Abstract— Sixteen sexually matured (12 months old) healthy male turkeys were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair ®) on semen characteristics, body conformation and hormonal profile. The turkeys were divided into 4 treatment groups of 4 turkeys per group, identified as T1 (control), and ministered with 1.00ml physiological saline, T2, administered with 13.50i.u Diclair®, T3, administered with 27.00 i.u Diclair® and T4, administered with 40.50i.u Diclair®, with one turkey per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were divided into three doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. Semen was collected one week after Diclair® administration, twice a week for 4 weeks by the abdominal massage and manipulation of the cloaca method. Four cocks were randomly selected from each treatment group and bled one week after Diclair® injections to collect blood for hormonal profile evaluation. 30 days after Diclair® injection, parameters for body confirmation were measured. The results showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) among the treatment groups in all the parameters for semen characteristics except semen pH and semen volume which were similar (P > 0.05) among the treatment groups. The results further showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) among the treatment groups in all the parameters for body confirmation: wing length, neck length, shank length, body length, beak length, thigh length, keel length, chest circumference and tail length. Similarly, the results showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) among the treatment groups in follicle stimulating hormones (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels. The results of this study suggest that Diclair® improved semen quality, body confirmation and was not detrimental to the hormonal profile of the turkeys.
Effect of flax seeds (linum usitatissimum) on uterine andDr Asif Ahmad
This study investigated the effects of an aqueous methanolic extract of flax seeds (Linum usitatissimum) on puberty in immature female mice. Mice were orally administered doses of 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg of the flax seed extract or distilled water (control) daily for 25 days. Higher doses of the extract increased body, ovarian, and uterine weights compared to controls. Ovarian and uterine protein contents increased while ovarian cholesterol decreased with higher extract doses. Serum estradiol levels peaked earlier in extract-treated mice. Vaginal opening and first estrus occurred at an earlier age in mice given higher extract doses, indicating enhanced onset of puberty.
Transgenic animals and process to make transgenic animalsSnehasishKundu1
The document summarizes topics related to transgenic animals and gene therapy. It discusses transgenic cows, sheep, poultry, and fish. For each animal, it describes the process used to create transgenic versions, including pronuclear microinjection and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Benefits include producing human therapeutic proteins and altering milk composition. Challenges include high costs and low success rates. Gene therapy techniques like viral vectors and electroporation are explained for inserting genes into tissues to treat disease. Somatic gene therapy aims to modify individual patients while germline gene therapy alters heritable genes passed to offspring.
IBMX part I -rabbit reproduction Theriogenology 2010 (1)ELENI FOTOPOULOU
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (IBMX), an inhibitor of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate phosphodiesterases, on rabbit reproduction. The study found that IBMX enhanced the stimulatory effects of gonadotropins on ovulation, embryo development, and fertility. IBMX increased the number of ovulations, embryos, and pregnancy and birth rates. Younger rabbits were more sensitive to IBMX than older rabbits. The results suggest that cyclic nucleotides play an important role in controlling rabbit reproduction and that IBMX can stimulate reproduction and fertility.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document studied the effects of deer velvet extract from Formosan sika deer on mouse embryonic development and anti-oxidative enzyme expression. Mouse 4-cell embryos were divided into groups and cultured with different concentrations of deer velvet extract or hydrogen peroxide. Embryonic development stages were observed every 12 hours over 72 hours of incubation. The deer velvet extract promoted embryonic development and maintained blastocyst development rates similar to the control when embryos were challenged with hydrogen peroxide. Gene expression of anti-oxidative enzymes in blastocysts was not significantly different between deer velvet treatment groups. The deer velvet extract thus relieved oxidative stress on embryos and supported blastocyst development in vitro.
Dr. B. Victor is a retired biology professor with over 32 years of experience teaching and researching reproductive technology in fishes. His presentation outlines various forms of reproduction including asexual, sexual, and parthenogenesis. It also discusses cloning technology such as embryo splitting, nuclear transfer, and the three main types of cloning - recombinant DNA cloning, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning. The benefits and applications of cloning as well as techniques for transgenic animal production are also summarized.
