IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Performance of Concrete by using Steel Fibre an Experimental StudyIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study on the effect of adding steel fibers to concrete at percentages ranging from 0% to 5% by weight of cement. Tests were conducted to determine the compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength of concrete cubes, beams, and cylinders respectively containing different amounts of steel fibers. The results showed that the addition of steel fibers led to improvements in all the measured mechanical properties of the concrete with maximum strengths obtained at around 3-4% fiber content. The density of the concrete also increased with higher fiber percentages while the workability decreased requiring the use of a superplasticizer.
Conventional Concrete by using Basalt FiberIRJET Journal
This document investigates the effect of adding basalt fiber on the mechanical properties of concrete. Basalt fiber is added in volumes ranging from 0.1% to 0.5% of the total concrete volume. Experimental results show that:
1) The addition of basalt fiber up to 0.3% volume fraction improves the compressive and flexural strength of concrete compared to conventional concrete without fiber. The highest strengths were observed at 0.3% fiber content.
2) There is a negligible influence of basalt fiber addition on the splitting tensile strength of concrete.
3) Concrete with 0.3% basalt fiber content showed the best performance with a 12.34% and 12.94
Effects of drilling parameters on delamination ofprjpublications
This document summarizes a study on the effects of drilling parameters on delamination of hemp fiber reinforced composites. The researchers conducted drilling experiments using different speed and feed rate levels in a Taguchi design of experiments. They measured delamination factors for the top and bottom surfaces of the drilled holes. Analysis of variance showed that both speed and feed rate significantly affected peel up delamination, while feed rate and speed affected push down delamination. The optimal parameters to minimize delamination were a feed rate of 100 mm/min and speed of 2000 rpm.
Investigations in the compaction and sintering of large ceramic partsPeng Chen
The document discusses investigations into compaction and sintering of large ceramic parts. Specifically, it examines:
- Compacting and sintering a large ceramic ring part successfully using uniaxial die compaction.
- The effects of die design, compaction pressure, lubrication, sintering procedure and part orientation on part quality.
- Developing a finite element model to simulate the compaction process and validate the model's predictions against experimental results.
This study examined the effects of adding silicon dioxide (SiO2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles to wood flour-polypropylene composites on their mechanical and morphological properties. Nanoparticles were added at levels of 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% and tested for bending strength, tensile strength, and dispersion through microscopy. Results showed that composites with 3% nano-SiO2 had the best mechanical properties, while 5% addition led to aggregation and weaker strength. Microscopy confirmed good dispersion at 1-3% but aggregation at 5%. Composites with nano-TiO2 generally had weaker properties than nano-SiO2 composites.
IRJET- Analyzing the Bearing Properties by using Composite MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the bearing properties of composite materials containing molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Dry sliding wear tests were conducted using a pin-on-disk tribometer. It was found that adding MoS2 significantly improved the wear resistance of the composites. The sliding distance had the greatest influence on wear rate, followed by typical load, while filler content most affected the coefficient of contact. The document reviews literature on PTFE composites for applications requiring low friction and wear, such as self-lubricating bearings. Prior studies found that adding fillers like PEEK, graphite, or MoS2 can enhance the load
The document describes an experimental study of the tribological properties of commercially pure titanium with different microstructures and coatings. The results show that titanium with an ultrafine-grained structure produced through severe plastic deformation has lower friction coefficient values and higher load-bearing capacity compared to coarse-grained titanium. Titanium samples coated with TiC using ion plasma spraying or TiO2 using microarc oxidation also exhibited lower friction coefficients than uncoated samples. The study provides data on friction coefficients and shear strengths of coated and uncoated titanium with different grain sizes.
This document summarizes a study on drilling unidirectional bamboo fiber-reinforced green composites. The researchers developed bamboo fiber/polylactic acid composites using film stacking and hot compression molding. They experimentally studied the effect of feed rate, spindle speed, and drill geometry on drilling forces (thrust force and torque). They found that slot drills induce minimum forces compared to 8-facet and dagger drills. Drilling forces decreased at high spindle speeds and low feed rates. Analysis showed that drill geometry has a significant impact on drilling force signals and hole quality, with slot drills producing less damage.
Performance of Concrete by using Steel Fibre an Experimental StudyIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study on the effect of adding steel fibers to concrete at percentages ranging from 0% to 5% by weight of cement. Tests were conducted to determine the compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength of concrete cubes, beams, and cylinders respectively containing different amounts of steel fibers. The results showed that the addition of steel fibers led to improvements in all the measured mechanical properties of the concrete with maximum strengths obtained at around 3-4% fiber content. The density of the concrete also increased with higher fiber percentages while the workability decreased requiring the use of a superplasticizer.
Conventional Concrete by using Basalt FiberIRJET Journal
This document investigates the effect of adding basalt fiber on the mechanical properties of concrete. Basalt fiber is added in volumes ranging from 0.1% to 0.5% of the total concrete volume. Experimental results show that:
1) The addition of basalt fiber up to 0.3% volume fraction improves the compressive and flexural strength of concrete compared to conventional concrete without fiber. The highest strengths were observed at 0.3% fiber content.
2) There is a negligible influence of basalt fiber addition on the splitting tensile strength of concrete.
3) Concrete with 0.3% basalt fiber content showed the best performance with a 12.34% and 12.94
Effects of drilling parameters on delamination ofprjpublications
This document summarizes a study on the effects of drilling parameters on delamination of hemp fiber reinforced composites. The researchers conducted drilling experiments using different speed and feed rate levels in a Taguchi design of experiments. They measured delamination factors for the top and bottom surfaces of the drilled holes. Analysis of variance showed that both speed and feed rate significantly affected peel up delamination, while feed rate and speed affected push down delamination. The optimal parameters to minimize delamination were a feed rate of 100 mm/min and speed of 2000 rpm.
Investigations in the compaction and sintering of large ceramic partsPeng Chen
The document discusses investigations into compaction and sintering of large ceramic parts. Specifically, it examines:
- Compacting and sintering a large ceramic ring part successfully using uniaxial die compaction.
- The effects of die design, compaction pressure, lubrication, sintering procedure and part orientation on part quality.
- Developing a finite element model to simulate the compaction process and validate the model's predictions against experimental results.
This study examined the effects of adding silicon dioxide (SiO2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles to wood flour-polypropylene composites on their mechanical and morphological properties. Nanoparticles were added at levels of 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% and tested for bending strength, tensile strength, and dispersion through microscopy. Results showed that composites with 3% nano-SiO2 had the best mechanical properties, while 5% addition led to aggregation and weaker strength. Microscopy confirmed good dispersion at 1-3% but aggregation at 5%. Composites with nano-TiO2 generally had weaker properties than nano-SiO2 composites.
IRJET- Analyzing the Bearing Properties by using Composite MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the bearing properties of composite materials containing molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Dry sliding wear tests were conducted using a pin-on-disk tribometer. It was found that adding MoS2 significantly improved the wear resistance of the composites. The sliding distance had the greatest influence on wear rate, followed by typical load, while filler content most affected the coefficient of contact. The document reviews literature on PTFE composites for applications requiring low friction and wear, such as self-lubricating bearings. Prior studies found that adding fillers like PEEK, graphite, or MoS2 can enhance the load
The document describes an experimental study of the tribological properties of commercially pure titanium with different microstructures and coatings. The results show that titanium with an ultrafine-grained structure produced through severe plastic deformation has lower friction coefficient values and higher load-bearing capacity compared to coarse-grained titanium. Titanium samples coated with TiC using ion plasma spraying or TiO2 using microarc oxidation also exhibited lower friction coefficients than uncoated samples. The study provides data on friction coefficients and shear strengths of coated and uncoated titanium with different grain sizes.
