The document summarizes research on the effect of short glass fiber and fillers on the dry sliding wear behavior of thermoplastic copolyester elastomer composites. Experiments were conducted using a Taguchi design of experiments with variables including filler content, sliding velocity, and sliding distance. Analysis of variance was used to determine the most influential parameters on specific wear rate. The experimental results showed that filler content had the greatest effect on specific wear rate, followed by sliding distance, while sliding velocity showed a negligible effect. Examination of worn surfaces revealed features associated with adhesion of the matrix to fibers as well as microcracking and debris formation.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF SIC FILLED HYBRID COMPOSITES USING TA...IAEME Publication
The popularity of composite materials usage is increasing due to its superior strengthcharacters racing the traditional materials in strength to weight ratio. The developments of new
materials are on the anvil and are growing day by day. In this work, two-body abrasive wear testwith different loads and abrading distances were performed at room temperature by using a pin ona disk apparatus to determine the surface hardness strengthof SiC filled Glass fiber reinforced
with epoxy resin hybrid composites. The results showed that the wear volume increased withincreasing abrading distance and the specific wear rate decreased with increasing abradingdistance and increased with load for SiC particle filled Hybrid composites. Among the filled Hybridcomposites tested, composites with 10% SiC by weightshowed a better tribological behavior result.Also, a taguchi’s experimental design approach to make a parametric analysis of wear behavior of10% SiCG-J-E, 10%SiCG-S-E and 10% SiCG-R-E.hybrid composites werestudied. The systematicexperimentation leads to identificationofsignificantprocessparameters and material variablesthat predominantly influence the specific wear rate.
Indirect Tensile Strength of Modified Bitumen Mixturedbpublications
The performance of flexible pavements depends on bituminous mixture and external factors such as traffic loading and weather conditions. Bitumen mixture is elastic, viscoelastic and plastic material where rate of traffic loading and weather conditions plays very significant role on its behavior .Conventional bitumen mixture is unable bear the present traffic volume and environmental conditions by considering this an attempt has been made to study the indirect tensile strength of modified bitumen mixture using cellulose fiber as a modifier. Higher tensile strength resist the cracks, fatigue and rutting which are common failure in the flexible pavements. For preparation of bituminous concrete mixture (BC) gradation has been taken as per MORTH (table no: 500-18) specification. Bitumen content is optimized at 5% and cellulose binder content has been varied such as 1%, 3% and 5% of total mix. Conducted different types of tests such as penetration, ductility, softening point and indirect tensile strength . It has been observed that the behavior of asphalt cement after adding the modifier differ from percentage to another, At 5% an ideal improvement to the fatigue and rutting resistance properties of the asphalt cement in terms of indirect tensile strength as compared with 1%,2% of modifier and conventional bitumen . The addition of 5% Cellulose is found more significant.
6.a review on wear behaviour of clutch plate made of peek composite materialEditorJST
The conventional clutch plate made of carbon fiber and ceramic mixture of copper, iron, tin bronze,
silicon dioxide, and/or graphite, typical alloy is a lamellar pearlitic gray iron like G11H20b of which, it can be
replaced by developing of new materials for reducing the wear rate of the clutch plate the materials chosen is
Poly Ether Ether Ketone (PEEK) based composites mixed with silicon carbide powder shows better results in
which it can be manufactured by the injection moulding process and it is tested in Friction and wear experiment
wear run under constant temperature in a pin-on-disc arrangement, PEEK and its composites used in this
investigated the friction coefficient decreases with the increasing load on PEEK. The composite showed a very
low friction coefficient and wear rate increase in the normal applied load sliding distance decreases wear rate.
Further the wear and friction behaviour decreases with increases the gradually by addition of fillers.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF SIC FILLED HYBRID COMPOSITES USING TA...IAEME Publication
The popularity of composite materials usage is increasing due to its superior strengthcharacters racing the traditional materials in strength to weight ratio. The developments of new
materials are on the anvil and are growing day by day. In this work, two-body abrasive wear testwith different loads and abrading distances were performed at room temperature by using a pin ona disk apparatus to determine the surface hardness strengthof SiC filled Glass fiber reinforced
with epoxy resin hybrid composites. The results showed that the wear volume increased withincreasing abrading distance and the specific wear rate decreased with increasing abradingdistance and increased with load for SiC particle filled Hybrid composites. Among the filled Hybridcomposites tested, composites with 10% SiC by weightshowed a better tribological behavior result.Also, a taguchi’s experimental design approach to make a parametric analysis of wear behavior of10% SiCG-J-E, 10%SiCG-S-E and 10% SiCG-R-E.hybrid composites werestudied. The systematicexperimentation leads to identificationofsignificantprocessparameters and material variablesthat predominantly influence the specific wear rate.