Biochemical Changes in Ascorbate and Peroxidase Activity in the Adrenal Gland...paperpublications3
This document discusses biochemical changes in ascorbate and peroxidase activity in the adrenal gland during different stages of the reproductive cycle in rats. It finds that peroxidase activity increases and ascorbate levels decrease during diestrous and proestrous, when ACTH levels are high. This suggests peroxidase may be involved in the rapid conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone in the adrenal gland. The adrenal gland produces sex hormones like progesterone until the ovaries mature, and progesterone levels have been found to fluctuate across the estrous cycle. High peroxidase activity in the adrenal cortex may be correlated with increased progesterone synthesis and secretion.
Histochemical Studies of Enzymes in the Adrenal Gland of Rat & Rabbit during ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Administration of ACTH stimulates adrenal secretion of progesterone as well as corticosterone (Resko, 19691; Feder et al., 1969; Feder et al., 1971; Piva et al., 1973). Progesterone is both an obligatory intra-adrenal substrate for corticosterone production and a steroid essential for maintenance of pregnancy. Thus, the regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis during pregnancy has two potentially important aspects: i.) Maintenance of optimal blood levels of corticosterone and ii.)Contributing significant amounts of progesterone to the total maternal pool. Since the extended luteotrophic function of ovary in rat & mice during pregnancy is related to the Peroxidase-Ascorbate system (Agrawal, P. & Laloraya, M.M. 1979). It appears likely that synthesis of progesterone under the action of ACTH during pregnancy may be controlled by a similar mechanism as reported for LH in the ovary, thus causing increased synthesis and secretion of the Progesterone and corticosteroids from the adrenal gland.
Effect of flax seeds (linum usitatissimum) on uterine andDr Asif Ahmad
This study investigated the effects of an aqueous methanolic extract of flax seeds (Linum usitatissimum) on puberty in immature female mice. Mice were orally administered doses of 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg of the flax seed extract or distilled water (control) daily for 25 days. Higher doses of the extract increased body, ovarian, and uterine weights compared to controls. Ovarian and uterine protein contents increased while ovarian cholesterol decreased with higher extract doses. Serum estradiol levels peaked earlier in extract-treated mice. Vaginal opening and first estrus occurred at an earlier age in mice given higher extract doses, indicating enhanced onset of puberty.
Transgenic animals and process to make transgenic animalsSnehasishKundu1
The document summarizes topics related to transgenic animals and gene therapy. It discusses transgenic cows, sheep, poultry, and fish. For each animal, it describes the process used to create transgenic versions, including pronuclear microinjection and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Benefits include producing human therapeutic proteins and altering milk composition. Challenges include high costs and low success rates. Gene therapy techniques like viral vectors and electroporation are explained for inserting genes into tissues to treat disease. Somatic gene therapy aims to modify individual patients while germline gene therapy alters heritable genes passed to offspring.
IBMX part I -rabbit reproduction Theriogenology 2010 (1)ELENI FOTOPOULOU
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (IBMX), an inhibitor of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate phosphodiesterases, on rabbit reproduction. The study found that IBMX enhanced the stimulatory effects of gonadotropins on ovulation, embryo development, and fertility. IBMX increased the number of ovulations, embryos, and pregnancy and birth rates. Younger rabbits were more sensitive to IBMX than older rabbits. The results suggest that cyclic nucleotides play an important role in controlling rabbit reproduction and that IBMX can stimulate reproduction and fertility.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document studied the effects of deer velvet extract from Formosan sika deer on mouse embryonic development and anti-oxidative enzyme expression. Mouse 4-cell embryos were divided into groups and cultured with different concentrations of deer velvet extract or hydrogen peroxide. Embryonic development stages were observed every 12 hours over 72 hours of incubation. The deer velvet extract promoted embryonic development and maintained blastocyst development rates similar to the control when embryos were challenged with hydrogen peroxide. Gene expression of anti-oxidative enzymes in blastocysts was not significantly different between deer velvet treatment groups. The deer velvet extract thus relieved oxidative stress on embryos and supported blastocyst development in vitro.
Dr. B. Victor is a retired biology professor with over 32 years of experience teaching and researching reproductive technology in fishes. His presentation outlines various forms of reproduction including asexual, sexual, and parthenogenesis. It also discusses cloning technology such as embryo splitting, nuclear transfer, and the three main types of cloning - recombinant DNA cloning, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning. The benefits and applications of cloning as well as techniques for transgenic animal production are also summarized.
Biochemical Changes in Ascorbate and Peroxidase Activity in the Adrenal Gland...paperpublications3
This document discusses biochemical changes in ascorbate and peroxidase activity in the adrenal gland during different stages of the reproductive cycle in rats. It finds that peroxidase activity increases and ascorbate levels decrease during diestrous and proestrous, when ACTH levels are high. This suggests peroxidase may be involved in the rapid conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone in the adrenal gland. The adrenal gland produces sex hormones like progesterone until the ovaries mature, and progesterone levels have been found to fluctuate across the estrous cycle. High peroxidase activity in the adrenal cortex may be correlated with increased progesterone synthesis and secretion.
Histochemical Studies of Enzymes in the Adrenal Gland of Rat & Rabbit during ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Administration of ACTH stimulates adrenal secretion of progesterone as well as corticosterone (Resko, 19691; Feder et al., 1969; Feder et al., 1971; Piva et al., 1973). Progesterone is both an obligatory intra-adrenal substrate for corticosterone production and a steroid essential for maintenance of pregnancy. Thus, the regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis during pregnancy has two potentially important aspects: i.) Maintenance of optimal blood levels of corticosterone and ii.)Contributing significant amounts of progesterone to the total maternal pool. Since the extended luteotrophic function of ovary in rat & mice during pregnancy is related to the Peroxidase-Ascorbate system (Agrawal, P. & Laloraya, M.M. 1979). It appears likely that synthesis of progesterone under the action of ACTH during pregnancy may be controlled by a similar mechanism as reported for LH in the ovary, thus causing increased synthesis and secretion of the Progesterone and corticosteroids from the adrenal gland.
Optimal Timing of Oocyte Preincubation for Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection ...theijes
This study analyzed the effect of different durations of oocyte pre-incubation prior to intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) on fertilization rates. The study retrospectively analyzed data from 100 ICSI cycles performed between 2010-2015. Oocytes were divided into 5 groups based on pre-incubation time: Group I (0-1 hr), Group II (1-3 hrs), Group III (3-5 hrs), Group IV (5-7 hrs), Group V (>7 hrs). The highest fertilization rate was observed in Group III oocytes incubated 3-5 hours prior to ICSI, with a fertilization rate of 86%. Oocytes incubated immediately (Group I) or for more than
Livestock sector is an important sector in indian economy. To boost the productive performance of existing livestock population in india, biotechnolgy plays a key role to fullfill this.
Title "In vitro production of embryos from high performance cows and the development of frozen-thawed embryos after transfer". This presentation was from reviewed journal that published on 2008.
Toxicology of genetically modified sheep meatAsma Bano
This study evaluated the safety of meat from genetically modified sheep overexpressing TLR4 compared to meat from wild-type sheep in a 90-day feeding study using Sprague-Dawley rats. Meat samples from GM and wild-type sheep were analyzed for composition. Rats were fed diets supplemented with 3.75%, 7.5%, or 15% GM or wild-type sheep meat powder. Results showed no differences in body weight, blood parameters, organ weights, or histopathology between rats fed GM versus wild-type meat. The study concluded that meat from GM sheep overexpressing TLR4 showed no adverse or toxic effects compared to wild-type sheep meat.
USE OF EMBRYO TRANSFER IN THE CONTROL OF ANIMAL DISEASESdrarsalankhandvm
Embryo transfer can be used to control the spread of genetic and infectious animal diseases. It allows for screening embryos for undesirable traits before implantation, reducing the transmission of genetic disorders. While natural mating spreads diseases like vibriosis, trichomoniasis, and brucellosis, embryo transfer lowers this risk if proper procedures are followed. Several diseases including leptospirosis, mycoplasma, and various viruses can also be controlled through embryo transfer. It is an effective tool for detecting carriers of recessive traits and separating fetal and maternal influences in research.
This document summarizes various methods used to evaluate antifertility and hormonal activities. It describes the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and hormonal regulation of the estrous/menstrual cycle. Several in vivo and in vitro assays are outlined to assess effects on estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone pathways, including vaginal smears, uterine weight changes, hormone receptor binding, and measures of fertility inhibition. The goal is to characterize compounds that may have applications as contraceptives by interfering with hormone production or action.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.12
ABSTRACT- Objective: In this experiment adult male albino rats were treated with 50% ethanolic extract of Tephrosia
purpurea fruits at the dose levels of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight for 60 days, to evaluate antifertility effects in
search of a reversible male contraceptive agent from medicinal plants.
Materials and Methods: Body and organs weight of all treated animals was recorded, blood and serum were analyzed for
hematological indices and clinical biochemistry. To observe effects on reproductive system of animal’s protein, fructose,
sialic acid, ascorbic acid, and glycogen contents were estimated in their testes and sex accessory organs. The treated male
rats were mated with proestrous females and sperm motility, sperm density was determined and FSH, LH and testosterone
hormones were measured to evaluate the effects on fertility. For histopathological observation testes were fixed in Bouin's
fluid, sections were cut at 6 μ and stained with Harris's Haematoxylin and eosin.
Results: Analysis of blood and serum revealed no significant effect after 60 days of the extract treatment. Body weight of
the extract treated rat had no significant alteration, whereas the weight of reproductive organs was decreased significantly
as compared to animals of control group. Protein, sialic acid, fructose contents and level of LH and testosterone hormones
was decreased significantly after treatment in extract treated rats as compared to control.
Conclusions: The fertility, sperm density and motility were declined significantly in rats treated with the ethanolic extract
of Tephrosia purpurea fruits. It is concluded that it might be due to androgen inhibition effects.
Key-words- Antifertility, Tephrosia purpurea, Rat, Testosterone
Transgenic animals are created by inserting foreign genes into the animal's genome. The first transgenic animal was a "Supermouse" created in 1982. There are several methods to produce transgenic animals, including pronuclear microinjection, embryonic stem cell methods, sperm-mediated transgenesis, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Transgenic animals have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. However, there are also some ethical and environmental concerns regarding transgenic technology.
This study examined the effects of desloratadine on ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Rats were divided into three groups: an ischemia-reperfusion injury group, an ischemia-reperfusion injury group treated with desloratadine, and a sham group. Ovarian tissue was analyzed for markers of oxidative stress and inflammation after ischemia and reperfusion. Results showed that desloratadine significantly reduced oxidative stress markers like MDA and increased antioxidant markers like GSH compared to the ischemia-reperfusion injury group. Desloratadine also decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines like NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Histological analysis revealed that desl
Embryo transfer is a technique where embryos are collected from donor females and transferred to recipient females. The key steps are superovulation of the donor, artificial insemination, embryo collection 5-8 days later, grading the embryos, and transferring high quality embryos into a synchronized recipient. This allows one superior donor to produce many offspring, accelerating genetic improvement. Embryo transfer has advantages like faster breeding, disease control and conservation, but requires synchronization of donors and recipients.
This document discusses various screening methods used to evaluate potential aphrodisiac agents. It defines aphrodisiacs as drugs that increase sexual desire and lists some common aphrodisiac drugs. It then describes the mechanisms by which these drugs work, such as by enhancing blood flow and relaxation of smooth muscles. The document outlines both in vivo and in vitro screening methods, including tests of mating behavior, libido, potency, and assays of sex hormones and nitric oxide synthase levels.
The document discusses prostaglandin production in ovine placentas. It finds that PGHS-1 is expressed in trophoblast epithelial cells and weakly in maternal tissues, while PGHS-2 expression increases specifically in trophoblast cells near term and during labor. Glucocorticoid treatment and spontaneous labor both significantly increase PGHS-2 levels in trophoblasts, indicating its role in elevated prostaglandin production during labor. The study elucidates the cellular localization of PGHS isozymes in ovine placentas and how their expression changes with gestation and the onset of labor.
This study evaluated the effects of different formulated feed rations on albino rats. Sixteen rats were divided into four groups and fed different feed formulations for 21 days. Group II, which was fed a diet of 600g corn, 200g millet, 160g crayfish and 40g groundnut, showed the most positive effects on growth performance and health biomarkers compared to the control group. While Group I and III showed some increased biomarkers suggesting potential liver damage, Group II most closely mimicked the effects of the control commercial feed. The study concludes that Group II's formulated feed is a suitable substitute for rat feed.
Embryo transfer in cattle and its applicationsReenaNegi13
Embryo transfer in cattle involves removing embryos from donor cows and transferring them to recipient cows in order to propagate desirable genetic traits. Key steps include superovulating donors to produce multiple embryos, artificially inseminating donors, flushing embryos from donors 6-8 days later, evaluating and cryopreserving embryos, synchronizing recipients, and surgically or non-surgically transferring embryos into recipients. Embryo transfer allows for genetic improvement of cattle herds, planned mating of elite animals, and circumvention of infertility issues.
