GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF AFRICAN CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS) FED MILLET WASTE. THE STUDY INVESTIGATE THE USE OF MILLET WATSE OBTAINED FROM RESIDUE OF WET GRINDED MILLET IN THE DIET OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS . THE STUDY IS CONDUCTED IN MAKURDI BENUE STATE NIGERIAN.

1. GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF AFRICAN CATFISH
(CLARIAS GARIEPINUS) FED MILLET WASTE
BY
ATUU MANASSEH
DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
JOSEPH SARWUAN TARKA UNIVERSITY MAKURDI
DECEMBER, 2022

2.  INTRODUCTION
Millet waste can be utilized as a
complement to the current, scarce feed
resources, such as fish meal. It is made from
millet residue, a type of cereal grain. In
addition to considerable amounts of glucose,
protein, vitamins, dietary minerals, and
phytic acid, millet waste is notably high in
dietary fiber and important fatty acids.

3.  JUSTIFICATION
The need to reduce the cost of raising fish
through exploration of new feed ingredients has
become imperative considering the high cost
and low supply of conventional feeds stuffs for
amimal feed formulation.
Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the
effect of millet waste on growth performance
and survival of Clarias gariepinus.

4.  AIM AND OBJECTIVES
Aim of the study
To examine nutritional value of millet waste in the diet of
clarias gariepinus (African catfish) fingerings.
Objectives of the Study
To determine the growth parameters of African catfish
(clarias gariepinus) fingerlings fed with millet waste.
To ascertain the survival rate of clarias gariepinus fed with
millet waste.

5.  MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental Site
This research would be carried out at the Fisheries and
aquaculture Laboratory, Joseph Sarwuan Taaka University, in Makurdi
Local Government Area (LGA) of Benue State.
Experimental fish
 Clarias gariepinus (African catfish) fingerlings of similar sizes
would be sourced in Makurdi, Benue State Nigeria and use for this
study.
Procurement and Processing of Feed Ingredients.
 Millet waste to be used in this study will be sourced from a local
millet processor in Makurdi, the Benue state Capital.

6.  MATERIALS AND METHODS
(continuation)
The millet waste in this study will be residue of
wet milling of millet after obtaining the flour
(pap) which is prepared by milling and sieving
millet soaked in water for 24 hours. The millet
waste which contains about in 80-85 % moisture
in fresh form (Ogbe et al, 2021) will be sundried
for some days to render it moisture free in order
to use it in the feed.

7. MATERIALS AND METHODS
(continuation)
 The completely dried millet waste will be grounded
thoroughly.
 Diet Formulation
The millet waste will be mixed thoroughly with other
feed ingredients ( such as fish meal soybean meal, maize,
vitamin/mineral premix, salt and oil)to produce five isoproteic
(40% crude protein) diets such that maize will be gradually
replace by millet waste at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%
respectively as shown in table 1as follows;

8.  Table 1: Percentage composition of
Experimental diet.
DIET 1 DIET 2 DIET 3 DIET 4 DIET 5
Ingredients 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Soya bean 66.26 66.26 66.26 66.26 66.26
Maize 20.24 15.18 10.12 5.06 0
Millet waste 0 5.06 10.12 15.18 20.24
Fish meal 10 10 10 10 10
Vitamin premix 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1
Salt 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Oil 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

9. MATERIALS AND METHODS
(continuation)
 Experimental Design and Management
 Fingerings of clarias gariepinus obtained will be acclimatized for a week and will
be fed with the control diet prior to the experiment.
 The survivors after one week will be weighed and randomly assigned to the five
diets in a completely randomized design with replicates.
 They fish will be fed with the trial diets for a period of 8 weeks at 5% body weight
shared twice daily. After the feeding trial, the fish will be fasted for 24 hours
before their final body weight will be measured.

10. Determination of Growth Parameters
Growth and nutrient utilization parameters such as mean weight
gain(MWG), growth rate(GR), Specific growth rate(SGR), FRC, Feed fed,
percentage survival, Apparent net protein utilization (ANPU) etc. will be
calculated as measures of the effectiveness of utilization of millet waste
meal as a replacement in the diet of Clarias gariepinus. This will be done
in accordance with the method of Brown (1975). The parameters will be
calculated using the following relations;
Mean Weight Gain (MWG) = Mean final weight – Mean initial weight

11.  Growth Rate = (𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡−𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑋100
Specific Growth Rate (SGR) =
log2 𝑤𝑡2 −log𝑒(𝑤𝑡1)
𝑡2−𝑡1
𝑋100
• Where wt1 = Initial weight of fish at time t1
• Wt2 = Final weight of fish at time t2
• t2 – t1 = duration (in days) considered between wt2 and wt1
• e = Natural logarithm
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) =
𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒
𝑊𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛

12.  Protein Efficiency Ratio =
𝑊𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑒𝑑
• Where protein fed =
% 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑡 𝑋 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑
100
% Survival rate =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑠ℎ−𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑠ℎ
X 100
Feed fed =
% 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑋 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑠ℎ
100
Feed conversion efficiency (FCR) =
𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒
𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑋 100
Apparent net protein utilization (ANPU) =
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑖𝑛−𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑒𝑑

13.  Percentage survival=
N1
N0
X100
• Where N1 and N0 are number of fish at the end of the
experiment and initial number of fish stocked at the start of
the experiment

14. Proximate Composition Analysis
The nutritional composition of the samples will be analyzed
in triplicate according to AOAC (1990) proximate analysis.
Under this, proximate composition analysis for feed
ingredients, experimental diets, fish carcass before and after
experiment for all treatments will be done.

15. Water Quality Analysis
 Water will be sourced from fisheries and aquaculture
laboratory in Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University for the
experiment. The water would be changed every three days.
Physiochemical parameters of the water such as pH,
temperature and dissolved oxygen will be monitored and
recorded during the period of the experiment.

16.  DATA ANALYSIS
The data obtained will be analyzed using
One-way analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test
followed by the least significant (LSD) test
for comparison among treatment mean of
5% probability (P = 0.05) using Statistics
Package for Social Sciences(SPSS).

17. THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING