low in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter. The major challenges to soil management in Nigeria include soil erosion, salinity, flooding, desertification, declining soil fertility, lack of soil-specific fertilizer use, and mismanagement. Improving soil management will be important for boosting agricultural productivity in Nigeria.
Environmental issues and problems in nigeriaDogara Bashir
The document provides an overview of environmental issues and challenges in Nigeria. It describes Nigeria's physical features, climate, hydrology, geology, relief, vegetation, mineral resources, and major environmental problems. Key issues discussed include rapid population growth, land degradation through deforestation, desertification, and erosion, challenges with water resources management, and the impacts of climate change. The document presents detailed information on Nigeria's environment to support understanding issues and informing solutions.
Comparative Analysis of Fertilizer Use among Small-Scale Irrigation Farmers i...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
The natural environment of the Nsukka, is characterized by a combination of trees and grasses in different proportions. This readily provides conducive conditions for the combined cultivation of annual crops and perennial crops, or trees. But, some factors might have stalled the espousal and practice of agro forestry in Nsukka; this is because Nsukka until recently was generally inaccessible and lacked basic infrastructure. These have contributed negatively to result in wastage of farm products especially during harvest periods, and consequent loss of income to the farmers. The broad aim of the study was to analyze agro forestry land use practices of Nsukka farmers, assess the benefits, and draw up lessons and recommendations for sustainable agro forestry development in community-based forestry projects by describing the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers, determining the type of agro forestry practiced in the area, identifying the reasons for farmers’ participation in agro forestry practices, identifying the constraints to sustainable agro forestry in the area and the measures for tackling the constraints and determining the benefits of agro forestry to participating farmers and their communities at large. The results of the study showed that most farmers sale greater part of their produce as the only source of income and most farmers spend less because they use animal dropping as a source of fertilizer. The land tenure system of the entire study area is largely by inheritance, and land use is determined by the male head and, on whom the right of usage is vested. Similarly, the ownership, sponsorship and management of agro forestry farms are largely by the families.
Farmers’ Knowledge and Adoption of Soil Conservation Practices in North Centr...BRNSS Publication Hub
Soil is the most crucial resource on which agriculture is based. Proper management of this valuable
resource is vital to sustain long-term agricultural productivity. Farmers’ knowledge level and adoption of
soil management practices have influenced agricultural productivity. This study therefore, investigated the
farmers’ knowledge gap and adoption of soil conservation practices in North Central Nigeria. A four-stage
random sampling technique was adopted for selecting 960 respondents from all the six states for the study.
Structured questionnaire and interview schedule were used to elicit information from the respondents. Data
collected were analyzed with both descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequency counts, percentages,
and mean, standard deviation, and knowledge gap and adoption indexes. The overall results for the six states
showed that 45.3% had low knowledge gap, 43.4% had medium knowledge gap, and only 11.3% had high
and wider knowledge gap of soil conservation practices. Benue have the largest (52.3%) number of farmers
with the lowest knowledge gap on soil conservation practices. Results showed that 37.2 and 38.6% of
respondents had low and moderate adoption rate, respectively, while only 24.2% had high adoption rate of
soil conservation practices. State-wise, Benue (0.74) had the highest adoption rate while Kogi (0.33) had
the lowest. Adoption rate of soil conservation practices is significantly influenced by farmers’ knowledge
level at varying degree. It is concluded that farmers’ knowledge gap and adoption of soil conservation
practices ranges between low and medium with wide knowledge gap were found mostly in the areas of
terracing, contour farming, conservation tillage, and vegetative barriers. The study recommend that training
with result demonstration through agricultural extension services should be organized for farmers on soil
conservation practices to bridge their knowledge gap, especially in the areas where wider gap was found
and increases its adoption.
AN OVERVIEW of the CHALLENGES of AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH in SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA:...Premier Publishers
The document discusses the challenges of agricultural research in Sub-Saharan Africa, using Eritrea as a case study. It finds that Eritrea's National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) has inadequate human, financial, and material resources to conduct agricultural research. NARI lacks specialized trained personnel and sufficient operational funding. Additionally, the current agricultural research system is not adequately responsive to the challenges facing Eritrean agriculture. To address these issues, NARI needs to focus on participatory, demand-driven research and improve management, planning, monitoring, and evaluation of its human and physical resources and research agenda.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on the effects of erosion from the Agulu-Nanka complex on local communities in Anambra State, Nigeria. Data collected through questionnaires with 154 households found that 54 households (35%) were displaced, with 235 hectares of farmland and 80 houses destroyed. The erosion has severely impacted the socio-economic conditions of residents by destroying homes and farmland, disrupting transportation, and forcing people to relocate. While various control efforts have been undertaken, more coordinated long-term efforts are needed to fully address the erosion problem and support affected communities. Recommendations include sustained government funding, reforestation programs, an erosion control appeal fund, and preventing waste from worsening the erosion
The document discusses India's agricultural policies and trends in crops. It notes that agricultural policies aim to achieve specific domestic market outcomes. India's green revolution in the 1960s-1970s increased wheat and rice production through high-yielding varieties, irrigation expansion, and increased fertilizer and pesticide use. Recent policies aim for 4% annual agricultural growth based on efficient resource use, equity, and sustainability. India's crops are composed of foodgrains like cereals and pulses, as well as commercial crops. Crop patterns have changed over time due to various factors like prices, resources, technology, and household decisions.
Evaluation of land use practice and its future consequence on dilla zuria wor...zinabu wolde
The study reviewed Land use practices in Gedeo Zone Dilla Zuria woreda to assess its role and achievements in ensuring good food security since 2014 in which the people of Gedeo were being practice on. The objectives were to (1) identify the land Use practice that have been used over time; (2) identify the problem of current land Use practice in the area (3) identify the challenges of the practice in the soil; (4) determine the extent of use of land use practice from historical approaches in maintaining good service and (5) make recommendations for further improvement of land use practice. Primary sources, Published and unpublished secondary sources revealed that several agricultural approach were being undertaken in order to make clear land use practice of the area. One of the basic approaches undertaken today was Agroforestry practice, which culturally tied with Nation of Gedeo. Land use practice dealt with challenges of previous and current approaches of land use practice. Aspects of challenges to effective Land use practice in area were administrative or management, farmer awareness, and in general, attitudinal change of farmers in the area. Natural resource management such as integrated watershed management, soil and water conservation practice, consequence of improper land use practice are discussed and recommended for further improvement of land use practice in the study area.
Evaluating Plantmate organic manure and prime EC foliar on plant performance ...Innspub Net
Trials for the effectiveness of Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food for increased yields for selected crops were done in five different Agro-ecological zones and soil types, in Kenya. The approach was executed through controlled greenhouse experiment and in the field. The trials data obtained indicated Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food in combination with half the rate of recommended inorganic fertilizer performed significantly (p<0.05) better than all other treatments. Thus, plots treated with Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food gave higher yields in common beans, French beans, maize, onions, cabbages, capsicum with percentages exceeding 100 compared to the control in most cases. In many soils fertilizers are fixed and rendered insoluble under certain soil conditions such as soil pH. The Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food ameliorated the soil conditions as it interacted with inorganic fertilizer thus increasing its use efficiency by crops. Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food not only increased soil chemical fertility but also improves water use efficiency at low matric potential and generally improves plant vigor and soil health.
Effects of soil erosion on technical efficiency of cassava farmers in enu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of soil erosion on the technical efficiency of cassava farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria. The study found that farmers operating on eroded farms had significantly lower mean technical efficiency (56%) than those on non-eroded farms (77%). Farm size, labor, cassava cuttings, and fertilizer use significantly increased technical efficiency on non-eroded farms, while only fertilizer affected efficiency on eroded farms. Education level, age, household size, and extension contact were significant inefficiency factors on non-eroded farms, while education and age influenced inefficiency on eroded farms. The results indicate soil erosion negatively impacts cassava farmers' ability to efficiently use resources.
Malthus is still Wrong - we can feed a world of 9 billionPrabhu Pingali
Malthus is still wrong - we can feed a world of 9 billion. Plenary presentation to the Asian society of Agricultural Economists. Hanoi, Vietnam, October 13th, 2011.
Farmers’ perception of the impact of land degradation and soil and water cons...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study assessing farmers' perceptions of land degradation and soil conservation measures in Ethiopia. The key findings are:
1) Most farmers perceived soil erosion and declining soil fertility on their lands as severe problems. Over half believed these issues were reducing crop yields.
2) Nearly all farmers recognized the benefits of soil conservation for improving soil quality and production. However, many were still using traditional conservation methods.
3) Factors like labor requirements, maintenance needs, and reduced farm area discouraged some from adopting improved conservation techniques.
Studies on Tribal Farming in Nicobar Islands, Indiaiosrjce
This document summarizes a study on tribal farming systems in the Nicobar Islands of India. Some key points:
1) The Nicobar Islands have acidic soils except for Car Nicobar and Katchal which have neutral to calcareous soils. Coconut is the predominant crop, occupying 84% of agricultural area on average.
2) The tribes live in a social system called "tuhet" with no individual land rights. Households on average own 235 coconut trees, ranging from 10 to 1,000 trees.
3) Major livestock are pigs (82%) and goats (18%) reared extensively without confinement. Average annual household income is INR 103,345 mostly from coconuts. Major
This document discusses smallholder farmers' agricultural land use and challenges in forest-fringed communities in Ghana. It finds that the dominant land uses are food crop and animal production, but farmers face problems like poor soils, small farm sizes, climate variability, weeds, and pests. The study assessed how agroforestry, which integrates trees and crops, could help address these land use problems. It administered surveys to farmers and reviewed secondary data, finding that agroforestry has potential to improve soil fertility, boost food production, and provide alternative income sources when crop yields are low. However, the document recommends that more extension efforts by government agencies could further optimize agroforestry's benefits for farmers in forest-
Status and Challenges of Soil Management in Nigeria - Olatunji OjuolaFAO
This document summarizes the status and challenges of soil management in Nigeria. It finds that Nigerian soils are generally low in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter. The major challenges to soil management in Nigeria include soil erosion, salinity, flooding, desertification, declining soil fertility, lack of soil-specific fertilizer use, and mismanagement. Improving soil management will be important for boosting agricultural productivity in Nigeria.
Environmental issues and problems in nigeriaDogara Bashir
The document provides an overview of environmental issues and challenges in Nigeria. It describes Nigeria's physical features, climate, hydrology, geology, relief, vegetation, mineral resources, and major environmental problems. Key issues discussed include rapid population growth, land degradation through deforestation, desertification, and erosion, challenges with water resources management, and the impacts of climate change. The document presents detailed information on Nigeria's environment to support understanding issues and informing solutions.
Comparative Analysis of Fertilizer Use among Small-Scale Irrigation Farmers i...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
The natural environment of the Nsukka, is characterized by a combination of trees and grasses in different proportions. This readily provides conducive conditions for the combined cultivation of annual crops and perennial crops, or trees. But, some factors might have stalled the espousal and practice of agro forestry in Nsukka; this is because Nsukka until recently was generally inaccessible and lacked basic infrastructure. These have contributed negatively to result in wastage of farm products especially during harvest periods, and consequent loss of income to the farmers. The broad aim of the study was to analyze agro forestry land use practices of Nsukka farmers, assess the benefits, and draw up lessons and recommendations for sustainable agro forestry development in community-based forestry projects by describing the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers, determining the type of agro forestry practiced in the area, identifying the reasons for farmers’ participation in agro forestry practices, identifying the constraints to sustainable agro forestry in the area and the measures for tackling the constraints and determining the benefits of agro forestry to participating farmers and their communities at large. The results of the study showed that most farmers sale greater part of their produce as the only source of income and most farmers spend less because they use animal dropping as a source of fertilizer. The land tenure system of the entire study area is largely by inheritance, and land use is determined by the male head and, on whom the right of usage is vested. Similarly, the ownership, sponsorship and management of agro forestry farms are largely by the families.
Farmers’ Knowledge and Adoption of Soil Conservation Practices in North Centr...BRNSS Publication Hub
Soil is the most crucial resource on which agriculture is based. Proper management of this valuable
resource is vital to sustain long-term agricultural productivity. Farmers’ knowledge level and adoption of
soil management practices have influenced agricultural productivity. This study therefore, investigated the
farmers’ knowledge gap and adoption of soil conservation practices in North Central Nigeria. A four-stage
random sampling technique was adopted for selecting 960 respondents from all the six states for the study.
Structured questionnaire and interview schedule were used to elicit information from the respondents. Data
collected were analyzed with both descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequency counts, percentages,
and mean, standard deviation, and knowledge gap and adoption indexes. The overall results for the six states
showed that 45.3% had low knowledge gap, 43.4% had medium knowledge gap, and only 11.3% had high
and wider knowledge gap of soil conservation practices. Benue have the largest (52.3%) number of farmers
with the lowest knowledge gap on soil conservation practices. Results showed that 37.2 and 38.6% of
respondents had low and moderate adoption rate, respectively, while only 24.2% had high adoption rate of
soil conservation practices. State-wise, Benue (0.74) had the highest adoption rate while Kogi (0.33) had
the lowest. Adoption rate of soil conservation practices is significantly influenced by farmers’ knowledge
level at varying degree. It is concluded that farmers’ knowledge gap and adoption of soil conservation
practices ranges between low and medium with wide knowledge gap were found mostly in the areas of
terracing, contour farming, conservation tillage, and vegetative barriers. The study recommend that training
with result demonstration through agricultural extension services should be organized for farmers on soil
conservation practices to bridge their knowledge gap, especially in the areas where wider gap was found
and increases its adoption.