This document summarizes a study on drilling unidirectional bamboo fiber-reinforced green composites. The researchers developed bamboo fiber/polylactic acid composites using film stacking and hot compression molding. They experimentally studied the effect of feed rate, spindle speed, and drill geometry on drilling forces (thrust force and torque). They found that slot drills induce minimum forces compared to 8-facet and dagger drills. Drilling forces decreased at high spindle speeds and low feed rates. Analysis showed that drill geometry has a significant impact on drilling force signals and hole quality, with slot drills producing less damage.
Physical Properties and Compressive Strength of Zinc Oxide Nanopowder as a Po...IJAAS Team
In this study, the application of nanotechnology was applied in the dentistry field, especially in the innovation of dental amalgam material. To date, mercury (Hg) has been used widely as dental amalgam material with consideration of the cheap price, ease of use, and good mechanical strength. However, last few years, many problems have been faced in the dentistry field due to the use of mercury. Hence, new material is needed as an innovation to eliminate the mercury from dental amalgam composition. This research was conducted to analyze the physical properties and compressive strength of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopowder as a potential dental amalgam material. The physical properties such as morphology and dimensions were analyzed by SEM and XRD. Further, the compression test was conducted by using hydraulic press machine. The results showed that the ZnO nanopowder analyzed has the particle size of 14.34 nm with the morphology classified as nanorods type. On the compression load of 500 kg, the average of ZnO green density is 3.170 g/cm3. This value experienced the increase of 4.763% when the load was set to 1000 kg, and 7.539% at 2000 kg. The dwelling time also took the same effect. At 30 seconds, the average of ZnO green density is 3.260 g/cm3. This value experienced the increase of 0.583% at 60 seconds and 3.098% at 90 seconds.
This document reviews research on drilling fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs), specifically focusing on glass, carbon, and natural fiber reinforced polymers. It discusses key quality aspects of drilling FRPs like thrust force, torque, delamination, and surface roughness. Various studies are summarized that examine how drilling parameters like speed, feed rate, drill geometry, and material properties influence these quality aspects. The document concludes that thrust force, torque, and delamination can be reduced by optimizing drilling parameters, and that parameters like feed rate and drill diameter significantly impact drilling performance.
IRJET- Comparative Study on the Strength Parameters of Concrete Made using Na...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the strength properties of concrete made with natural and artificial waste fibers. The study aimed to compare the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, durability, and workability of concrete containing different fiber types at 0.5% and 1% volume fractions. Materials tested included bagasse, banana, coir, glass, and plastic fibers. Results showed that fiber-reinforced concrete had higher strength properties than plain concrete and that strength generally increased with higher fiber content. Glass fiber concrete exhibited the highest strength while coir fiber concrete was the lowest but still stronger than plain concrete.
Effect of short glass fiber and fillers on dry sliding wear behaviour of ther...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on the effect of short glass fiber and fillers on the dry sliding wear behavior of thermoplastic copolyester elastomer composites. Experiments were conducted using a Taguchi design of experiments with variables including filler content, sliding velocity, and sliding distance. Analysis of variance was used to determine the most influential parameters on specific wear rate. The experimental results showed that filler content had the greatest effect on specific wear rate, followed by sliding distance, while sliding velocity showed a negligible effect. Examination of worn surfaces revealed features associated with adhesion of the matrix to fibers as well as microcracking and debris formation.
Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Drilling of Sandwich Composites:...IOSR Journals
A composite material is made out of a mixture or a combination of two or more distinctly differing
materials which are insoluble in each other and differ in form or chemical composition. The technological and
commercial interest in composite material lies in their superior properties of strength-to-weight, stiffness-toweight,
fatigue and thermal expansion compared to metals. Extensive use of composite in application such as
rockets, satellites, missiles, light combat aircraft, advanced light helicopter and trainer air craft has shown that
India is on par with the advanced countries in the development and use of composites in this area.
Drilling is probably the most important conventional mechanical process and it is the most widely used
machining operation. Prediction of cutting forces for any set of cutting parameters is essential in optimal design
and manufacturing of products. It has been predicted that most of the problem associated with hole making
operation, such as drilling, can be attributed to the force generated during cutting operation. Many
developments and experiments are going on drilling of Sandwich composite for damage free drilling along with
the quality of the hole and the effect of tool geometry and tool material.
This paper aims at the comprehensive analytical and experimental investigation work done on the
composites material. The conclusion of the paper discusses the development and outlines the trends for the
research in this field.
IRJET- Influence on Compressive Stregnth of Concrete on Addition of Micro Alu...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study on the influence of micro alumina particles on the compressive strength of concrete. Concrete cubes were made with various percentages of micro alumina particles replacing cement by weight. Testing found that cubes with 4% micro alumina had 13% higher 7-day compressive strength, while cubes with 12% had 22.79% higher 28-day compressive strength compared to controlled specimens. The study aims to determine the optimal percentage of micro alumina particles for improving compressive strength of concrete.
Fabrication and Experimental Study of Mechanical Properties of GFRP with Whit...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the fabrication and experimental analysis of the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites with the addition of white cement as a filler material. GFRP samples were created with 0%, 5%, and 10% white cement filler by weight. Tensile and flexural tests according to ASTM standards found that the tensile strength decreased with increased cement content, while flexural strength increased. The study concluded that the mechanical properties of GFRP composites are influenced by the amount of cement filler added.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of crystallite size of zinc oxide (ZnO) filler on the properties of polypropylene (PP)/ZnO nanocomposites. ZnO nanoparticles were prepared using two different methods, resulting in nanoparticles with crystallite sizes of 13.4 nm (NZO) and 29.2 nm (CZO). PP/ZnO composites containing 0-5% ZnO were produced by melt mixing. Composites with NZO exhibited higher mechanical properties, dynamic properties, and thermal stability than those with CZO, due to the smaller crystallite size and more uniform dispersion of NZO in PP. Transparency of the composites improved with decreasing ZnO crystallite
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the dry sliding wear behavior of epoxy composites filled with different weight percentages of bone powder and reinforced with E-glass and jute fibers. Samples were fabricated with 0%, 10%, and 15% bone powder content. Tests were conducted using a pin-on-disc apparatus under varying loads, velocities, and sliding distances. The results showed that wear resistance initially increased then decreased with higher bone powder content. Surface analysis using SEM correlated wear mechanisms with test results. The study aimed to understand the effect of bone powder filler on wear characteristics of these hybrid fiber composites.
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
An Experimental Study of Flexural Strength of Concrete Beam Reinforced with F...IRJET Journal
This study experimentally tested the flexural strength of concrete beams reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) grids. Beams of four concrete grades (M35, M30, M25, M20) with dimensions of 150mmx150mmx700mm were cast and tested under two-point bending. FRP grids of two lengths (500mm and 600mm) and 2.5cm thickness were placed in the tensile zone of the beams as reinforcement. Testing found that beams with FRP grids had significantly higher flexural strength compared to plain concrete beams, with an increase of 426% for M35 grade concrete. The results indicate that FRP grids can effectively enhance the flexural strength of reinforced concrete beams.