Indirect Tensile Strength of Modified Bitumen Mixturedbpublications
The performance of flexible pavements depends on bituminous mixture and external factors such as traffic loading and weather conditions. Bitumen mixture is elastic, viscoelastic and plastic material where rate of traffic loading and weather conditions plays very significant role on its behavior .Conventional bitumen mixture is unable bear the present traffic volume and environmental conditions by considering this an attempt has been made to study the indirect tensile strength of modified bitumen mixture using cellulose fiber as a modifier. Higher tensile strength resist the cracks, fatigue and rutting which are common failure in the flexible pavements. For preparation of bituminous concrete mixture (BC) gradation has been taken as per MORTH (table no: 500-18) specification. Bitumen content is optimized at 5% and cellulose binder content has been varied such as 1%, 3% and 5% of total mix. Conducted different types of tests such as penetration, ductility, softening point and indirect tensile strength . It has been observed that the behavior of asphalt cement after adding the modifier differ from percentage to another, At 5% an ideal improvement to the fatigue and rutting resistance properties of the asphalt cement in terms of indirect tensile strength as compared with 1%,2% of modifier and conventional bitumen . The addition of 5% Cellulose is found more significant.
6.a review on wear behaviour of clutch plate made of peek composite materialEditorJST
The conventional clutch plate made of carbon fiber and ceramic mixture of copper, iron, tin bronze,
silicon dioxide, and/or graphite, typical alloy is a lamellar pearlitic gray iron like G11H20b of which, it can be
replaced by developing of new materials for reducing the wear rate of the clutch plate the materials chosen is
Poly Ether Ether Ketone (PEEK) based composites mixed with silicon carbide powder shows better results in
which it can be manufactured by the injection moulding process and it is tested in Friction and wear experiment
wear run under constant temperature in a pin-on-disc arrangement, PEEK and its composites used in this
investigated the friction coefficient decreases with the increasing load on PEEK. The composite showed a very
low friction coefficient and wear rate increase in the normal applied load sliding distance decreases wear rate.
Further the wear and friction behaviour decreases with increases the gradually by addition of fillers.
Study and Analysis on Mechanical and Wear Behavior of SiC Filled Epoxy Compositepaperpublications3
Abstract: Silicon carbide possesses ample reinforcing potential to be used as a filler material in polymer matrix composites. Successful fabrication of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide particles is possible by simple hand-lay-up technique. These composites possess very low amount of porosity and improved micro-hardness, also it provide slightly superior tensile, flexural and inter-laminar shear strengths than those of the neat epoxy. This study reveals that silicon carbide possesses good filler characteristics as it improves the sliding wear resistance of the polymeric resin. Dry sliding wear characteristics of these composites have been gainfully analysed using a design-of-experiment approach based on Taguchi method. The analysis of experimental results shows that factors like filler content, sliding velocity and normal load, in this sequence, are identified as the significant factors affecting the specific wear rate of the composites under investigation. The silicon carbide-epoxy composites fabricated and experimented upon in this investigation are found to have adequate potential for a wide variety of applications particularly in wear prone environment. When wear is not the predominant degrading factor, epoxy without silicon carbide can be recommended. However, the weight fraction of filler in the composite is to be decided from the view point of required strength. If the place of use is hostile with sliding wear situations, then silicon carbide epoxy composites are to be preferred due to their fairly good wear resistance. Use of these composites may be suggested in applications like engineering structures in dusty environment and low cost building materials in desert.
Effect of Temperature on Wear Rate of Si-Epoxy- Eglass Polymer composite Mate...IDES Editor
With the increase use of polymer composites in
erosive work environment, it has become extremely important
to investigate their erosion characteristics. The hybrid
composite consisting of a Epoxy resin reinforced with Eglass
fiber and Si particles was developed. The effect of temperature
on wear rate applied to Si – Epoxy – Eglass polymer composite
has been studied. It has been found that the wear rate increases
as the temperature of carrier media (air) is increased.
Temperature of carrier media is one of the significant factor
influencing the erosion wear. The results were compared with
the plain epoxy composite material. Micrographs of eroded
surface are also presented to study the wear rate and Wear
behavior of composite.
Nanofillers are emerging class of fillers, which are used extensively in rubbers and plastics.
In the present work, effect of alumina nanoparticle addition on the mechanical and wear behavior of
reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer has been investigated
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Tribologoical Properties of Vinyl Ester Based Hybrid Composite with Tio2, Al2...ijtsrd
Composite materials play a vital role in many industrial applications. Researchers are working on fabrication of new composite materials worldwide to enhance the applicability of these materials. In view of this the mechanical performance of the composite material is essential. The aim of this project is to assist in the main objective of optimizing the quantity of the filler material Al2O3, TiO2 and MoS2. Thus the mechanical properties as well as the wear properties of 7.5 , 10 and 12.5 of the filler material as mentioned above has been investigated to obtain an optimum composition for the application in suitable fields. The purpose of this project is to perform an experimental study of the pin on disc wear of neat Vinyl Ester and Al2O3, TiO2 and MoS2 filler of 7.5 , 10 and 12.5 filled particulate reinforced composites have been investigated along with the subsequent study of the Wear Properties of the material with the intention to contribute to the final aim of optimizing the composition of the composite material. The investigation is carried out by mixing different weight percentages of the powder with the polyester resin and preparing individual samples. After CSM preparation, the materials were properly mixed using the hand-lay techniques and different specimens were prepared with different compositions of the powder. After all the samples were prepared, Wear Testing is done by pin on disc Wear Testing Machine in ASTM-G99 standard using abrasive paper. The load applied 1KN , 2KN and 3KN in this experiment with sliding distances of 353.25m , 706.5 and 1059.75m respectively. Mr. Kuruba Harish | Mr. D. Harshavardhan | Mr. A. Ramesh "Tribologoical Properties of Vinyl Ester Based Hybrid Composite with Tio2, Al2o3 & Mos2 Fillers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21385.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/21385/tribologoical-properties-of-vinyl-ester-based-hybrid-composite-with-tio2-al2o3-and-mos2-fillers/mr-kuruba-harish
Tensile properties of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites at different orie...IJERA Editor
In this work, Diglycidyl Ether of BisphenolA(DGEBA) / TriEthylene Tetra Amine(TETA) system is used as the epoxy matrix and unidirectional glass fabric is used to reinforce with the polymer matrix by hand layup and vacuum bagging process. The glass fibre reinforced composites are prepared with fibre orientations of 0°, 45° and 90°. The specimens, after preparation, are tested for various tensile properties at different angles of the laminate. The tensile properties studied in this case are Tensile Strength, Tensile Modulus, Specific Tensile Strength and Specific Tensile Modulus. The result shave then been tabulated and studied to understand variation in the properties with orientation of fibre in the composite. Experimental procedure is carried out as per ASTM D3039 standards.
Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Drilling of Sandwich Composites:...IOSR Journals
A composite material is made out of a mixture or a combination of two or more distinctly differing
materials which are insoluble in each other and differ in form or chemical composition. The technological and
commercial interest in composite material lies in their superior properties of strength-to-weight, stiffness-toweight,
fatigue and thermal expansion compared to metals. Extensive use of composite in application such as
rockets, satellites, missiles, light combat aircraft, advanced light helicopter and trainer air craft has shown that
India is on par with the advanced countries in the development and use of composites in this area.
Drilling is probably the most important conventional mechanical process and it is the most widely used
machining operation. Prediction of cutting forces for any set of cutting parameters is essential in optimal design
and manufacturing of products. It has been predicted that most of the problem associated with hole making
operation, such as drilling, can be attributed to the force generated during cutting operation. Many
developments and experiments are going on drilling of Sandwich composite for damage free drilling along with
the quality of the hole and the effect of tool geometry and tool material.
This paper aims at the comprehensive analytical and experimental investigation work done on the
composites material. The conclusion of the paper discusses the development and outlines the trends for the
research in this field.
Experimental Determination of Mechanical and Vibration Properties of Epoxy ba...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The organic polymer composites filled with inorganic fillers became an important area of research and development in recent years due to their applications in various fields. The aim of the present work was to fabricate and evaluate the mechanical performance of epoxy polymer composites filled with 30% weight percentage of carbon fiber and 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% of Silicon Carbide. The samples were prepared by hand layup technique as this method was easy to fabricate and having low tooling cost and results in the good surface finishand then composites weretested by using UTM and ATALON FFT analyzer. The DEWESOFT software was used to obtain the frequency response functions of the samples. The variations in properties with respect to change in weight of silicon carbide were obtained and represented by graphs. The composite with 30% of carbon fiber and 8% of Sic have shown improved performance in terms of flexural strength, tensile strength, tensile modulus and higher natural frequency indicating high stiffness value.
Preparation and characterization of self reinforced fibre polymer composites ...Padmanabhan Krishnan
Preparation and mechanical characterization of self reinforced fibre polymer composites with emphasis on the fibre/matrix interface, is discussed. Quasi-static and dynamic properties were evaluated.
Study and Analysis on Mechanical and Wear Behavior of SiC Filled Epoxy Compositepaperpublications3
Abstract: Silicon carbide possesses ample reinforcing potential to be used as a filler material in polymer matrix composites. Successful fabrication of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide particles is possible by simple hand-lay-up technique. These composites possess very low amount of porosity and improved micro-hardness, also it provide slightly superior tensile, flexural and inter-laminar shear strengths than those of the neat epoxy. This study reveals that silicon carbide possesses good filler characteristics as it improves the sliding wear resistance of the polymeric resin. Dry sliding wear characteristics of these composites have been gainfully analysed using a design-of-experiment approach based on Taguchi method. The analysis of experimental results shows that factors like filler content, sliding velocity and normal load, in this sequence, are identified as the significant factors affecting the specific wear rate of the composites under investigation. The silicon carbide-epoxy composites fabricated and experimented upon in this investigation are found to have adequate potential for a wide variety of applications particularly in wear prone environment. When wear is not the predominant degrading factor, epoxy without silicon carbide can be recommended. However, the weight fraction of filler in the composite is to be decided from the view point of required strength. If the place of use is hostile with sliding wear situations, then silicon carbide epoxy composites are to be preferred due to their fairly good wear resistance. Use of these composites may be suggested in applications like engineering structures in dusty environment and low cost building materials in desert.
Effect of Temperature on Wear Rate of Si-Epoxy- Eglass Polymer composite Mate...IDES Editor
With the increase use of polymer composites in
erosive work environment, it has become extremely important
to investigate their erosion characteristics. The hybrid
composite consisting of a Epoxy resin reinforced with Eglass
fiber and Si particles was developed. The effect of temperature
on wear rate applied to Si – Epoxy – Eglass polymer composite
has been studied. It has been found that the wear rate increases
as the temperature of carrier media (air) is increased.
Temperature of carrier media is one of the significant factor
influencing the erosion wear. The results were compared with
the plain epoxy composite material. Micrographs of eroded
surface are also presented to study the wear rate and Wear
behavior of composite.