The relationship between progesterone and biochemical constituents of amnioti...Ali Olfati
Ali Olfati1, Gholamali Moghaddam1, Nasroallah Moradi Kor2*, Mitra Bakhtiari3
1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran
2Department of Reproduction Physiologies, Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tehran, Iran
3Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Embryo transfer is a process where an embryo is collected from a donor female and transferred to a recipient female to complete its development. It allows genetically superior females to produce more offspring than through natural reproduction. Embryo transfer is used in cattle, horses, goats, sheep and other domestic and non-domestic species. The process involves superovulating the donor female, collecting embryos 6-9 days after breeding, and transferring high quality embryos into a synchronized recipient female. Embryo transfer maximizes genetic gains and production from elite females.
This document discusses various topics related to animal biotechnology including:
1. Animals provide many products for human use like milk, leather, wool, eggs, and meat.
2. Animals are used as models in laboratory experiments to study diseases and potential treatments without endangering humans.
3. Common animal models include living animals, animal tissues, non-living systems, and computer/mathematical models.
4. The document then discusses animal reproduction, development, artificial insemination, embryo transfer, and transgenic animals.
Kidney Function Test, Weight Gain and Serum Protein Values of Mature Male Tur...IJEAB
Sixteen sexually matured (12 months old) healthy male turkeys were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on kidney function, weight gain and serum protein values. The turkeys were divided into 4 treatment groups, identified as T1 (control) administered with 1.00ml physiological saline (0.00 i.u Diclair®), T2 , administered with 13.50 i.u Diclair®, T3,administered with 27.00i.u Dicliar®T4, administered with 40.50 i.u Dicliar(R), with one turkey per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were divided into 3 doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. Blood was collected one week after Diclair® administration. Four turkeys were randomly selected fro-m each treatment groupand bled to collect blood for blood chemistry analysis. The turkey were weighed every week for five weeks and their weight recorded. The result showed that there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in all parameters for kidney function test: chronicle, potassium, sodium, bicarbonate expect creatinine which was similar (p > 0.05) among the treatment groups. The results further showed that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the treatment groups in initial body weight. However, there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in final body weight and weight gain. Similarly there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in all the serum protein values measure: albumin, globulin, serum total protein as well as albumin/globulin ratio. The results of the study showed that Diclair enhanced kidney function and weight gain without any deleterious effects on serum protein values of the male turkeys.
Haematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Mature Harco Cocks Treated...IJEAB
Twenty sexually matured (24 weeks old) healthy Harco cocks were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on haematology and serum biochemistry. The cocks were divided into 4 treatment groups of 5 cocks per group identified as T1 (control) administered with 1ml physiological saline, T2, administered with 6.75i.u Diclair® and T4, administered with 20.25i.u Diclair®, with one cock per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were dividedinto three doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. One week after Diclair® treatments, five birds from each group were bled from the wing veins for haematology and serum biochemistry. Results of this study showed significant differences (P<0.05)>0.05) among the treatment groups. Basophils were not detected among the treatment groups. The results further showed significant differences (P<0.05)>0.05) among the treatment groups. However, the values were within the normal ranges, indicating that Diclair® had no deleterious effect on these parameters.
Effect of Gonadotrophin (Pergonal®) on Haematological and Serum Biochemical P...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Twelve Ouda rams aged 2 – 2.6 years and weighed between 40.21 – 40.32kg were randomly distributed into 3 groups of 4 animals with one ram per replicate in a completely randomized design and used to determine the effect of Pergonal® on haematology and serum biochemistry. These groups were assigned to 3 levels of Pergonal® injection as treatments. The injections were 0.00i.u, 49.50i.u, and 99.00i.u Pergonal® represented as T1 (control), T2, and T3, respectively. All the treatments were administered by intramuscular injections. The injections were divided into three doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. The results of the study showed that apart from Alanine transaminase and eosinophils, the haematological and serum biochemical parameters and immune status of ouda rams may be affected when 49.50i.u or more of Pergonal are used for induction of spermatogenesis. These parameters should be constantly monitored during pergonal administration in ouda rams.