This document discusses the mechanical and tribological characterization of short fiber reinforced polymer composites. Two types of fibers were studied as reinforcements in an epoxy matrix: glass fibers and banana fibers. Composites with varying weight percentages of each fiber type were fabricated and tested. Their physical properties like density and void content were measured. Mechanical properties including microhardness, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength were also evaluated using standard tests. The experimental results from these characterizations were reported and comparisons made between the glass fiber and banana fiber reinforced composites.
Effect of Temperature on Wear Rate of Si-Epoxy- Eglass Polymer composite Mate...IDES Editor
With the increase use of polymer composites in
erosive work environment, it has become extremely important
to investigate their erosion characteristics. The hybrid
composite consisting of a Epoxy resin reinforced with Eglass
fiber and Si particles was developed. The effect of temperature
on wear rate applied to Si – Epoxy – Eglass polymer composite
has been studied. It has been found that the wear rate increases
as the temperature of carrier media (air) is increased.
Temperature of carrier media is one of the significant factor
influencing the erosion wear. The results were compared with
the plain epoxy composite material. Micrographs of eroded
surface are also presented to study the wear rate and Wear
behavior of composite.
This document reviews the friction and wear behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and its composites. It discusses how adding filler materials like carbon, graphite, and glass fibers to PTFE improves its mechanical and thermal properties while slightly affecting the low coefficient of friction. The document summarizes several studies that examined the friction and wear resistance of PTFE composites using methods like pin-on-disc testing. The key findings are that filler materials increase PTFE's hardness and wear resistance while keeping its low friction, and that load has a stronger effect on PTFE composites' wear behavior than sliding velocity.
The document describes an experimental study that characterized and compared the mechanical and tribological properties of epoxy composites reinforced with either short glass fibers or short banana fibers. Composites with various fiber loadings were fabricated and their density, hardness, tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and erosion wear resistance were measured using standard tests. The results showed that while the banana fiber composites had lower strength properties than the glass fiber composites, their erosion wear resistance was better, indicating banana fibers' potential as a reinforcement material that could replace glass fibers in some applications.
Physical and mechanical properties of concrete incorporating industrial and a...eSAT Journals
Abstract To reduce the impact on the environment, industrial and agricultural waste products such as carpet waste, sisal and flax have been added to the concrete. Usage of these materials in concrete does not only improve the strength of concrete but also leads to the proper disposal of these materials that leads to reduce the impact on environment. Fiber admixture can effectively improve the mechanical and physical properties of concrete. Utilization of recycled fibers from post-consumer, industrial waste and agricultural waste offer some benefits such as waste reduction, resource conservation, also low-cost materials and reduced need for land filling. Concrete is a tension weak building material, which is often cracked not ridden in plastic and hardened states, drying shrinkage and so on, low tensile strength limited ductility and resistance to cracking. In order to improve attempt has been made to study the effect of these materials on ordinary Portland cement concrete. In the experimental work, glass fibers, sisal, flax and waste carpet waste in different percentage (0.5%, 1% and 2 %) has been added by volume of concrete volume. The hardened concrete properties compressive strength, dry Shrinkage, Impact stress, The effect of temperature and Thermal conductivity of Concrete) were carried out. A total of Thirteen concrete mixtures were performed with cement content of 350 Kg/m3 at water - cement ratio = 0.525 , The amount of water was adjusted according to cement content, The super plasticizer dosage varied from 0.8% to 2.5% of cement content to achieve the required level of workability defined by a slump value of 10± 2cm. KEYWORDS: Percentages added, concrete mixes, (sisal, flax, glass fiber and Carpet wastes fiber), Coarse Aggregate (CA), Fine Aggregate (FA), compressive strength test, dry Shrinkage, Impact energy , The effect of temperature and Thermal conductivity of Concrete test.
This document evaluates the modal damping of graphite/epoxy laminated composites through experimental testing. Graphite/epoxy laminate composite plates of different thicknesses (2mm and 4mm) and fiber orientations (0 and 45 degrees) were fabricated and tested under different boundary conditions (cantilever, two sides fixed, all sides fixed) using an impulse excitation technique. The results show that modal damping decreases with increasing laminate thickness and is sensitive to changes in boundary conditions. Damping was highest for the cantilever boundary condition and lowest for the two sides fixed condition. Evaluation of modal damping through experimental modal analysis provides a simple and effective technique for characterizing damping properties of composite laminates.
Experimental Test Conducted on Concrete by Replacing Sand with GBFS and Addin...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested concrete with sand replaced by Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) and added coconut fibers. Several concrete mixes were tested with 10-50% sand replacement by GBFS and 2% coconut fiber content by weight of cement. Compression, flexural, and split tensile strength tests were performed on concrete cube and cylinder specimens at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that concrete with 30-40% sand replaced by GBFS and 2% coconut fiber achieved the highest compressive strengths of 54.81 MPa and 57.01 MPa at 28 days, indicating GBFS and coconut fiber can improve concrete properties when used as partial replacements.
The document discusses testing the flexural strength of concrete. It provides details on the test setup and procedures. The flexural strength test is used to determine a material's ability to resist bending or deformation under a load. The test involves placing a concrete specimen on supporting rollers spaced at specific distances and applying a load through top rollers at the midpoint. The maximum load applied before failure is used to calculate the flexural strength based on the specimen's dimensions and load. Test equipment requirements and specifications are also outlined.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Physical Properties and Compressive Strength of Zinc Oxide Nanopowder as a Po...IJAAS Team
In this study, the application of nanotechnology was applied in the dentistry field, especially in the innovation of dental amalgam material. To date, mercury (Hg) has been used widely as dental amalgam material with consideration of the cheap price, ease of use, and good mechanical strength. However, last few years, many problems have been faced in the dentistry field due to the use of mercury. Hence, new material is needed as an innovation to eliminate the mercury from dental amalgam composition. This research was conducted to analyze the physical properties and compressive strength of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopowder as a potential dental amalgam material. The physical properties such as morphology and dimensions were analyzed by SEM and XRD. Further, the compression test was conducted by using hydraulic press machine. The results showed that the ZnO nanopowder analyzed has the particle size of 14.34 nm with the morphology classified as nanorods type. On the compression load of 500 kg, the average of ZnO green density is 3.170 g/cm3. This value experienced the increase of 4.763% when the load was set to 1000 kg, and 7.539% at 2000 kg. The dwelling time also took the same effect. At 30 seconds, the average of ZnO green density is 3.260 g/cm3. This value experienced the increase of 0.583% at 60 seconds and 3.098% at 90 seconds.
This document reviews research on drilling fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs), specifically focusing on glass, carbon, and natural fiber reinforced polymers. It discusses key quality aspects of drilling FRPs like thrust force, torque, delamination, and surface roughness. Various studies are summarized that examine how drilling parameters like speed, feed rate, drill geometry, and material properties influence these quality aspects. The document concludes that thrust force, torque, and delamination can be reduced by optimizing drilling parameters, and that parameters like feed rate and drill diameter significantly impact drilling performance.