Nanofillers are emerging class of fillers, which are used extensively in rubbers and plastics.
In the present work, effect of alumina nanoparticle addition on the mechanical and wear behavior of
reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer has been investigated
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Tribologoical Properties of Vinyl Ester Based Hybrid Composite with Tio2, Al2...ijtsrd
Composite materials play a vital role in many industrial applications. Researchers are working on fabrication of new composite materials worldwide to enhance the applicability of these materials. In view of this the mechanical performance of the composite material is essential. The aim of this project is to assist in the main objective of optimizing the quantity of the filler material Al2O3, TiO2 and MoS2. Thus the mechanical properties as well as the wear properties of 7.5 , 10 and 12.5 of the filler material as mentioned above has been investigated to obtain an optimum composition for the application in suitable fields. The purpose of this project is to perform an experimental study of the pin on disc wear of neat Vinyl Ester and Al2O3, TiO2 and MoS2 filler of 7.5 , 10 and 12.5 filled particulate reinforced composites have been investigated along with the subsequent study of the Wear Properties of the material with the intention to contribute to the final aim of optimizing the composition of the composite material. The investigation is carried out by mixing different weight percentages of the powder with the polyester resin and preparing individual samples. After CSM preparation, the materials were properly mixed using the hand-lay techniques and different specimens were prepared with different compositions of the powder. After all the samples were prepared, Wear Testing is done by pin on disc Wear Testing Machine in ASTM-G99 standard using abrasive paper. The load applied 1KN , 2KN and 3KN in this experiment with sliding distances of 353.25m , 706.5 and 1059.75m respectively. Mr. Kuruba Harish | Mr. D. Harshavardhan | Mr. A. Ramesh "Tribologoical Properties of Vinyl Ester Based Hybrid Composite with Tio2, Al2o3 & Mos2 Fillers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21385.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/21385/tribologoical-properties-of-vinyl-ester-based-hybrid-composite-with-tio2-al2o3-and-mos2-fillers/mr-kuruba-harish
Tensile properties of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites at different orie...IJERA Editor
In this work, Diglycidyl Ether of BisphenolA(DGEBA) / TriEthylene Tetra Amine(TETA) system is used as the epoxy matrix and unidirectional glass fabric is used to reinforce with the polymer matrix by hand layup and vacuum bagging process. The glass fibre reinforced composites are prepared with fibre orientations of 0°, 45° and 90°. The specimens, after preparation, are tested for various tensile properties at different angles of the laminate. The tensile properties studied in this case are Tensile Strength, Tensile Modulus, Specific Tensile Strength and Specific Tensile Modulus. The result shave then been tabulated and studied to understand variation in the properties with orientation of fibre in the composite. Experimental procedure is carried out as per ASTM D3039 standards.
Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Drilling of Sandwich Composites:...IOSR Journals
A composite material is made out of a mixture or a combination of two or more distinctly differing
materials which are insoluble in each other and differ in form or chemical composition. The technological and
commercial interest in composite material lies in their superior properties of strength-to-weight, stiffness-toweight,
fatigue and thermal expansion compared to metals. Extensive use of composite in application such as
rockets, satellites, missiles, light combat aircraft, advanced light helicopter and trainer air craft has shown that
India is on par with the advanced countries in the development and use of composites in this area.
Drilling is probably the most important conventional mechanical process and it is the most widely used
machining operation. Prediction of cutting forces for any set of cutting parameters is essential in optimal design
and manufacturing of products. It has been predicted that most of the problem associated with hole making
operation, such as drilling, can be attributed to the force generated during cutting operation. Many
developments and experiments are going on drilling of Sandwich composite for damage free drilling along with
the quality of the hole and the effect of tool geometry and tool material.
This paper aims at the comprehensive analytical and experimental investigation work done on the
composites material. The conclusion of the paper discusses the development and outlines the trends for the
research in this field.
Experimental Determination of Mechanical and Vibration Properties of Epoxy ba...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The organic polymer composites filled with inorganic fillers became an important area of research and development in recent years due to their applications in various fields. The aim of the present work was to fabricate and evaluate the mechanical performance of epoxy polymer composites filled with 30% weight percentage of carbon fiber and 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% of Silicon Carbide. The samples were prepared by hand layup technique as this method was easy to fabricate and having low tooling cost and results in the good surface finishand then composites weretested by using UTM and ATALON FFT analyzer. The DEWESOFT software was used to obtain the frequency response functions of the samples. The variations in properties with respect to change in weight of silicon carbide were obtained and represented by graphs. The composite with 30% of carbon fiber and 8% of Sic have shown improved performance in terms of flexural strength, tensile strength, tensile modulus and higher natural frequency indicating high stiffness value.
Preparation and characterization of self reinforced fibre polymer composites ...Padmanabhan Krishnan
Preparation and mechanical characterization of self reinforced fibre polymer composites with emphasis on the fibre/matrix interface, is discussed. Quasi-static and dynamic properties were evaluated.
Zircon (ZrSiO4) is found usually as a constituent in heavy mineral sand assemblages which
include ilmenite, rutile, leucoxene, monazite and garnet in varying proportions. Investigations are
carried out on the zircons recovered as a non magnetic and non conducting heavy mineral from the
entire process for effective utilization. Recovered zircons are used for making zircon bricks and are
fired at different temperatures in an industrial tunnel kiln. Physical, chemical and thermo-mechanical
properties are evaluated. Mineralogical properties are correlated with the thermo-mechanical
properties. The developed bricks are compared with the standards for their suitability in industrial
applications.