AN OVERVIEW of the CHALLENGES of AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH in SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA:...Premier Publishers
The document discusses the challenges of agricultural research in Sub-Saharan Africa, using Eritrea as a case study. It finds that Eritrea's National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) has inadequate human, financial, and material resources to conduct agricultural research. NARI lacks specialized trained personnel and sufficient operational funding. Additionally, the current agricultural research system is not adequately responsive to the challenges facing Eritrean agriculture. To address these issues, NARI needs to focus on participatory, demand-driven research and improve management, planning, monitoring, and evaluation of its human and physical resources and research agenda.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on the effects of erosion from the Agulu-Nanka complex on local communities in Anambra State, Nigeria. Data collected through questionnaires with 154 households found that 54 households (35%) were displaced, with 235 hectares of farmland and 80 houses destroyed. The erosion has severely impacted the socio-economic conditions of residents by destroying homes and farmland, disrupting transportation, and forcing people to relocate. While various control efforts have been undertaken, more coordinated long-term efforts are needed to fully address the erosion problem and support affected communities. Recommendations include sustained government funding, reforestation programs, an erosion control appeal fund, and preventing waste from worsening the erosion
The document discusses India's agricultural policies and trends in crops. It notes that agricultural policies aim to achieve specific domestic market outcomes. India's green revolution in the 1960s-1970s increased wheat and rice production through high-yielding varieties, irrigation expansion, and increased fertilizer and pesticide use. Recent policies aim for 4% annual agricultural growth based on efficient resource use, equity, and sustainability. India's crops are composed of foodgrains like cereals and pulses, as well as commercial crops. Crop patterns have changed over time due to various factors like prices, resources, technology, and household decisions.
Evaluation of land use practice and its future consequence on dilla zuria wor...zinabu wolde
The study reviewed Land use practices in Gedeo Zone Dilla Zuria woreda to assess its role and achievements in ensuring good food security since 2014 in which the people of Gedeo were being practice on. The objectives were to (1) identify the land Use practice that have been used over time; (2) identify the problem of current land Use practice in the area (3) identify the challenges of the practice in the soil; (4) determine the extent of use of land use practice from historical approaches in maintaining good service and (5) make recommendations for further improvement of land use practice. Primary sources, Published and unpublished secondary sources revealed that several agricultural approach were being undertaken in order to make clear land use practice of the area. One of the basic approaches undertaken today was Agroforestry practice, which culturally tied with Nation of Gedeo. Land use practice dealt with challenges of previous and current approaches of land use practice. Aspects of challenges to effective Land use practice in area were administrative or management, farmer awareness, and in general, attitudinal change of farmers in the area. Natural resource management such as integrated watershed management, soil and water conservation practice, consequence of improper land use practice are discussed and recommended for further improvement of land use practice in the study area.
Evaluating Plantmate organic manure and prime EC foliar on plant performance ...Innspub Net
Trials for the effectiveness of Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food for increased yields for selected crops were done in five different Agro-ecological zones and soil types, in Kenya. The approach was executed through controlled greenhouse experiment and in the field. The trials data obtained indicated Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food in combination with half the rate of recommended inorganic fertilizer performed significantly (p<0.05) better than all other treatments. Thus, plots treated with Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food gave higher yields in common beans, French beans, maize, onions, cabbages, capsicum with percentages exceeding 100 compared to the control in most cases. In many soils fertilizers are fixed and rendered insoluble under certain soil conditions such as soil pH. The Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food ameliorated the soil conditions as it interacted with inorganic fertilizer thus increasing its use efficiency by crops. Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food not only increased soil chemical fertility but also improves water use efficiency at low matric potential and generally improves plant vigor and soil health.
Effects of soil erosion on technical efficiency of cassava farmers in enu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of soil erosion on the technical efficiency of cassava farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria. The study found that farmers operating on eroded farms had significantly lower mean technical efficiency (56%) than those on non-eroded farms (77%). Farm size, labor, cassava cuttings, and fertilizer use significantly increased technical efficiency on non-eroded farms, while only fertilizer affected efficiency on eroded farms. Education level, age, household size, and extension contact were significant inefficiency factors on non-eroded farms, while education and age influenced inefficiency on eroded farms. The results indicate soil erosion negatively impacts cassava farmers' ability to efficiently use resources.
Effects of soil erosion on technical efficiency of cassava farmers in enu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of soil erosion on the technical efficiency of cassava farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria. The study found that farmers operating on eroded farms had significantly lower mean technical efficiency (56%) than those on non-eroded farms (77%). Farm size, labor, cassava cuttings, and fertilizer use significantly increased technical efficiency on non-eroded farms, while only fertilizer affected efficiency on eroded farms. Education level, age, household size, and extension contact were significant inefficiency factors on non-eroded farms, while education and age influenced inefficiency on eroded farms. The results indicate soil erosion negatively impacts cassava farmers' ability to efficiently use resources.
Assessment of Field Conditions and Soil Losses from Arable Lands of Wanke Dis...IJSRED
This document summarizes a study that assessed field conditions and soil losses from arable lands in Wanke District, Zamfara State, Nigeria. Stratified random sampling was used to select nine villages for study. Measurements of erosion indicators like rills and gullies were taken to determine cross-sectional areas and volume of soil loss. The total cross-sectional area and volume of soil loss for rills and gullies was found to be 373.59 m2 and 6654.78 m3 respectively, indicating significant soil erosion in the area. The study recommends partnerships to implement soil conservation practices to restore soil quality and productivity.
Farm Nutrient Monitoring: A case of Wakiso District, Central Uganda.Dr. Joshua Zake
Soil fertility depletion is a major constraint for agricultural productivity under smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa.
The NUTMON toolbox was used to determine on-farm nutrient balances in Central Uganda to come up with plausible recommendations to advance increased soil productivity and household food security and incomes among smallholder farming systems in Wakiso district.
Farm balances for major nutrients (N, P, K) at crop level (Primary Production Units – PPU) for major crops i.e. banana, sweat potatoes, beans and maize were all negative during the monitoring period, thus indicating a net mining of nutrients through crop harvest.
Changing Feeding Routines as a Strategy for Coping with Drought in Rural Kenya Julius Huho
- A drought in Nyairoko sub-location in Kenya in 2016-2017 caused severe food shortages due to failed rains and crop damage from pests.
- Households typically depended on potatoes and maize from their farms as their main food sources. The drought depleted food stores.
- To cope with the shortage, households changed their feeding routines by removing some meals, reducing portion sizes, and substituting the types of foods eaten. However, this led to poor health due to small food intake and lack of preferred foods.
Farmers’ constraints in rice production in South-East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states that constitute the South East Agro-ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the constraints in rice production through the development of extension training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
Article Citation:
Emodi AI.