IRJET- Comparative Study on the Strength Parameters of Concrete Made using Na...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the strength properties of concrete made with natural and artificial waste fibers. The study aimed to compare the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, durability, and workability of concrete containing different fiber types at 0.5% and 1% volume fractions. Materials tested included bagasse, banana, coir, glass, and plastic fibers. Results showed that fiber-reinforced concrete had higher strength properties than plain concrete and that strength generally increased with higher fiber content. Glass fiber concrete exhibited the highest strength while coir fiber concrete was the lowest but still stronger than plain concrete.
Effect of short glass fiber and fillers on dry sliding wear behaviour of ther...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on the effect of short glass fiber and fillers on the dry sliding wear behavior of thermoplastic copolyester elastomer composites. Experiments were conducted using a Taguchi design of experiments with variables including filler content, sliding velocity, and sliding distance. Analysis of variance was used to determine the most influential parameters on specific wear rate. The experimental results showed that filler content had the greatest effect on specific wear rate, followed by sliding distance, while sliding velocity showed a negligible effect. Examination of worn surfaces revealed features associated with adhesion of the matrix to fibers as well as microcracking and debris formation.
Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Drilling of Sandwich Composites:...IOSR Journals
A composite material is made out of a mixture or a combination of two or more distinctly differing
materials which are insoluble in each other and differ in form or chemical composition. The technological and
commercial interest in composite material lies in their superior properties of strength-to-weight, stiffness-toweight,
fatigue and thermal expansion compared to metals. Extensive use of composite in application such as
rockets, satellites, missiles, light combat aircraft, advanced light helicopter and trainer air craft has shown that
India is on par with the advanced countries in the development and use of composites in this area.
Drilling is probably the most important conventional mechanical process and it is the most widely used
machining operation. Prediction of cutting forces for any set of cutting parameters is essential in optimal design
and manufacturing of products. It has been predicted that most of the problem associated with hole making
operation, such as drilling, can be attributed to the force generated during cutting operation. Many
developments and experiments are going on drilling of Sandwich composite for damage free drilling along with
the quality of the hole and the effect of tool geometry and tool material.
This paper aims at the comprehensive analytical and experimental investigation work done on the
composites material. The conclusion of the paper discusses the development and outlines the trends for the
research in this field.
IRJET- Influence on Compressive Stregnth of Concrete on Addition of Micro Alu...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study on the influence of micro alumina particles on the compressive strength of concrete. Concrete cubes were made with various percentages of micro alumina particles replacing cement by weight. Testing found that cubes with 4% micro alumina had 13% higher 7-day compressive strength, while cubes with 12% had 22.79% higher 28-day compressive strength compared to controlled specimens. The study aims to determine the optimal percentage of micro alumina particles for improving compressive strength of concrete.
Fabrication and Experimental Study of Mechanical Properties of GFRP with Whit...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the fabrication and experimental analysis of the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites with the addition of white cement as a filler material. GFRP samples were created with 0%, 5%, and 10% white cement filler by weight. Tensile and flexural tests according to ASTM standards found that the tensile strength decreased with increased cement content, while flexural strength increased. The study concluded that the mechanical properties of GFRP composites are influenced by the amount of cement filler added.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of crystallite size of zinc oxide (ZnO) filler on the properties of polypropylene (PP)/ZnO nanocomposites. ZnO nanoparticles were prepared using two different methods, resulting in nanoparticles with crystallite sizes of 13.4 nm (NZO) and 29.2 nm (CZO). PP/ZnO composites containing 0-5% ZnO were produced by melt mixing. Composites with NZO exhibited higher mechanical properties, dynamic properties, and thermal stability than those with CZO, due to the smaller crystallite size and more uniform dispersion of NZO in PP. Transparency of the composites improved with decreasing ZnO crystallite
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the dry sliding wear behavior of epoxy composites filled with different weight percentages of bone powder and reinforced with E-glass and jute fibers. Samples were fabricated with 0%, 10%, and 15% bone powder content. Tests were conducted using a pin-on-disc apparatus under varying loads, velocities, and sliding distances. The results showed that wear resistance initially increased then decreased with higher bone powder content. Surface analysis using SEM correlated wear mechanisms with test results. The study aimed to understand the effect of bone powder filler on wear characteristics of these hybrid fiber composites.
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
An Experimental Study of Flexural Strength of Concrete Beam Reinforced with F...IRJET Journal
This study experimentally tested the flexural strength of concrete beams reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) grids. Beams of four concrete grades (M35, M30, M25, M20) with dimensions of 150mmx150mmx700mm were cast and tested under two-point bending. FRP grids of two lengths (500mm and 600mm) and 2.5cm thickness were placed in the tensile zone of the beams as reinforcement. Testing found that beams with FRP grids had significantly higher flexural strength compared to plain concrete beams, with an increase of 426% for M35 grade concrete. The results indicate that FRP grids can effectively enhance the flexural strength of reinforced concrete beams.
This document discusses the mechanical and tribological characterization of short fiber reinforced polymer composites. Two types of fibers were studied as reinforcements in an epoxy matrix: glass fibers and banana fibers. Composites with varying weight percentages of each fiber type were fabricated and tested. Their physical properties like density and void content were measured. Mechanical properties including microhardness, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength were also evaluated using standard tests. The experimental results from these characterizations were reported and comparisons made between the glass fiber and banana fiber reinforced composites.
Effect of Temperature on Wear Rate of Si-Epoxy- Eglass Polymer composite Mate...IDES Editor
With the increase use of polymer composites in
erosive work environment, it has become extremely important
to investigate their erosion characteristics. The hybrid
composite consisting of a Epoxy resin reinforced with Eglass
fiber and Si particles was developed. The effect of temperature
on wear rate applied to Si – Epoxy – Eglass polymer composite
has been studied. It has been found that the wear rate increases
as the temperature of carrier media (air) is increased.
Temperature of carrier media is one of the significant factor
influencing the erosion wear. The results were compared with
the plain epoxy composite material. Micrographs of eroded
surface are also presented to study the wear rate and Wear
behavior of composite.
This document reviews the friction and wear behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and its composites. It discusses how adding filler materials like carbon, graphite, and glass fibers to PTFE improves its mechanical and thermal properties while slightly affecting the low coefficient of friction. The document summarizes several studies that examined the friction and wear resistance of PTFE composites using methods like pin-on-disc testing. The key findings are that filler materials increase PTFE's hardness and wear resistance while keeping its low friction, and that load has a stronger effect on PTFE composites' wear behavior than sliding velocity.
The document describes an experimental study that characterized and compared the mechanical and tribological properties of epoxy composites reinforced with either short glass fibers or short banana fibers. Composites with various fiber loadings were fabricated and their density, hardness, tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and erosion wear resistance were measured using standard tests. The results showed that while the banana fiber composites had lower strength properties than the glass fiber composites, their erosion wear resistance was better, indicating banana fibers' potential as a reinforcement material that could replace glass fibers in some applications.
Physical and mechanical properties of concrete incorporating industrial and a...eSAT Journals
Abstract To reduce the impact on the environment, industrial and agricultural waste products such as carpet waste, sisal and flax have been added to the concrete. Usage of these materials in concrete does not only improve the strength of concrete but also leads to the proper disposal of these materials that leads to reduce the impact on environment. Fiber admixture can effectively improve the mechanical and physical properties of concrete. Utilization of recycled fibers from post-consumer, industrial waste and agricultural waste offer some benefits such as waste reduction, resource conservation, also low-cost materials and reduced need for land filling. Concrete is a tension weak building material, which is often cracked not ridden in plastic and hardened states, drying shrinkage and so on, low tensile strength limited ductility and resistance to cracking. In order to improve attempt has been made to study the effect of these materials on ordinary Portland cement concrete. In the experimental work, glass fibers, sisal, flax and waste carpet waste in different percentage (0.5%, 1% and 2 %) has been added by volume of concrete volume. The hardened concrete properties compressive strength, dry Shrinkage, Impact stress, The effect of temperature and Thermal conductivity of Concrete) were carried out. A total of Thirteen concrete mixtures were performed with cement content of 350 Kg/m3 at water - cement ratio = 0.525 , The amount of water was adjusted according to cement content, The super plasticizer dosage varied from 0.8% to 2.5% of cement content to achieve the required level of workability defined by a slump value of 10± 2cm. KEYWORDS: Percentages added, concrete mixes, (sisal, flax, glass fiber and Carpet wastes fiber), Coarse Aggregate (CA), Fine Aggregate (FA), compressive strength test, dry Shrinkage, Impact energy , The effect of temperature and Thermal conductivity of Concrete test.
This document evaluates the modal damping of graphite/epoxy laminated composites through experimental testing. Graphite/epoxy laminate composite plates of different thicknesses (2mm and 4mm) and fiber orientations (0 and 45 degrees) were fabricated and tested under different boundary conditions (cantilever, two sides fixed, all sides fixed) using an impulse excitation technique. The results show that modal damping decreases with increasing laminate thickness and is sensitive to changes in boundary conditions. Damping was highest for the cantilever boundary condition and lowest for the two sides fixed condition. Evaluation of modal damping through experimental modal analysis provides a simple and effective technique for characterizing damping properties of composite laminates.
Experimental Test Conducted on Concrete by Replacing Sand with GBFS and Addin...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested concrete with sand replaced by Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) and added coconut fibers. Several concrete mixes were tested with 10-50% sand replacement by GBFS and 2% coconut fiber content by weight of cement. Compression, flexural, and split tensile strength tests were performed on concrete cube and cylinder specimens at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that concrete with 30-40% sand replaced by GBFS and 2% coconut fiber achieved the highest compressive strengths of 54.81 MPa and 57.01 MPa at 28 days, indicating GBFS and coconut fiber can improve concrete properties when used as partial replacements.
The document discusses testing the flexural strength of concrete. It provides details on the test setup and procedures. The flexural strength test is used to determine a material's ability to resist bending or deformation under a load. The test involves placing a concrete specimen on supporting rollers spaced at specific distances and applying a load through top rollers at the midpoint. The maximum load applied before failure is used to calculate the flexural strength based on the specimen's dimensions and load. Test equipment requirements and specifications are also outlined.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document analyzes stress relief features for reducing stresses at the root of spur gear teeth. It summarizes previous research on gear stresses and stress relief methods. A finite element analysis is conducted to evaluate stresses in a spur gear model with different stress relief feature configurations, including circular holes of varying size and location. The analysis found that two circular holes located at specific positions provided the greatest stress reduction of up to 15%, minimizing stresses at the root to increase fatigue life. Introducing multiple optimized stress relief features through computational modeling is an effective way to reduce gear tooth stresses and failure.
This document reviews different techniques for selecting web services for web service composition based on quality of service (QoS) requirements. It discusses four main approaches: 1) a composition requirement tree approach, 2) a selection process based on a mediator, 3) selection based on QoS value prediction, and 4) a tool framework for composite web services. It compares these approaches based on factors like what QoS criteria they consider, whether they can handle functionally equivalent and non-equivalent services, and if they utilize databases like UDDI for discovering services. The document concludes that the tool framework approach is best as it leverages UDDI and QoS brokers while also testing services.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document presents research on an adaptive vague controller based power system stabilizer (AVCPSS). It begins with an abstract that describes using an Adaptive Network Based Vague Inference System (ANVIS) to develop an Adaptive Vague Set Based Controller Power System Stabilizer (AVCPSS) capable of providing stabilization signals over a wide range of operating conditions and disturbances. Section I provides further introduction and background. Section II describes vague set theory and vague controllers, while Section III details the development of a Vague Set Based Controller Power System Stabilizer (VCPSS). Section IV introduces ANVIS for implementing learning and adaptation. Section V discusses the AVCPSS developed using ANVIS. Results in Section VI show the
This document summarizes an approach called "Collision Free Intelligent Bloom Join Filters" for query optimization. The approach uses Bloom filters to reduce the number of rows from a table by representing the join attribute values as bits in a bit vector. It aims to minimize collisions that occur when multiple values hash to the same bit location. The approach uses a set of Bloom filters applied simultaneously to relations to fully process them. Experiments showed this approach reduces the number of rows and effects of collisions compared to previous approaches like semi-joins.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes research on the performance impact of black hole attacks on mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) using different routing protocols. The researchers conducted simulations using OPNET to evaluate the effects of black hole attacks on network throughput, delay, and load under three routing protocols: AODV, OLSR, and DSR. With AODV, the presence of black hole attackers significantly reduced throughput and increased delay by discarding packets. OLSR was not significantly affected by attackers. With DSR, throughput increased over time with attackers due to increasing discarded packets. The research analyzed how black hole attacks degrade MANET performance depending on the routing protocol used.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Milling Time on Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Microstructure and Particles Size E...Abubakar Yakubu
This document summarizes a study on the effect of milling time on the microstructure and particle size evolution of Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 powder produced via mechanical alloying. Nanocrystalline CoZn-ferrite powder was fabricated by ball milling a mixture of Fe2O3, CoO, and ZnO for varying times. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the formation of a single phase CoZn-ferrite structure after 8 hours of milling with crystallite sizes ranging from 16-30 nm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed particle sizes of 19.5-24 nm after 12 hours of milling. Transmission electron microscopy images confirmed the nanosized particles produced had diameters
The document summarizes research on the structure characterization of a Ti-15Mo-5Sn alloy prepared by mechanical alloying. Powders of the alloy were milled for various times and then analyzed. It was found that after 5 hours of milling, tin reflections disappeared from X-ray diffraction patterns, indicating alloying of tin into the titanium matrix. With increased milling time, the particle size decreased and crystallite size reduced, reaching a maximum reduction after 45 hours of milling. After 30-45 hours, the formation of a beta titanium phase was observed, comprising 46% of the final composition. The mechanical alloying process successfully produced a titanium-based solid solution alloy with refined microstructure.