EFFECT OF SHORT GLASS FIBER AND FILLERS ON DRY SLIDING WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF THER...IAEME Publication
The dry sliding wear behaviour of thermoplastic copolyester elastomer (TCE) reinforced with fibers and fillers were slid against a steel counter face of a pin-on-disc tribometer. The filler and fiber reinforcements used are polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE), short glass fiber (SGF), short carbon fiber (SCF), silicon carbide (SiC), and alumina (Al2O3). The parameters like filler content, sliding velocity and sliding distance on the specific wear rate have been investigated. In this study, a plan of experiments based on the techniques of Taguchi was performed to acquire data in a controlled way.
Study of the effects of carbon and glass fibre reinforcement and other filler...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present study, composite materials required for elevated temperature applications were fabricated using vacuum bagging technique. Epoxy Resin (ER-VP401) was used as the matrix and Glass fibre was used as reinforcement. SiC, Al2O3 and others were used as fillers to bring in elevated temperature resistance. These composites were subjected to mechanical tests like Tensile, Hardness and Impact test. Tribological tests like two body abrasion and Pin on disc (POD) were carried out. Tensile strength, hardness and impact energy were improved with increase in fillers content. Wear resistance also improved with increase in percentage of fillers substantially. SEM micrographs are used to explain the mechanism of the material strengthening at elevated temperatures. Keywords: Epoxy resin, Glass Fiber (GF), Al2O3, SiC, Elevated Temperature Resistance.
TWO-BODY ABRASIVE WEAR BEHAVIOR OF SHORT GLASS FIBER AND PARTICULATE FILLED P...IAEME Publication
The effect of polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE), short glass fiber (SGF), silicon carbide (SiC) and molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) on single pass two-body abrasive wear behaviour of Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) based composites have been investigated. The two-body abrasive wear tests with different loads and abrading distances were performed at room temperature using a multi-purpose abrasion test apparatus as per ASTM G-99. Wear volume increased with increasing abrading distance and grit size of SiC paper and the specific wear rate decreased with increasing abrading distance for all composites
The developing of the composite materials produce a new generations Functionally graded material (FGM) where the materials characteristics are changing linearly depending to the composition materials variations. However, this piece of research presents an attemp to design, manufacturing and multi Ti/TiO2 combined characterization into each functionally graded materials. The supposed in this design is to better the general Ti/TiO2 characteristics. These materials were designed in order to contain a compositional differences or a gradually microstructure within the body in one piece or single material.
https://jst.org.in/index.html
Our Journal has stand as pillars, providing a crucial medium for the advancement and dissemination of research results. This blog post explores the pivotal role these journals play in supporting high-level learning, teaching, and research.
High Performance Nanocomposites for Mechanical Application: Design, Preparati...Alessio Passalacqua
To effectively design polymer nanocomposites for industrial applications, it is necessary to understand the effects of nanoparticles on final proprieties of the polymers. In this project, systematic studies are carried out on the variability of the structural and mechanical properties as function of the different used nanofiller. Furthermore, the overall mission is to find a correlation between the structural and mechanical changes with the tribological proprieties of thermoplastic nanocomposite due to the inclusion of nanoparticle. This will allow to design nanocomposite materials by selecting ad hoc nanofillers in order to increase their efficiency for mechanical engineering and metal replacement applications.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
2. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
a transfer film between the two counterparts and could drastically reduce the frictional coefficient of the composites [4].
Polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) possesses low coefficient of friction, low stick–slip and high levels of anti-adhesive
properties, which make it a potential candidate for adhesive wear process. Unfortunately, PTFE has the following
drawbacks: low Young’s modulus, high visco-elasticity and poor wear resistance [5]. While, short fibre reinforcements,
such as carbon, glass and aramid fibers, could effectively improve the wear resistance of polymer composites by
undergoing most of the load during sliding processes. Short glass fiber (SGF) exhibited better adhesive wear
performance in severe operating conditions (applied load, sliding velocity, and sliding distance) [6]. Short carbon fiber
(SCF), is widely advocated as a decisive reinforcement component, show a remarkable capability to increase the wear
resistance [7]. Silicon carbide (SiC) particles have shown an increased wear resistance in dry sliding (adhesive) wear of
polymer composites [6]. The alumina (Al2O3) particles in polymer would strengthen the mechanical properties of
polymer composites [8].
72
The objective of this research work is to evaluate the influence of fibers and fillers on wear rate and influence of
independent parameters such as sliding distance, filler content, and sliding velocity on wear performance of
thermoplastic copolyester elastomers (TCE) reinforced composites using design of experiments (DOE). The fibers and
fillers reinforcements used in TCE are SGF, SCF, PTFE, silicon carbide (SiC), and Al2O3. DOE was applied to study the
various parameters affecting the specific wear rate. The information generally comprises the relationship between
product and process parameters and the desired performance characteristic. In any process, the desired testing parameters
were either determined based on experience or by use of a handbook. It, however, does not provide optimal testing
parameters for a particular situation. Thus, numerous mathematical models based on statistical regression techniques
have been constructed to select the proper cutting or testing conditions. The Taguchi’s design can further simplify by
expending the application of the traditional experimental designs to the use of orthogonal array. This method is a simple,
efficient and systematic approach to optimize designs for performance, quality and cost [9].