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South-East Nigeria.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 114-123.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0026.pdf
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South - East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the
socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the
rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by
questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states
that constitute the South East Agro
-
ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly
used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were
dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production
include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of
inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of
credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the
government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the
constraints in rice production through the development of extension
training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/
processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
Comparison of Land use Practices and Their Limitations in Five Agrarian Commu...ijtsrd
A survey of land use practices was conducted in five agrarian communities in eastern Nigeria to obtained current dominant land uses in area and identify the farmer constraints the farmers face in order to proffer solutions so that the farmers can improve on their income and livelihood. Male farmers dominate the farming population with 52 against female farmers. Crop farming is the dominant land use type in all the five locations. Major crops grown are rice, yam, cassava, maize, pigeon pea and okra with rice ranking first in importance in all the locations except at Anaku where it was ranked second to yam probably due to the predominating traditional religious worshiping observed in the area. All farmers are classified as smallholders as the average farm holding was 6 ha. Other general land uses include residential housing, schools ,churches, markets, roads, mills etc Flooding of farms and farm road erosion are major land limitations because during the rains poor drainage characterize more the 95 of the areas and most farms are submerged. Input constraints include lack of mechanization equipment and agrochemicals including mineral fertilizers. Use of high mounds and raised beds and ridges up to 100 cm were recommended to control the flood where other arable crops other than rice are grown. Government intervention on input provision is apt to help the farmers boost their production. Asadu, C. L. A. | Onyeme, E. | A. N. Asadu "Comparison of Land use Practices and Their Limitations in Five Agrarian Communities in Southeastern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21552.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/21552/comparison-of-land-use-practices-and-their-limitations-in-five-agrarian-communities-in-southeastern-nigeria/asadu-c-l-a
Change in climate and consequent global warming are posing threats to food security in many developing nations including Nigeria because of the climate-dependent nature of agricultural systems and lack of coping capabilities. The spatiotemporal pattern of temperature and rainfall of Nigeria between 1901 and 2005 (105 years), using temperature and rainfall data to support the concept of regional climate change and its impact on Agriculture and food security was in-vestigated. Also assessed was the level of agriculture funding and output in Nigeria. Mean annual air temperature and rain-fall data between 1901- 2005 (105 years) were obtained from Food and Agricultural Organization publications, National Bureau of Statistics, Central Bank of Nigeria bulletin and National Meteorological Agency. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The results showed that within the period of 105 years, rainfall decreased by 81 mm with increasing temperature of 1.1℃. The unpredictability of rainfall and steadily increasing air temperature were observed from 1971-2005. The total federal budget between 2001 and 2005 averaged 824 billion Naira per year of which very small amount (14.7 billion (1.8%)) went to agricultural sector. The actual spending was 681 billion Naira per year with 11.4 bil-lion Naira for agriculture. Over 25 years, there were low and dramatic walloping of public spending in agriculture relative to large size and importance of agricultural sector in the economy. There is a continuous rise in output from 1987 to 2000 before it dropped in 2001. Land degradation, desert encroachment, drying up of surface waters, coastal inundations, and shift in cultivated crops over time affected the food security in Nigeria. The current available data showed that Nigeria, like most parts of the world is experiencing the basic features of climate change. Therefore, Nigerian government/ private sector partnership should encourage agricultural, industrial and domestic practices which will not contribute to the emission of greenhouse gasses.
This document reviews factors influencing Ethiopian farm households' decisions to invest in soil and water conservation. Land degradation through soil erosion and nutrient depletion threatens food security and productivity in Ethiopia's highlands. While the government has promoted conservation, studies have found mixed results on adoption factors. The review finds adoption and investment intensity are influenced by different processes. Addressing all relevant factors is needed, as no single policy can drive major changes alone.
An analysis of economic efficiency in bean production evidence from eastern u...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed economic efficiency among bean farmers in Eastern Uganda. The study used a stochastic frontier cost function and Tobit regression model based on a survey of 580 households. The key findings were:
1) The mean economic efficiency level among bean farmers was 59.94%, indicating room for improvement.
2) Economic efficiency was positively influenced by factors such as value of assets, off-farm income, access to credit, and farming as the primary occupation.
3) To increase efficiency and productivity, the study recommends training farmers in business skills, and improving access to affordable credit through group lending models.
Pastoralists’ Perception of Resource-use Conflicts as a Challenge to Livestoc...BRNSS Publication Hub
One of the major but hidden challenges to livestock development and animal agriculture in the world
over is resource-use conflicts between crop farmers, pastoralists, and other land users. This is so because
during conflict situation, almost all human livelihood activities come to a standstill including livestock
farming. This study, therefore, sought to examine how conflicts involving different land users hinder
livestock production. Questionnaire and oral interview were used to obtain information from a total of
120 pastoralists in three selected states of Southeast (Abia, Enugu, and Imo). Data were analyzed using
percentages, mean, and standard deviation. The results showed that the mean age of pastoralists was 38,
and the mean household size was 10, mean herding experience was 18. The following were the causes
of resource-use conflicts – blocking of water sources by crop farmers with a mean (M) response of 3.30,
farming across cattle routes (M=2.95), burning of fields (M=3.30), and theft/stealing of cattle (M=3.40),
among others. The factors attracting the pastoralists to the study area were availability of special pasture
(M=2.37), availability of land for lease (M=2.52), and water availability (M=2.60) among other reasons.
Conflicts, therefore, affect livestock production in the following ways – unsafe field for grazing, poor
animal health, loss of human and animal lives, abandonment of herds for dear life, and many others
1. Agriculture is the backbone of India's economy, with two-thirds of the workforce depending on it. However, agricultural growth rates have been lower than planned in the past decade.
2. Small farm sizes, environmental degradation, and unsustainable use of water resources have hindered agricultural productivity.
3. Policies need to shift subsidies towards investment, adopt new technologies, and incentivize sustainable farming practices to boost agricultural growth while protecting the environment.
Evaluation of the Growth and Yield Performances of Maize in a Soybean Culture...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Wilfred Land Reform And Nrm In Kenya 30th J Ul08 Newa95osksj
The document discusses land reform and natural resource management in Kenya. It outlines the need for land reform to address land inequality and degradation of natural resources. Land reform aims to promote sustainable land management, security of tenure, poverty reduction, and economic growth. Key approaches to land reform in Kenya include land registration and redistribution. However, aspects beyond registration are often ignored. The impacts of insecure land tenure on degradation and the importance of linking land reform to sustainable management are discussed.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of integrated soil and water conservation practices in Kofele District, Ethiopia. The study demonstrated integrated practices including soil bunds planted with grasses at four farmer fields over two years. Soil samples showed increasing trends of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon since establishment, indicating integrated practices improve soil fertility. Farmers, development agents, and experts participated in field visits and found the practices effective for controlling erosion and improving soil. The study recommended scaling up integrated soil and water conservation, especially on agricultural lands, as a strategy for rehabilitating degraded areas and mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration.
AN ASSESSMENT OF PROFITABILITY OF GROUNDNUT PRODUCTION USING GROSS MARGIN, TH...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. With the constraints on land due to increased population and emergence of other enterprises such as sugarcane farming, groundnut remains a dominant crop in the area and continues to play a critical role as a source of income to the rural farmers. The study focused on profitability of groundnut production in Ndhiwa Sub-County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on production characteristics of farmers, groundnut yield levels, total input costs (variable) and revenues earned were obtained from 323 farmers and analyzed. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. The operational cost and returns of groundnuts production were determined through Gross Margin (GM) and return on investment analysis. Secondary and primary data collected was collated, cleaned and coded for electronic entry and analysis. Groundnut was mainly grown in small scale with the average area under groundnut being 0.32 ha under. The average gross income from groundnut production was KES 34,268 per hectare from a mean output of 659 kilograms. Groundnut was found to be profitable in the area since it had a positive gross margin.