Synthesis & Magnetic Properties of Magnesium Ferrite (MgFe2O4) Nanoparticles ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into the synthesis and magnetic properties of magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4) nanoparticles produced via a sol-gel method. Magnesium ferrite nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using a citrate sol-gel process. The nanoparticles were characterized using techniques such as FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM and VSM. FT-IR and XRD confirmed the formation of magnesium ferrite with a spinel cubic structure. SEM showed the particles were spherical in shape with a size of around 20-30nm. VSM revealed the nanoparticles exhibited ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature with saturation magnetization of 25.4 emu/g. In conclusion, sol-gel synthesis was found to be a simple and
Physical and Magnetic Properties of Manganese Ferrite NanoparticlesIJERA Editor
In this paper, manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized using chemical bath deposition (CBD) method and characterized by XRD and TEM to determine different properties of nanoparticles. The results obtained showed the formation of manganese ferrite nanoparticles with an average particle size are in good agreement with previous reported experimental results and displayed good magnetic properties. Magnetic properties was determined using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer(VSM). Due to simplicity and low cost of this process, it could be used for synthesis of ferrites nanoparticles. These materials may be used in drug delivery systems, electronic devices and water remediation.
Improving Mechanical Properties of AL 7075 alloy by Equal Channel Angular Ext...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Electrospun Nanofibers Reinforced Aluminium Matrix Composites, A Trial to Imp...IJAMSE Journal
A comparison between TiO2 nanofibers and carbon nanofibers as fibers reinforced metal matrix composites with respect to mechanical properties improvements have been made in this paper. Al and Mg have been chosen as metal matrices. The used carbon and ceramic nanofibers (Titanium Oxide) were successfully synthesized using electrospinning technique. Various weight percentage of calcined
electrospun TiO2 and carbon nanofibers (1, 3, 5 and 10%) were mixed with metal matrix and fabricated by route of powder metallurgy using High Frequency Induction heat Sintering (HFIHS). Mechanical properties of the sintered composites have been investigated. The manufactured pellets were tested for compression test, hardness and microstructures by the field emission scanning electron microscopes (FESEM), which reveals the homogeneous distribution of nanofibers in the Al/Mg matrices. In addition,
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was employed to obtain the chemical analysis of each composite. The result shows that, the ultimate compressive strength increased to 415 MPa at 5% TiO2, which is 13.5% more than the pure Al. The hardness increased up to 64% in case of using the ceramic nanofibers as reinforcement. While using CNFs as reinforcement to the Al matrix deteriorates the
mechanical properties.
The document summarizes research on synthesizing alumina-zirconia nanocomposites using a sol-gel process with organometallic precursors. Key findings include:
1) Alumina-zirconia nanopowders were successfully synthesized via a sol-gel process using aluminum butoxide and zirconium propoxide precursors.
2) Characterization of the nanopowders found them to have ultrafine particle sizes less than 10 nm based on BET surface area analysis and TEM imaging.
3) Parameters like solvent, precursor concentration, temperature, and pH were varied to study their effects on the sol-gel process and resulting particle size.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of sintering temperature on Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nano-particles. CoO, ZnO, and Fe2O3 powders were mechanically alloyed and then sintered at temperatures from 500-1100°C. Analysis using XRD, SEM, EDX, and TEM found that crystallite size increased with sintering temperature. Both ZnO and CoO diffused into crystallographic sites, with ZnO diffusing first. Particle size distribution also increased with temperature and samples began to agglomerate above 700°C. Sintering temperature was found to affect the structural properties of the samples.
PARAMETERS OF FRICTION STIR PROCESSING ALONG WITH REINFORCEMENT OF COMPOSITIO...Journal For Research
This document summarizes a study on friction stir processing of an aluminium and tungsten carbide composite. The researchers varied the tool shoulder diameter between 16-20 mm while keeping other parameters constant. They found that a shoulder diameter of 18 mm produced the finest grain size and maximum tensile strength and microhardness. Smaller and larger diameters produced less heat, resulting in coarser grains and poorer properties. Microstructure analysis showed more uniform reinforcement particle dispersion with an 18 mm diameter tool.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A new nano ceria reinforced epoxy polymer compositeiaemedu
This document summarizes research on developing a nano-ceria reinforced epoxy polymer composite with improved mechanical properties. Nano-ceria particles around 10-20nm in size were synthesized and added in varying weight percentages to an epoxy resin matrix. Flexural strength increased by 42% with 0.25wt% nano-ceria, while compressive strength increased by 42.7% with 0.5wt% nano-ceria. Microhardness also improved with 1wt% nano-ceria. The mechanical properties generally improved up to a maximum filler content then decreased at higher loadings, likely due to non-uniform dispersion and agglomeration of nano-particles. The study demonstrated enhanced mechanical properties of
A new nano ceria reinforced epoxy polymer compositeIAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on developing a nano-ceria reinforced epoxy polymer composite with improved mechanical properties. Nano-ceria particles around 10-20nm in size were synthesized and added in varying weight percentages to an epoxy resin matrix. Composite samples containing 0-3% nano-ceria by weight were tested. Flexural strength increased 42% for the 0.25% nano-ceria sample, while compressive strength increased 42.7% for the 0.5% sample. Microhardness also improved with 1% nano-ceria. Higher nano-ceria content resulted in weaker mechanical properties, likely due to non-uniform dispersion and curing. The nano-ceria improved properties
Synthesis and Characterization of High Quality Mesoporous Material SBA-16 wit...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Synthesis of Cobalt ferrite by Solid Reaction Methodsank_sanjay
Cobalt ferrite nano-crystalline powder was synthesized from the powder mixture of cobalt carbonate and iron oxide by mixed oxide ceramic method. The effects of temperature of calcination as well as molar ratio of CoCO3/Fe2O3 on the phase structure, morphology and magnetic properties of the products were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques, respectively. The samples calcined at 800 and 900˚C consisted of cobalt ferrite, iron oxide and cobalt oxide. In the sample calcined at 1000˚C, the reaction was completed and single phase CoFe2O4 with a mean crystallite and particle sizes of 49 and 300 nm, respectively was obtained.
IRJET- Mechanical Analysis of Nano MMT Clay based Polymer CompositesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the mechanical analysis of nano montmorillonite clay (MMT) based polymer composites. MMT clay was converted to nano size via high-energy ball milling for various time periods. Polyamide 66/MMT nanocomposites were prepared by melt extrusion with 0-5% nano MMT clay by weight. Tensile testing showed that tensile strength and modulus increased up to 1% clay, then decreased with more clay. Impact strength was similar up to 1% clay, then decreased with more clay. Composites with 1% clay provided the best enhancement of mechanical properties compared to the base polymer and other compositions.
This document is a report submitted by Mohit Rajput in partial fulfillment of the 9th semester evaluation of an Integrated Dual Degree program in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering at IIT Roorkee. It discusses controlling the structure of metal foam using microwave heating. Metal foams can be produced by various methods, with powder metallurgy being able to produce closed cell foams in near net shapes. This study will use powder metallurgy as the basis and apply microwave heating to better control the foam structure, as microwave heating provides advantages like faster and more uniform heating from within compared to conventional outside-in heating. The effects of foaming temperature, time and other parameters on the foam structure will be investigated
Experimental Determination of Compacting Characteristics of Copper–Redmud Com...IJERA Editor
Composite materials are capable of providing higher temperature operating limits than their base metal counter
parts and they can be tailored to give improved strength, stiffness, hardness, thermal conductivity, abrasion
resistance, creep resistance and dimensional stability .Powder metallurgy is an appropriate process for the
preparation of composite materials. Copper appears to have a potential as a base metal for composites for
obtaining various improved properties. Red Mud is an industrial waste obtained in both solid state and powder
form produced during the production of Alumina by Bayer‟s Process. The objective of the present work is to
prepare copper red mud composite specimens using conventional powder metallurgy and to determine green
characteristics of these compacts
This study compares the structural and magnetic properties of bulk and nano-sized Fe2CoAl samples. X-ray diffraction showed both samples had a disordered cubic structure, with the nano-sized sample having a smaller lattice parameter and broader peaks due to a smaller grain size of 13nm. Magnetization measurements found the nano-sized sample had a 10% higher saturation magnetization and 34 times higher coercivity than the bulk sample. Additionally, the Curie temperature of the nano-sized sample was over 8000C compared to 7370C for the bulk. Mössbauer spectroscopy showed the local environments of iron atoms were similar between samples, despite increased disorder in the nano-sized sample. Overall, high-energy ball mill
1) Rock waste powders from slate quarrying operations were processed via pressing and sintering to produce ceramic flooring and roofing tiles. Laboratory experiments determined that sintering at 1150-1170°C produced ceramic materials with suitable properties.
2) At an industrial scale, the powders were atomized to homogenize particle size before pressing and sintering tiles measuring 200x100x7 mm. The properties of the industrially produced tiles, such as bending strength and water absorption, met standards while being lower than the laboratory samples due to increased porosity.
3) Processing rock waste powders via pressing and sintering provides an economically viable way of utilizing waste materials to manufacture ceramic building
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process MiningLucaBarbaro3
Presentation of the paper "Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process Mining" given during the CAiSE 2024 Conference in Cyprus on June 7, 2024.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
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zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
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1. K V Nagesha, Rajanish M, D.Shivappa / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.921-924
921 | P a g e
A Review On Mechanical Alloying
K V Nagesha1
, Rajanish M2
, D.Shivappa3
1
Assistant professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, AIET, Moodbidire
2
Assistant professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, DSATM, Bangalore
3
Professor. Department of Mechanical Engineering, BAE, Bangalore
Abstract
Ball milling is one of the most extensively
used technique to produce ultrafine materials.
The ball milling process is widely used in ceramic
and metal processing industries. Ball milling
consists of repeated fracture, mixing, and cold
welding of a fine blend of metal, oxide, and alloy
particles resulting in size reduction and
sometimes in chemical reactions. In recent years
the ball milling process is employed to prepare
nanostructured materials which are intensively
studied, particularly because the physical and
chemical properties of these materials are quite
different from those of the bulks material. In
nano-materials research, this technique is well
used to fine-tune the grain sizes of the materials
in nano-scales. However scientists and engineers
are optimizing the processing parameters and
machine construction to obtain powders with
desired size and performance characteristics.
The purpose of this work is to review the findings
of some of the researchers, relevant to the ball
milling process for soft magnetic materials such
iron, cobalt and nickel and to emphasize the
importance of key process parameters on grain
size, particle size and performance
characteristics.
1. Introduction
Mechanical milling involve the use of
mechanical forces such as compressive force, shear
or impact to effect particle size reduction of bulk
materials. This is sometimes referred to as
mechanical alloying or ball milling. Ball milling of
powder particles as a method for material synthesis
has been developed as an industrial process to
successfully produce new alloys and phase mixtures,
since 1970 [1]. This powder metallurgical process
allows the preparation of alloys and composites,
which cannot be synthesized via conventional
routes. In nano-materials research, this technique is
well used to fine-tune the grain sizes of the materials
in nano-scales. Nanostructure is obtained by
repeated mechanical deformation and alloying as the
powder is vigorously shaken in a vial or jar
containing a number of milling balls [2 & 3]. The
energy transfer to the powder particles in these mills
takes place by a shearing action or impact of the
high velocity balls with the powder. The size of the
powder particle depends on several factors such as
Milling speed, Type of milling equipment, Size of
balls used and Ball to powder weight ratio
2. Review of previous work
H.F.Li and Ramanujan, School of
Materials Engineering, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore, have studied the
microstructure evolution and formation of
nanocrystalline FeCo based alloys by mechanical
alloying. They have reported that planetary ball
milling of 22 mesh iron powder with 100mesh
cobalt powders with a ball to powder ratio 10:1 and
speed of 300rpm would result in powder particle
size of 3.3 µm after 70hrs. Table 1 shows the
reduction in particle size as a function of milling
time and composition. They have characterized the
powders using SEM, TEM and X-ray analysis.
Finally they have concluded that the milled powders
are not magnetically soft but a variation in
coercivity with milling time has been observed that
is related to the microstructural evolution. After
5hours of milling, the saturation magnetization for
the unalloyed Fe50Co50 and Fe44.5Co44.5P7B4 were
175.7emu/g and 167.2 emu/g [4].
Table: 1 Powder particle size (in µm) of as
milled powder after different period (in hours) of
milling
Milling
time/
composition
5h
10
h
15
h
20 50 70
Fe50Co50
19.
6
12.
3
5.0 4.
6
4.
3
3.
3
Fe44.5Co44.5P
7B7
3.2 2.1 1.7 1.
5
1.
4
1.
1
Fe41Co41P14
B14
2.6 3.1 1.6 - - -
Fe42.5Co42.5P
7B8
9.4 1.8 1.9 - - -
Yang Yuanzheeng, et al, at the Academia
Sinica, Heifa have studied nano-structure of iron
formed by mechanical milling. They have conducted
the experiments using Pulverisette-5 planetary ball
mill with steel vials and steel balls. The starting
material used was iron powders with an average
particles size of 76 µm powders. The ball to powder
weight ratio (BPR) was 20:1. Milling speed was set
to 230 rpm and powder particles were milled for 80h
in one vial. Powder sample was picked up from the
2. K V Nagesha, Rajanish M, D.Shivappa / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.921-924
922 | P a g e
vials after selected interval of milling time to see the
change in shape and size reduction of powder
sample. The powder milling resulted in particles
with grain size of up to 6nm and the conclusion of
this work is that mechanical grinding is an effective
method to produce nanometer powders of pure
elements. [5]. Fig. 1 shows the reduction in
crystallite size and increase in strain as a function of
milling time.
Fig 1
Reduction in crystallite size and increase in
strain as a function of milling time.
R.Hamzaoui of University de Technologie
de Belfort-Montbeliard, France, has studied the
structure and mag netic properties of nanocrystalline
mechanically alloyed Fe-10wt % Ni and Fe-20 wt.
%Ni alloys of mixtures. The average particle size of
Fe was 7µm and Ni was 250µm; the ball to powder
ratio 10:1, and rotational speed was kept constant at
400rpm. They have reported that the crystallite size
decreases from 54±1.5 to 10.4±1.5nm and the
internal strain ε increases from 0.10 ± 0.05 to 0.69 ±
0.05. The crystalline size and lattice strain with
respect to Fe-20 Ni is D= 51.2±1.5 to 9.8± 1.5 nm
for 96hrs of milling and lattice strain ε = 0.11±
0.05% to 0.72 ±0.05 %. The conclusion of this
work is Fe and Ni powders form solid solution
accompanied by grain refinement and grins size
reduced resulted in an increase of the magnetization
and a decrease of the coercivity values as shown in
the graph. (Fig.2) [6].