Majority of research studied detailed experimental work i.e., the effect of one factor by keeping all other factors
fixed, this approach is not advisable because in an actual environment there will be combined effects of interacting
factors influencing the abrasive wear. Hence in this investigation an attempt is being made to study the interacting effects
of factors along with the main effect. In this paper, influence of filler content, sliding distance and sliding velocity on the
specific wear rate of TCE based composites was explored using Taguchi’s design of experiments. Dry slidng wear tests
were carried out on a pin-on-disc tribometer. Tribological tests were carried out at room temperature, adopting L27
ortogonal array. The experimental results were analyzed by using analysis of means and variance of the influence of
factors.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Materials
In the present research work, the materials used for making polymer composites are TCE as matrix material,
SGF as fiber reinforcement, PTFE, SCF, SiC and Al2O3 as filler reinforcement. The sources of these materials are listed
in Table 1.
2.2 Fabrication of composites
The polymer granules, fibers and fillers were dried at 75º C for 10 h in an oven before compounding. Selected
compositions were mixed and extruded in Barbender co-rotating twin-screw extruder (Make: CMEI, Model: 16CME,
SPL, chamber size 70 cm3). The mixing speed of 100 rpm was maintained for all the compositions. The extrudates from
the die were quenched in cold water and then pelletized. In the melt blending, the temperature profile of the extrusion
were zone1 (200º C), zone 2 (210º C), zone 3 (220º C), zone 4 (240º C) and zone 5 (260º C) respectively. The extrudates
of the compositions were pelletized using pelletizing machine. The details of the composites fabricated for present
investigation are given in Table 2. The pellets of the extrudates were pre-dried at 100º C in vacuum oven for 24 h and
injection moulded in a reciprocating screw injection moulding machine (Windsor, 50 T), to produce test specimens. The
processing temperature at zone 1 (220º C) and zone 2 (250º C) were maintained respectively. The mould temperature
was maintained at 35º C.
Table 1: Supplier details of the materials procured
Polymer/Filler Source and supplier
TCE Gargi Enterprises, Bengaluru
PTFE Du Pont Co. Ltd.
SGF Fine organics, Mumbai
SCF Fine organics, Mumbai
SiC Carborundum India Ltd.
Al2O3 Triveni groups
3. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Matrix material (wt %) Composition (wt %)
TCE Particulate fillers
1 80 20 PTFE
2 68 12 PTFE + 20 SGF
3 60 10 PTFE + 17.5 SGF + 2.5 SCF + 5 SiC + 5 Al2O3
Parameters Units Tested values
Sliding velocity m/s 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5
Sliding distance m 2000, 4000 and 6000
Normal load N 40 constant
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2.3 Wear testing
The dry sliding wear tests were performed on a pin on disc tribometer (Magnum Engineers, Bengaluru) setup as
per ASTM G 99-05 standard. The photograph of the test apparatus is shown in Fig. 1.
Table 2: Constituents of TCE based composites
Sl. No.
Fig. 1: Photograph of the Pin on Disk apparatus showing 1) steel counterface, 2) sample holder and 3) load cell
Wear test samples of size 6 mm × 6 mm × 2.5 mm are glued to steel pin of 6 mm diameter and 30 mm length
and comes in contact with (EN31 grade, 62 HRC, 1.6 μ Ra) rotating disc. Prior to testing, the samples were polished
against medium grade sand paper (600 grit size) to ensure proper contact with counter face. Test parameters are given
below in Table 3. Normal load throughout the experiment is kept constant at 40 N; the pin along with the specimen was
then weighted in an electronic balance (0.1mg accuracy). Before and after wear testing, samples were cleaned with the
acetone to remove wear debris.
Table 3: Test conditions for the present study
Weight loss of the test samples gives the measure of sliding wear loss. Volume loss was calculated from
measured weight loss using density data of the test specimen.
4. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
The specific wear rate (Ws) was calculated using equation (1).
= (1)
I II III Units
A : Filler content 15 32 40 %
B : Sliding velocity 0.5 1 1.5 m/s
C : Sliding distance 2000 4000 6000 m
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V
L D
Ws
×
where, V the volume loss in mm3, L the load in Newton, D the sliding distance in m.
2.4. Experimental Design
Design of experiments (DOE) is the powerful analysis tool for modelling and analyzing the influence of the
control factors on the performance output. The most important stage in the design of experiment lies in the selection of
the control factors [9]. Taguchi uses a special design of orthogonal arrays to study the entire process parameter space
with only a small number of experiments [10]. The Taguchi design of experiment approach eliminates the need for
repeated experiments and thus saves time, material and cost. The most important stage in the design of experiment lies in
the selection of the control factors. The Taguchi approach to experimentation provides an orderly way to collect, analyze,
and interpret data to satisfy the objectives of the study. In the design of experiments, one can obtain the maximum
amount of information for the amount of experimentation. Taguchi parameter design can optimize the performance
characteristics through the setting of design. Three parameters namely filler content (A), sliding velocity (B), and sliding
distance (C). The Table 4 given below indicates the factors and level. The experiments were conducted as per the
orthogonal array with level of parameters given in each array row.