The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE) , International Journals Call for papaers: http://www.iiste.org/Journals
Similar to 11.economic analysis of land allocation use and intensification among arable crop farmers in uruan local government area of akwa ibom state (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
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A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
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A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
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This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
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This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
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A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
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This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
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Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
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What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
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3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
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Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
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#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
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In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
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Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing Days
11.economic analysis of land allocation use and intensification among arable crop farmers in uruan local government area of akwa ibom state
1. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.11&12, 2011
Economic Analysis of Land Allocation Use and Intensification
among Arable Crop Farmers in Uruan Local Government
Area of Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria
Edet Joshua Udoh1 Sunday Brownson Akpan2* Edidiong Raphael Effiong1
1. Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Uyo Akwa
Ibom State, Nigeria.
2. Department of Agricultural Economics, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike,
Abia state, P.M. B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State Nigeria.
* E-mail of the corresponding author: sundayakpan10@yahoo.com
Abstract
This study investigates the agricultural land allocation pattern and the level of land use intensification
among farming household heads in Uruan local government area of Akwa Ibom state in the southern
Nigeria. Two - stage random sampling technique was used to select 240 farming household heads.
Structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from sample farming household heads in the
study area. Combination of analytical tools including descriptive Statistics, Herfindahl index, Crop
Diversification index, and Ordinary Least Squares technique were used to analyze the specific objectives.
Analysis of socio economic characteristics reveal that majority of farming household heads were males,
learned and have moderate family size as well as small farm land. The result also reveals that agricultural
land in the area was mostly acquired through inheritance and outright purchase. Analysis of crop
combination shows that pumpkin, maize cassava and white yam was the most prefer crop combination in
the study area. An average Herfindal index of 0.641 and land intensification index of 0.8654 were obtained
among respondents. Also, a negative relationship was discovered between land intensification index and
farm size in the study area. The study therefore suggests for provisions of improved seed varieties and other
inputs to farming household heads by the Akwa Ibom state government. Also, state government should
intensify effort to reclaimed less productive land and developed Fadama projects in the state to reduce the
menace of land use intensification among farming household heads in the area.
Keywords: Land, Allocation, Crop, Farmers, Intensification, Resource, Akwa Ibom, Nigeria.
1. Introduction
In Nigeria, the demand for agricultural produce is continuously rising due to the geometric rise in
population; this has resulted in the intensification of cultivable land in an attempt to increase agricultural
productivity (Akinbile and Adekunle, 2000). Nigeria like most developing countries is an agrarian society
where vast percentage of the population is involved in several agricultural activities. The rural population in
the country represents a strong and virile productive force in subsistence agriculture. They play an
important role in the management of land, agricultural forestry and water resource (Ifaturoti, 1996).
Agricultural production in the developing economies depends on land use intensity and resource allocation
(Raufus, 2010). Efficient land utilization and management practices ensure achievement of farm level
objectives in term of economic viability, food security and risk aversion (Pinstrup et al., 1995; Krusemen et
al, 1996; and Udoh et al, 2002). With the ever-increasing Nigeria’s population, the pressure on land has
become so prominent that land which was initially regarded as a free-gift of nature tends to be most highly
priced factor of production (Gomez, 1993). The alternative features to this, are the intensive use of the few
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plots of land which usually would result in land nutrient exhaustion or degradation, low yield restricted
farms and continuous poverty following low productivity.
In recognition of the important of land as a farm resource, most agricultural policies and programmes in
Nigeria were aimed at improving accessibility to fertile land by farmers through provision of irrigated lands,
land reclamation and development of Fadamas. For instance, the River Basin Development Authority was
mandated to increase land size in the country through extensive irrigation programme. The on-going
Fadama development programme in the country is an attempt to increase crop productivity through
improvement in marginal or less productive lands. Thus the availability and productivity as well as
utilization of land have become priority objectives of most recent agricultural policy in the country.
The accessibility of most agricultural lands especially in the southern part of the country depends largely on
land tenure system and the extent of competition by non-agricultural land uses (Udoh 2000). Land as a
factor of production is a critical input in agricultural production. The criticality is imposed by its availability,
accessibility, quantity and quality. In Nigeria’s agriculture, the quality factor stands out as a major
determinant of land productivity. This is due to the problems associated with sourcing artificial
amendments that can improve the productivity of land especially by majority poor subsistent farmers that
dominate the arable crop production landscape (Raufus, 2010).
In Akwa Ibom state (which is located at the southern part of Nigeria); the increasing menace of erosion has
imposed a serious constraint on land availability. The consequences are low productivity, increasing soil
degradation and agricultural land fragmentation as well as land use intensification. Engelhard (1994) noted
that the loss of biodiversity, climate change and land degradation are closely linked, and that the immediate
causes are population pressure, poverty and the poor performance of extensive agriculture. The increasing
demand of agricultural commodities generated from an increase in population in the state and various
agricultural programmes and policies intended to boost arable crop production are incentives for farmers to
increase agricultural production in the state. These benefits prompted many arable crop farmers to intensify
the frequency of cropping in the state. Crops combination among arable crop farmers has drastically
changed in attempts to maximize land use and reduced risks and uncertainties in production. However,
increase in land use intensity without corresponding plans to supplement the soil with sustainable nutrients
could be detrimental to the national policy on self food sufficiency in the long run. Also, loss of
biodiversity and ecosystem functioning could be another consequences of irrational use of agricultural land
(Geist et al., 2005). On the other hand, increase land intensity without adequate attempt to restore depleted
soil nutrients or adoption of appropriate soil management technique might result in soil degradation
problems such as erosion, decline soil fertility among others. If this continues, the land productivity will
decrease and this could negate the overall policy thrust of the agricultural sector.
Kolawole, (1991); Lawal, (2001); Adewumi and Omotesho, (2002); Raufu (2010); Ogundari (2010) and
Lawal et al., (2010) provided evidences of increasing change in cropping pattern (i.e. decreasing index of
crop diversification) and land use intensification indices among arable crop farmers in Nigeria. Reid et al.,
(2006) asserted that although, estimates of the effects of land degradation on food production are rare, it had
been realized that the problem often leads to drastic reduction in agricultural production by necessitating the
use of higher level of inputs to maintain yields, temporary or permanent abandonment of plots and conversion
of land to lower value uses.
Thus, given the present population growth trend in Nigeria, the issue on increasing land fragmentation and
deteriorating soil fertility especially in Akwa-Ibom state; it is imperative to analyze issues surrounding land
use and determine land-use indices, such as land use pattern, allocation and intensification threshold in a
typified erosion prone farming communities of Akwa Ibom state. The need to assess the land use
intensification indices of arable crop farmers in the state will provide policy makers with reliable tools to
formulate appropriate policy framework that might reduce the consequences derivable from agricultural
land intensification. It is even more important now that the federal government of Nigeria is focusing on
agriculture as a potential source of non oil revenue to the country. Hence, the study was specifically
designed to determine the socio-economic characteristics of farming household heads in Uruan local
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government area of Akwa Ibom state; investigate the agricultural land allocation pattern and intensification
as well as determine the relationship between farm size and land use intensity in the study area.