Fig 2 (a). Evolution of saturation magnetization
versus milling time
Fig 2 (b). The coercivity as a function of
crystallite size
W.Pilarczyk of Institute of Engineering
Materials and Biomaterials, Poland, have studied the
structure and properties of Fe-Co-Ni-B-Si-Nb alloy
prepared by mechanical alloying method. In this
paper the test material was the mixture of iron,
cobalt, nickel, boron, silicon, niobium material with
different proportions. The mechanical alloying
process was done using high energy SPEX 8000
mill of the shaker type under inert argon
atmosphere. The ball to powder weight ratio is 9:1
and the powder were grounds for 10, 45, 100hrs.
The crystallite size is measured by using Scherrer`s
method. The conclusion of this paper was that
powder structure becomes more homogeneous after
100hrs of mechanical alloying with the particle size
in the range of 0.4µm [7].
D.A. Sanchez of Universidad Autonoma de
Coahuila, Mexico, have reported that the material
used for experiment was high purity cobalt nitrate
hexahydrate, iron nitrate, sodium hydroxide, citric
acid monohydrate and ethylene glycol. In ball
milling experiment milling was performed in a
planetary ball mill, the milling time is 4hours at a
speed of 300rpm with ball to powder mass ratio
3. K V Nagesha, Rajanish M, D.Shivappa / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.921-924
923 | P a g e
10:1. After 4hr of ball milling the materials have
improved crystallinity of magnetic phase with
increasing temperature the growth of crystalline
from 5nm to 26nm has also been reported [8].
A.M. Glushenkov, Department of
Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School
of Physical Science and Engineering, Australia have
performed reactive ball milling experiments to
produce nanocrystalline ZnO. The experiment were
carried out in oxygen atmosphere leading to nano
crystalline ZnO. Initially the powder particle size
was 150 microns after 100hrs of milling the powder
particles had crystallite size of 10 to 100nm. The
conclusion drawn from this paper is that
mechanochemical procedure is simple and
applicable to producing material in large quantities
and the oxidation of zinc is a gradual process in
contrast to combustion oxidations of other metals
[9].
S.R.Mishra,et al, University of Memphis,
USA, have studied the magnetic properties of iron
nitride – alumina nano-composite materials prepared
by high-energy ball milling. In this study milling
was carried out in Pulverisette-5 planetary ball mill
with WC vials and WC balls. Starting material used
for milling was 99.9% pure 50µm iron nitride
powders. The ball to powder weight ratio (BPR) was
20:1. Milling was conducted at 400 rpm. Powder
particles were milled for 64h. The reduction in the
particle size of FexN leads to a decrease in the
saturation magnetization (62.5 emu/g) and a
corresponding increase in the coercivity. The
observed enhancement in coercivity results from a
combination of particle size effect, surface defects,
and mechanical stress. The presence of a super
paramagnetic component in the Mossbauer spectra
and the decrease in saturation magnetization are
related to the grain size. The observed increase in
the isomer shift and rapid decrease in hyperfine field
in the highly dispersed magnetic particles of (FexN)
0.2(Al2O3)0.8 are compatible with surface defects
[10].
S.W. Du, R.V.Ramanujan, School of
Materials Engineering, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore, have studied the mechanical
alloying of Fe-Ni based nanostructured magnetic
materials. The various alloys composition
Fe49Ni38B18Mo4, Fe49Ni46Mo5 and Fe42Ni40B18 were
processed from elemental powders by mechanical
alloying of Fritsch pulverisette 5 planetary ball
milling under argon atmosphere from pure
elemental powder iron, nickel, boron and
molybdenum. The ball to powder ratio was kept
constant at 8:1. The milling speed was 300rpm for
milling times ranging from1to 100h. Initially the
raw material particle size was iron-35µm, nickel-
150µm, boron-46µm, and molybdenum 3 to 5µm.
The grain size of alloy composition of
Fe49Ni38B18Mo4 was 6nm; correspondingly alloys of
Fe49Ni46Mo5 and Fe42Ni40B18 yielded particles with
grain size in the range of 8 to 20nm. They have
reported that addition of molybdenum and boron
have a dramatic effect on the magnetic properties of
mechanically alloyed Fe and Ni based material [11].
D.Oleksakova, S.Roth, P.J.Safarik
University, Slovakia Germany, have studied the soft
magnetic properties of NiFe compacted powder
alloys. In this paper they have reported mechanical
milling using high energy planetary ball mill in
hardened steel vials with steel balls. The milling was
performed in the protective argon atmosphere with
ball to powder ratio of 6:1 and with a speed of 180
rpm. The conclusions of this paper are that NiFe (81
wt% of Ni) form from a single –phase system and
the mechanical milling of NiFe (81 wt% of Ni)
results in decrease in coercivity as a function of
grain size [12].
H.R. Madhaa Hosseini, have studied
preparation of nanocrystalline Fe-Si-Ni soft
magnetic powders by mechanical alloying and its on
the magnetic properties and microstructure of these
alloys. In this research work the powder mix were
ball milled under argon atmosphere, iron, silicon
and nickel with a ball to powder ratio 10:1 and
speed 700rpm. The initial grains size was 400nm,
after 100 hours of milling the grain size reduced to
12nm. Detailed characterization of the powders has
been done using SEM, and X-Ray analysis. Finally
they have concluded that the milled powders had
metastable bcc solid solution of Si and Ni in Fe with
a fine particle structure. The maximum saturation
magnetization (Ms) and minimum coercivity (Hc)
were obtained at the optimum composition of
Fe85Si10Ni5 after 70hrs milling [13].
El-Eskandarany et al studied the effect of
milling speed in a Fritch pulverisette-5 mill. They
reported that the time required for the formation of
an amorphous phase in the Co-Ti system decreased
with an increase in the rotation speed. While it took
200h for the formation of the amorphous phase at a
speed of 65 rpm, it took only 100h at 125rpm and
24h at 200rpm. They had observed acyclic
crystalline amorphous crystalline transformation on
continued milling [14].
The effect of milling speed during milling
of a Fe-7 wt % C-6 wt % powder blend in a
planetary ball mill was investigated at three different
speeds of 80, 100, and 120 rpm by Rochman et al.
[15]. They noted that the solid solubility of carbon
in iron increased with increasing speed of operation
of the mill for the same milling time. For example,
they reported that on 100h of milling, the solid
4. K V Nagesha, Rajanish M, D.Shivappa / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.921-924
924 | P a g e
solubility of C in α-Fe was 0.2 at % at 80rpm, 0.5
at% 100rpm, and 1.3 at % 120rpm [16].
3 Conclusion
The inferences that can be drawn based on the
literature review given above are:
a) Ball milling processing parameters (ball to
powder ratio, size of the balls, material of the balls,
jar size, milling time, milling speed) have a strong
influence on the particles size of brittle materials
which undergo particle size reduction, and in the
case of ductile materials there is a reduction in
crystallite size due to sever plastic deformation as a
result of high energy impact.
b) There is a need for a mathematical model,
which relates processing parameters to particle size
or grain size for a given material. Such a model
would accurately predict the rate of grain size or
particle size reduction as a function of processing
parameters, thus facilitating accurate control of
powder characteristics.
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