The experimental observations are transformed into signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. There are several S/N ratios
available depending on the type of characteristic, which can be calculated as logarithmic transformation of the loss
function.
Table 4: Control factors and levels used in the experiment
Control factors
Level
For lower is the better performance characteristic S/N ratio is calculated as per the given formula: -
y
n
s
n
= −
2
10log (2)
Where “n” is the number of observations and “y” is the observed data. “Smaller is the better” characteristic, with
the above S/N ratio transformation, is suitable for minimization of wear rate. The sliding wear test results were subject to
the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The purpose of ANOVA is to investigate parameters which significantly affect the
performance characteristic. With DOE and ANOVA analysis; the optimal combination of wear parameters is predicted to
acceptable level of accuracy. The optimal process parameters obtained from the parameter design [11]. The use of
ANOVA is to analyze the influence of wear parameters like (A) filler content, (B) sliding velocity, and (c) sliding
distance.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Analysis of control factor
Analysis of the influence of each control factor (A, B, and C) on the specific wear rate was performed with a so-called
S/N response table, using a Minitab 16 computer package.
Table 5 shows the experimental plan and their results with calculated S/N ratios for the specific wear rate of
TCE based composites. The right side of the table included the results of the specific wear rate and the calculated S/N
ratio. Overall mean for S/N ratio was found to be 224.1818 dB. The response table of the specific wear rate is presented
5. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
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in Table 6. It indicates the S/N ratio at each level of control factor and how it was changed when settings of each control
factor were changed from level 1 to level 2 and level 2 to level 3. The control factor with the strongest influence was
determined by differences values. The higher the difference, the more influential was the control factor. It can be seen in
Table 6 that the strongest influence was exerted by filler content (factor A), followed by sliding velocity (factor B) and
sliding distance (factor C), respectively.
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Table 5: Test conditions and output results using orthogonal array
Sl.
No.
Filler
content
(wt. %)
Sliding
Velocity
(m/s)
Sliding
distance
(m)
Specific wear
rate x e-12
(mm3/Nm)
S/N
ratio
(db)
1 15 0.5 2000 22.6250 212.98
2 15 0.5 4000 20.3625 213.82
3 15 0.5 6000 15.8375 216.00
4 15 1.0 2000 21.4930 213.35
5 15 1.0 4000 15.8375 216.00
6 15 1.0 6000 9.0500 220.86
7 15 1.5 2000 12.0660 218.36
8 15 1.5 4000 6.7875 223.36
9 15 1.5 6000 3.3937 229.38
10 32 0.5 2000 9.0000 220.91
11 32 0.5 4000 6.9000 223.22
12 32 0.5 6000 4.6000 226.74
13 32 1.0 2000 7.9850 221.95
14 32 1.0 4000 5.3300 225.46
15 32 1.0 6000 3.0160 230.41
16 32 1.5 2000 7.0000 223.09
17 32 1.5 4000 4.0000 227.95
18 32 1.5 6000 1.3300 237.52
19 40 0.5 2000 6.2100 224.14
20 40 0.5 4000 6.0370 224.38
21 40 0.5 6000 2.9000 230.75
22 40 1.0 2000 8.6250 221.28
23 40 1.0 4000 3.5800 228.92
24 40 1.0 6000 2.8750 230.82
25 40 1.5 2000 6.9000 223.22
26 40 1.5 4000 3.4500 229.24
27 40 1.5 6000 1.1500 238.78
Fig. 2 shows the main effect plots for S/N ratio. Highest S/N ratio will give the minimum specific wear rate.
From the plots it is clear that factor combination of A3B3C3, gives minimum specific wear rate. Thus minimum specific
wear rate is obtained when filler content, sliding velocity and sliding distance is at maximum level. It is evident that
increasing the filler content of the matrix material the specific wear rate is decreasing. It is observed that increase in the
level of both filler content and sliding distance causes specific wear rate to decrease with the effect of filler content
dominating the effect of sliding distance on wear rate [11]. In the case of specimen TCE filled with SGF, SCF and
ceramic fillers addition of ceramic materials i.e. SiC will help to detach the material from the specimen. The material
detached from specimen forms wear debris. The ceramic material forms wear path on the disc. The debris engages
between the specimen and the counter face helps to reduce the wear rate. It is understandable that increase in sliding
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distance causes the transfer film formation on the wear disc and this contributes to reduce the wear rate under longer
duration of sliding. Addition of PTFE to the polymer will cause the film formation this will decrease the wear rate [12].
Main Effects Plot for SN ratios
76
15 32 40
230.0
227.5
225.0
222.5
220.0
0.5 1.0 1.5
2000 4000 6000
230.0
227.5
225.0
222.5
220.0
filler content
Mean of SN ratios
sliding velocity
sliding distance
Data Means
Signal-to-noise: Smaller is better
Fig. 2: Main effect plot for S/N ratio
Table 6: Response table for S/N ratio - smaller is better
Level Filler
content
Sliding
velocity
Sliding
distance
1 218.2 223 221.5
2 226.4 223.2 223.6
3 229.5 227.9 229.0
delta 11.3 4.9 7.5
rank 1 3 2
Fig. 3 illustrates the interaction effects of control parameters. It is well known that interactions do not occur when
the lines on the interaction plots are parallel and strong interactions occur between parameters when the lines cross. In
order to find out the correlation of the interaction factor and wear rate ANOVA analysis carried out.
Fig 3: Interaction plot for S/N ratio
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3.2 ANOVA
The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to investigate which design parameters significantly affect the
quality characteristic. It was accomplished by separating the total variability of the S/N ratios, which is measured by sum
of the squared deviations from the total mean S/N ratio, into contributions by each of the design parameters and the
errors.
The percentage contribution of each control factor is employed to measure the effect over Ws. Table 5 shows the
results of the ANOVA with the specific wear rate. This analysis was undertaken for a level of significance of 5% that is,
for level of confidence 95%. Examination of the calculated values of Fishers (F) for all control factors also showed a
very high influence of factor A and low influence of factor B on specific wear rate of TCE based composites (Table 7).
The interaction between A x B (7.50%) have got the significant influence, A x C and B x C have got least significance in
dry sliding wear behaviour of TCE composites. The present analysis indicates that dry sliding wear test parameters and
their interactions have both statistical and physical significance in TCE composites.
3.3 Worn surface morphology
The worn surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study the effect of
increase in filler content, sliding distance and sliding velocity.
Table 7: ANOVA response table for Ws
Source D S JS JM P%
Filler content (A) 2 5.88801 5.88801 2.94400 55.10
Sliding velocity (B) 2 1.47654 1.47654 0.73827 13.80
Sliding distance (C) 2 2.01698 2.01698 1.00849 18.90
(A x B) 4 0.80196 0.80196 0.20049 7.50
(A x C) 4 0.32160 0.32160 0.08040 3.00
(B x C) 4 0.08519 0.08519 0.02130 0.80
Error 8 0.09630 0.09630 0.01204 0.90
Total 26 10.68658 100
S = 0.109715, R-Sq = 99.10% and R-Sq (adj) = 97.07%.
D: DOF, degrees of freedom; S: Seq SS, sequential sum of squares; JS: Adj SS, adjusted sum of squares; JM: Adj MS,
adjusted mean squares; P%: percentage of contribution.
The SEM micrographs are shown in Fig. 4. The arrows show the direction of the adhesive wear. Fig. 4a and 4b
shows the worn surface micrograph of TCE + PTFE filled composite, and Fig. 4c, 4d and 4e shows the worn surface
micrograph of TCE + fibers + ceramic fillers reinforced composite with different magnifications. The circles show the
wear debris. P stands for debonding of PTFE particulate and SGF stands for short glass fiber. From the micrographic
pictures we can infer that the detachment of the particles from the specimen cause wear debris. This wear debris
entrapped between the specimen and the counter face. This will cause the reduction of the wear rate. Ray and
Gnanamoorthy [13] explained three mechanisms namely (i) matrix material loss, (ii) filler wear, and (iii) debonding at
the interface are operative in filled polymer composites and dominance of one factor over the other control the wear
behaviour of composites.
In the case of specimen with TCE and PTFE wear debris is more. In the case of specimen with TCE, PTFE and
SGF i.e. short glass fiber is easily detached from the surface, since the glass fiber is harder than the steel material. It will
cause wear to the disc. So wear rate decreases. In the case of specimen with TCE, PTFE, SGF, SCF, SiC, and Al2O3
ceramic material cause wear on the counter face. The wear debris trapped inside the wear path and cause decrease in the
wear rate.
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Deep fragmentation
Micro cracks
P
Severe damage
Fig. 4a: SEM micrographs of TCE + PTFE composite slid at 6000 m, 0.5 m/s
Cracks
P
Micro cracks
Void
Fragmentation
Fig. 4b: SEM micrographs of TCE + PTFE composite slid at 6000 m, 1 m/s
P
Furrows and ridges
Void
Fig. 4c: SEM micrographs of TCE + fibers + ceramic fillers filled composite slid at 6000 m, 0.5 m/s
Micro crack
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Fig. 4d: SEM micrographs of TCE + fibers + ceramic fillers filled composite slid at 6000 m, 1 m/s
Fig. 4e: SEM micrographs of TCE + fibers + ceramic fillers filled composite slid at 6000 m, 1.5 m/s
4. CONCLUSIONS
Experimental investigation carried out on TCE composites to study the effect of filler content, sliding distance
and sliding velocity on specific wear rate. The following conclusions could be drawn from the results of the dry sliding
wear behaviour of fiber and filler filled TCE composites.
Specific wear rate is least in TCE composite reinforced with fiber and ceramic fillers, in comparison to that of
TCE + PTFE and TCE + PTFE + SGF reinforced composites. A synergistic effect of the fibers and fillers on
improving the wear resistance was reported.
Specific wear rate decreases with increase in sliding distance. As the filler content of the specimen increases the
specific wear rate also decreases. From Taguchi analysis it is concluded that control factors cause significant effect
on specific wear rate and they are ranked as filler content sliding distance siding velocity.
Ananlysis of variance provides the effect of interaction of control factors on specific wear rate. Filler content has
more significant effect on the specific wear rate of TCE composites followed by sliding distance and sliding
velocity. Interaction between sliding distance and sliding velocity possess more significant effect followed by
filler content and sliding velocity on the specific wear rate of TCE composites.
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