2. Research Methodology
2.1 Study area, Sampling Procedure and Sampling Size: The study was conducted in Uruan Local
Government Area in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Akwa Ibom state is one of the states in the South-South
region of Nigeria. It is a Niger delta state that is very rich in crude oil deposit. The state is located in the
rain forest belt and is prone to oil spillage, acid rain and increasing ocean encroachment. Uruan is one of
the local government areas in the state that is noted for arable crop farming and fishing activities. The
population of the local government is about 118,300; out of which 62,897 are males and 55,403 are females
(NPC, 2006). Farming activities in Uruan local government area are organized in subsistence levels. Some
of the common food crops grown in the area are cassava, plantain, yam, cocoyam, maize, banana and palm
fruits. A two-stage random sampling procedure was used in selecting the respondents. A total of 240 arable
crop farming households were used for data collection in the study. A structured questionnaire was
administered to respondents and complemented by personal interviewed to ensure the consistency and
accuracy of data collected.
2.2 Analytical Techniques: Descriptive statistics consisting of percentages and frequency tables were used
to analyze the socio-economic characteristic of respondents. Herfidahl index was estimated and used to
analyze the land used pattern in the study area. The index was estimated for categories of farmers ranging
from mono cropping, two-crop combination, three crop combination etc. Mathematically it is express as
shown below;
……………………………..…………………. (1)
Where = CDIi is the crop diversification index and Pi = Proportion of net income from ith crop.
Crop diversification index value approaching 1.0 indicates that household’s specializes or concentrates on
farming activities and mono-cropping pattern; whereas smaller values reflect increasing diversification,
multi-cropping pattern and stability of income and sustainability of land use pattern (Spio, 1996 and Udoh,
2000).
To estimate land used intensification index in the study area, the Ruthenberg -Value was specify and
estimated following the work of Raufus (2010). The value shows if the length of fallow period may be
adequate for soils to restore natural fertility. Mathematically the value is expressed as shown below;
……………………………………………………… (2)
Where; C = Number of cropping years. This was obtained as the average number of years a land was used
before fallow. F = Number of fallow years. This was obtained as average number of years a land was
allowed to fallow before further cultivation. R – Value = 1 for permanent cultivation. The value lies
between 0 and 1; the further the value is from unity the more the likelihood that fallow would be adequate
to restore natural fertility and improve sustainability (Udoh, 2000).
To determine the relationship between land use intensity and farm size in the study area, an elasticity of
land use intensity was modeled and estimated following the empirical works of Cornia, (1985), and Raufus,
(2010). The model is shown below;
………………………….…………………………… (3)
Where Lui is land use intensity, and FMS is the farm size. The relationship is expressed in logarithm, where
the coefficient represents elasticity of FMS with respect to LUI.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Socio-Economic Characteristic of Farming household heads in Uruan area of Akwa Ibom state in
Southern part of Nigeria: The socio-economic characteristics of arable crop farming household heads are
shown in Table1. The results reveal that household heads were dominated by male folks in the study area.
The result is as expected, because male culturally in this part of the country dominate decision making of
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the family. About Eighty three percent of crop farming household heads fell within the age bracket of 20
and 60 years with an average age of about 49 years. This implies that, most crop farming household heads
in the study area are actively involved in farming activities.
The findings also reveal that most crop farming household heads in Uruan were married (30%) and about
(25%) were divorced while (25%) were widowed. Also, majority (37.50%) of household heads had
household size range of 6 to 10 members and an average household size of 8 members was obtain among
respondents. The results might point to the fact that most farming household heads in the study area used
the proceeds from farming to complement the non-farming income of their families and employ relatively
large and affordable family labour in arable crop production.
In addition, majority of crop farming household heads have at least 10 years of formal education with an
average of 8 years for all respondents. The result implies that there is high probability of innovation
adoption and diffusion among crop farming household heads in Akwa Ibom state. Around 27.50% of
respondents made between N50 000 and N90 000 per annum with an average of about N70 000 per annum;
while 35% made between N90 001 and N300 000 per annum with an average of about of N250 000/annum.
About 12.50% of crop farming household heads made more than N500 000.00/annum with an average of
N470 000.00/annum. This means that crop farming activities is profitable in Akwa Ibom state.
Furthermore, the result shows that majority of crop farming household heads in the state (about 83.33%)
have farming experience greater than 5 years. With an average farming experience of about 10 years, it
means that farming business is a well established venture in the study area with vast potentials for increase
private investment.
About 93.75% of crop farming household heads have farm size that is between 0.1 ha to 1.0 ha. The mean
farm size for all the respondents stood at 0.85ha. The result could be linked to the continuous subsistence
nature of cultivation of arable crop enterprises in the state imposed by increasing land fragmentation and
urbanization. The finding consolidates the research report by Nwachukwu and Onyenwaku (2007).
3.2 Analysis of Land Acquisition Methods
Table 2 reveals that five major types of land ownership were observed in the study area. About 57.93% of
farming household heads sample acquired farm land through inheritance; 24.39% of farming household
heads acquired land through outright purchase. This provides property right to the farmers who are at
liberty to observe longer fallow periods and less land use intensity. Only 7.31% of respondents acquired
land through lease, which imposes limited right on farmers, thus such land might be put to less productive
use than it should. In essence limited right on land resource causes hectares of land to be multi cropped
each year. This also led to increase in the rate of land degradation, especially when no standard practice of
land management is carried out. Under such condition, farmers would observe short or no fallow periods to
enable them consolidate their land rent. Fourteen (14) farming household heads acquired farm land through
Gift and Pledge. The results show that farming household heads in the study area acquire land mostly
through inheritance and outright purchase.
3.3 Analysis of crop combination by farming household heads in Uruan area of Akwa Ibom state
Table 3 shows the pattern of crop combination of farming household heads in Uruan area of Akwa Ibom
State. The result reveals that majority of household heads (12.50%) prefer fluted pumpkin (PUM), cassava
(CAS), maize (MZE) and white yam (YAM) combinations. Also, about (11.67%) of the farming household
heads have preference for fluted pumpkin (PUM), waterleaf and maize (MZE) combinations. From the
combination pattern of crops, it is clear that cassava is the major arable crop prefer by farming household
heads in Uruan area of Akwa Ibom state in Nigeria. Another important crops identify from the
combinations are the fluted pumpkin, white yam, maize, melon and garden egg. Palm oil fruit was the list
prefer crop among farming household heads in the study area. This could be attributed to the insufficient
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land and long gestation period require for the harvest of Palm oil fruit. Since most rural farmers are poor
they cannot afford to maintain plantation of oil palms fruit.
3.4 Nature of Agricultural land Allocation Pattern in the study area
Table 4 reveals that farming household heads in Uruan area adopt different agricultural diversification
strategies to fully utilize highly fragmented agricultural land and thus attempt to reduce risks and
uncertainties in their operations. The strategies include mono cropping and up to seven crop combinations
in one piece of land. The sample household heads cultivated three crops as sole enterprises and seven crops
as mixed enterprises during data collection period. The result shows that majority of farming household
heads planted more than 5 crops in their farm land. This clearly shows the intensity of land scarcity in the
study area. The finding also indicates that farming household heads that combine crops made more monthly
farm income and non-farm income than those that specialized on mono-cropping. The result attests to the
increasing crop diversification tendencies among farming household heads in the study area. This condition
could be linked to risky nature of arable crop production in Uruan area of the state.
3.5 Herfidahl index of crop combination among farming household heads in Uruan area
Table 5 shows the Herfidahl indices for categories of farming household heads adopting various crop
combinations, ranging from mono cropping to seven crop combinations. For the four and five-crop
combination category, the average Herfidahl -index was 0.604 and 0.535 respectively. The result however,
shows that as the number of crop combination decreases, the Herfidahl-index increases and would become
one for sole cropping implying specialization. But on the average, the Herfidahl-index for all samples
farming household heads was 0.641. This implies that there is less farming specialization among farming
household heads in Uruan local government area of Akwa Ibom state. This means that farming household
heads undertook one form of cropping diversification or the other to avoid risks and uncertainty of low yields
among other reasons.
3.6 Land intensification indices for farming household heads in Uruan Local Government Area
Ruthenberg- value was estimated for each farming household head. The Ruthenberg -value shows the land
use intensity (intensification index) for each farming household head. The result of land intensification
index reported in Table 6 shows a distribution that is highly skewed. This means that most farming
household heads in Uruan area of Akwa Ibom state in the southern Nigeria have high land intensification
index; while few farmers have low land intensification index. For instance, only 5 percent of farming
household heads had land intensification index less than or equal to 0.5; whereas about 62.5 percent of
farming household heads had land intensification indices almost at unity. The findings reveal an average
Rothenberg- value of 0.8654 and the minimum as well as the maximum values of 0.49 and 1.00
respectively. This implies that, average farming household head in Uruan local government area in Akwa
Ibom state cultivate crops almost on continuous basis. This finding could be explained by the constraints
imposed by excessive land fragmentation and the relative scarcity of fertile land in the study area.
Farmers face with this limitation has no option than to adopt continuous cropping which is usually
accompanied by soil degradation and poor yields. Depending on the agronomic practices adopted by the
farming household heads in the study area, the land use may be unsustainable or may not.
3.7 Elasticity of land use intensity among farming household heads in Uruan area
To determine the relationship between land use intensity and farm size among farming household heads in
Uruan local government area; elasticity of land use intensity was model and estimated following the
empirical work of Cornia (1985). The result of the estimation is shown in Table 7; and the diagnostic
statistics indicate appropriateness of the specify model. The empirical result reveals that farm size has a
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significant negative relationship with land use intensity in the study area. This means that land use intensity
increases with the decreasing farm size. The elasticity value of farm size with respect to land use
intensification is negative and inelastic (-0.087) implying that an increase in land use intensity in the study
area occurred as a result of scarcity of agricultural land. The result could be further explained by constraints
imposed on land availability due to excessive land fragmentation in the study area. Similar results have
been reported by Raufu (2010) in western Nigeria.
4. Conclusion
The study discovers that majority of farming household heads in Uruan area of Akwa Ibom state in
southern Nigeria are male and are of average age of 49 years. They have an average farming experience of
about 10 years, implying that farming enterprise is an established business in the area. The findings also
reveal that most of them are learned and made quite reasonable monthly farm income in addition to
possessing farm land that is reasonably small or less than one hectare. The result also shows that farming
household heads in the study area acquire land mostly through inheritance and outright purchase. In
addition, the findings reveal that majority of household heads prefer fluted pumpkin, cassava, maize and
white yam combinations. It was clear that cassava was the major arable crop prefer by farming household
heads in Uruan area of Akwa Ibom state in Nigeria. Further analyses reveal that farming household heads in
Uruan area adopted different agricultural diversification strategies to fully utilized highly fragmented
agricultural land and thus attempt to reduce risks and uncertainties in their operations. An average
Herfidahl-index for all samples farming household heads was 0.641. This implies that most household
heads in Uruan area practiced mixed crop farming. Also, the findings reveal an average Rothenberg- value
of 0.865 which implies that, average farming household head in Uruan local government area in Akwa
Ibom state cultivate crops almost on continuous basis. In addition, the empirical result further reveals that
farm size has a significant negative relationship with land use intensity in the study area.
In order to improve on the nature of agricultural land allocation and cropping pattern, the study advocated
for the following recommendations; Government of Akwa Ibom State should intensify effort to provide
adequate and accessible inputs such as improve seeds, herbicide, farm implements and fertilizers to food
crop farming household heads (active farmers). The inputs should be provided at subsidized rates to
encourage their usage, since most of the farming household heads are poor. These might help to increase
yield, reduce risk and help to minimize the tendency of increase land use intensification in the area.
Activities of agricultural extension services in Akwa Ibom State should be intensify and re-directed to focus
more on demonstration of appropriate crop combinations technique in the State. To achieve this, Focus
group discussion, seminars, workshops and farm demonstrations should be organized for farming
household heads. Through these channels, farmers would be aware of the danger of increase land use
intensification and made attempts to adopt appropriate strategies to amend the soil. Special attention should
be given to fertilizer procurement and distribution to arable crop farmers in Akwa Ibom State. Increase
fertilizer use might reduce the menace of increase land use intensification through increase in output. Also,
government of Akwa Ibom State should embark on land reclamation and development of fadama land areas
in the State. Increase in agricultural land area would reduce the intensity of land use and help sustained soil
fertility for a longer time.
REFERENCES
[1] Adewumi, M. O. and Omotesho A. O. (2002), “An Analysis of Production Objectives of Small Scale
Rural Farming Households in Kwara State, Nigeria” J. Rural Dev., 25: 201-211.
[2] Akinbile, M., Adekunle, A. (2000). Land Administration in Nigeria: case studies of implementation of
land use decree (Act) in Ogun Ondo and Oyo State of Nig. Agricultural Administration 17 (1): 21-31.
[3] Cornia, G. A. (1995). Farm size, farm yield and agricultural production function: an analysis for
fifteenth developing countries. World Dev., 13: 513-534.
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[4] Engelhard, B. M. (1994). Land Tenure and land Administration in Nigeria and the Cameroons, London,
H. M. Stationery office, 420p.
[5] Geist H, Lambin E, McConnell W, Alves D. (2005). Causes, Trajectories and Syndromes of Land
Use/Cover Change, UPDATE Newsletter of the International Human Dimensions Programme on
Global Environmental Change, 03/2005, pp. 6-7.
[6] Gomez, A. A. (1993). The slopping lands of the Philippines. SEARCA, Philippines (Mimeo). Ifaturoti,
B. S. (1996): The need for land Reform in Nigeria: Ibid, 8441-453.
[7] Kolawole A . (1991). Economics and management of the Fadama in Northern Nigeria partial Wetlands
in Dryland: The Agro Ecology of Savanna Systems in Africa Drylands Programme, IIED. London.
[8] Krusemen GH, Ruben H. R, Keulen N.V. Kuyvenhoen (1996), “Analytical Framework for
Disentangling the Concept of Sustainable Land Use” Agric. Syst. 50(2): 191 – 207.
[9] Lawal, A. F., O. A. Omotesho, and M. O. Adewumi (2010). Land use pattern and sustainability of
food crop production in the fadama of Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. African Journal of
Agricultural Research, Vol. 5(3) pp. 178-187.
[10] Lawal A. F. (2001), “Socio-Economic Effects of Flood Disaster on the Riparian Communities around
Jebba and Shiroro Dams in Niger State, Nigeria”. Paper Presented at the 19th Annual Conference of
Agricultural Society of Nigeria held at Badeggi.
[11] National population commission (2006), national census data for Nigeria.
[12] Ogundari, K. (2010), Crop diversification and the technical efficiency of smallholder farms in Nigeria.
[13] Pinstrup–Anderson, P. and R. Pandya-Lorch, (1994), Alleviating poverty, intensifying Agriculture, and
effectively managing natural resources. Food, Agriculture and Environment discussion paper 1 pp.
1-18.
[14] Raufu, M. O. (2010), Pattern of Land use among selected crop farmers in Osun State. Research Journal
of Soil and water management 1 (1): 1-4.
[15] Reid, R. S,. T. P. Tomich,. J. C. Xu, H. Geist and A. S. Mather (2006). Linking Land – change
Science and Policy: Current Lesson and Future Integration. In Land Use and Land cover change.
Local Processes and Global impact, Lambin, E. F. and H. J. Geist (Eds.) Springer, Berhin, ISBN:
354032201, Pp: 1- 222.
[16] Ruthenberg, H., 1980, Farming System in the tropics. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
[17] Spio K. C. (1996), “Inter-Cropping-the Hidden Revolution: A Solution to Land Scarcity and
Household Food Security” In Conference Issue: Paper presented at the 3rd Annual Conference of the
Agricultural Economic Association of South Africa, Agrekon 35(4): 266 – 270.
[18] Udoh, E. J. (2000). Land Management and Resource use Efficiency among farmers in South-Eastern
Nigeria. Ph.D Thesis University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
[19] Udoh, E. J., Akintola, J. O. (2002). Land Management and Resource-use Efficiency among Farmers in
South eastern Nigeia. El-shaddai Global ventures Ltd, Ibadan: ix, 2, 5-8.
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Table 1: Characteristics of arable crop farming households in the Southern region of Nigeria.
Characteristics Freq. % Characteristics Freq. %
Gender composition of Farmers Age of Respondents (Year)
Male 162 67.50 21-30 12 5.00
Female 78 32.50 31-40 30 12.50
Total 240 100.00 41-50 48 20.00
51-60 102 42.50
Marital Status of Respondents 61-70 48 20.00
Single 48 20.00 Total 240 100.00
Married 72 30.00
Divorce 60 25.00 Household Size of Respondents
Widowed 60 25.00 0-5 60 25.00
Total 240 100.00 6-10 90 37.50
11-15 42 17.50
Educational Status (yrs) > 15 48 20.00
No Schooling 18 7.50 Total 240 100.00
Primary School 54 22.50
Secondary School 90 37.50 Primary Occupation of Respondents
Tertiary 78 32.50 Farming 138 57.50
Total 240 100.00 Fish farming 0 0.00
Trading 24 10.00
Annual Income (N) Civil Servant 72 30.00
50,000-90,000 66 27.50 Others 6 2.50
90,001-300,000 84 35.00 Total 240 100.00
300,001-500,000 60 25.00
>500,000 30 12.50 Farming Experience in (yr)
Total 240 100.00 < 1 10 4.17
1−5 30 12.50
>5 200 83.33
Farm Size of Respondents (ha) Total 240 100.00
< 0.1 35 14.58
0.1 − 1.0 190 79.17
> 1.0 15 6.25
Total 240 100.00
Source: Field Survey, 2011
Table 2: Distribution of farming household heads according to the mode of farm land acquisition.
Mode of acquisition Frequency Total land size (Ha) Percentage %
Inheritance 190 121.01 57.93
Purchase 80 57.58 24.39
Gift 20 11.44 6.10
Lease 24 20.16 7.31
Pledge 14 8.40 4.27
Total 328* 218.59 100
Source: Field Survey 2011, asterisk means multiple counts of respondents.
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Table 3: Distribution of farming household heads according to crop combinations
Types of crop combination Frequency Percentage
CYAM-YAM-SYAM-CAS-PUM 48 6.67
PUM-WLEAF-OKR-MZE-PEPER 36 5.00
WYAM-CAS-CYAM-PUM 72 10.00
PUM-CAS-MZE-YAM 90 12.50
CYAM-SYAM-YAM 42 5.83
PLANTAIN-BAN-CAS 60 8.33
CAS-MZE-MEL 42 5.83
YAM-CAS-MEL 48 6.67
PUM-CAS-OKR 18 2.50
CAS-SYAM-CYAM 66 9.17
OIL PALM-CAS 24 3.33
GEGG-PINEAPPLE 12 1.67
PUM-WATERLEAF-MZE 84 11.67
PUM-MZE-PEPPER 78 10.83
Total 720* 100.00
Source: Field Survey 2011, * Multiple count of crops combination. Note: CYAM = Cocoyam; WYAM=
Water yam; SYAM = Sweet yam; CAS = Cassava; PUM = Fluted Pumpkin; WLEAF = Waterleaf; OKR =
Okra; MZE = Maize; YAM = White yam; BAN = Banana; MEL = Melon; and GEGG = Garden egg.
Table 4: Distribution of income and area cultivated to various crop combinations
No. of Mean area Mean Min. Max. Mean
Enterprise farming of land monthly monthly monthly monthly
household farm farm income farm non- farm
head income (N) income income (N)
(N) (N)
Mono-cropping 6 0.430 17 250.5 7 250.00 20 250.00 5 000.00
Two crop-combination 12 0.355 32 777.5 8 567.00 49 000.00 10 375.00
Three crop-combination 48 1.163 68 162.5 9 364.00 137 000.00 15 525.00
Four crop-combination 42 0.835 75 775.0 8 235.00 155 000.00 35 985.44
Five crop-combination 60 1.655 93 902.8 4 560.00 184 400.00 40 150.00
> 5 crop-combination 72 1.808 118 484.3 10 000.00 277 300.00 70 000.00
Source: Computed by authors from analysis data.
Table 5: Herfidahl index of crop combination for farming household heads in Uruan Local Government
Area
Cropping pattern Mean Herfidahl SD Min. Value Max. Value
index
Sole cropping 1.000 1.000 1.00 1.00
Two Crop-combination 0.967 0.225 0.65 0.90
Three crop-combination 0.736 0.199 0.43 0.86
Four crop-combination 0.604 0.265 0.29 0.71
Five crop combination 0.535 0.232 0.29 0.68
> Five crop combination 0.402 0.168 0.43 0.41
Whole Farm 0.641 0.217 0.26 0.70
Source: Computed by authors from the analysis data based.
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Table 6: Land intensification indices for farming household heads in Uruan Local Government Area
Intensification index range Frequency Percentage
0.41 – 0.50 12 5.00
0.51 – 0.60 24 10.00
0.61 – 0.70 24 10.00
0.71 – 0.80 24 10.00
0.81 – 0.90 6 2.50
0.91 – 1.00 150 65.20
Mean = 0.8654; Minimum = 0.490; Maximum = 1.00
Source: Computed by authors from estimated indices.
Table 7: Elasticity of land use intensity in the study area.
Variable Coefficient Standard error t – value
Constant -0.031 0.010 -3.003***
Ln Farm Size -0.087 0.030 -2.945***
R2 0.219
F – Statistic 2.293**
Note: ** and *** represent 5%, 1% significance levels respectively. Variables are as defined in equation (3).
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