The document describes a study that investigated the effects of 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) injection on testicular development and semen characteristics in male rabbits. Sixty-three rabbits were divided into two groups - one group received daily PTU injections from days 1-28, while the other group served as a control. The study found that PTU treatment increased testis size and measurements, semen volume, sperm concentration and motility compared to the control group. Histological analysis also showed increases in seminiferous tubule and Leydig cell indices in the PTU treated rabbits.
Optimal Timing of Oocyte Preincubation for Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection ...theijes
This study analyzed the effect of different durations of oocyte pre-incubation prior to intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) on fertilization rates. The study retrospectively analyzed data from 100 ICSI cycles performed between 2010-2015. Oocytes were divided into 5 groups based on pre-incubation time: Group I (0-1 hr), Group II (1-3 hrs), Group III (3-5 hrs), Group IV (5-7 hrs), Group V (>7 hrs). The highest fertilization rate was observed in Group III oocytes incubated 3-5 hours prior to ICSI, with a fertilization rate of 86%. Oocytes incubated immediately (Group I) or for more than
Livestock sector is an important sector in indian economy. To boost the productive performance of existing livestock population in india, biotechnolgy plays a key role to fullfill this.
Title "In vitro production of embryos from high performance cows and the development of frozen-thawed embryos after transfer". This presentation was from reviewed journal that published on 2008.
Toxicology of genetically modified sheep meatAsma Bano
This study evaluated the safety of meat from genetically modified sheep overexpressing TLR4 compared to meat from wild-type sheep in a 90-day feeding study using Sprague-Dawley rats. Meat samples from GM and wild-type sheep were analyzed for composition. Rats were fed diets supplemented with 3.75%, 7.5%, or 15% GM or wild-type sheep meat powder. Results showed no differences in body weight, blood parameters, organ weights, or histopathology between rats fed GM versus wild-type meat. The study concluded that meat from GM sheep overexpressing TLR4 showed no adverse or toxic effects compared to wild-type sheep meat.
USE OF EMBRYO TRANSFER IN THE CONTROL OF ANIMAL DISEASESdrarsalankhandvm
Embryo transfer can be used to control the spread of genetic and infectious animal diseases. It allows for screening embryos for undesirable traits before implantation, reducing the transmission of genetic disorders. While natural mating spreads diseases like vibriosis, trichomoniasis, and brucellosis, embryo transfer lowers this risk if proper procedures are followed. Several diseases including leptospirosis, mycoplasma, and various viruses can also be controlled through embryo transfer. It is an effective tool for detecting carriers of recessive traits and separating fetal and maternal influences in research.
This document summarizes various methods used to evaluate antifertility and hormonal activities. It describes the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and hormonal regulation of the estrous/menstrual cycle. Several in vivo and in vitro assays are outlined to assess effects on estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone pathways, including vaginal smears, uterine weight changes, hormone receptor binding, and measures of fertility inhibition. The goal is to characterize compounds that may have applications as contraceptives by interfering with hormone production or action.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.12
ABSTRACT- Objective: In this experiment adult male albino rats were treated with 50% ethanolic extract of Tephrosia
purpurea fruits at the dose levels of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight for 60 days, to evaluate antifertility effects in
search of a reversible male contraceptive agent from medicinal plants.
Materials and Methods: Body and organs weight of all treated animals was recorded, blood and serum were analyzed for
hematological indices and clinical biochemistry. To observe effects on reproductive system of animal’s protein, fructose,
sialic acid, ascorbic acid, and glycogen contents were estimated in their testes and sex accessory organs. The treated male
rats were mated with proestrous females and sperm motility, sperm density was determined and FSH, LH and testosterone
hormones were measured to evaluate the effects on fertility. For histopathological observation testes were fixed in Bouin's
fluid, sections were cut at 6 μ and stained with Harris's Haematoxylin and eosin.
Results: Analysis of blood and serum revealed no significant effect after 60 days of the extract treatment. Body weight of
the extract treated rat had no significant alteration, whereas the weight of reproductive organs was decreased significantly
as compared to animals of control group. Protein, sialic acid, fructose contents and level of LH and testosterone hormones
was decreased significantly after treatment in extract treated rats as compared to control.
Conclusions: The fertility, sperm density and motility were declined significantly in rats treated with the ethanolic extract
of Tephrosia purpurea fruits. It is concluded that it might be due to androgen inhibition effects.
Key-words- Antifertility, Tephrosia purpurea, Rat, Testosterone
Transgenic animals are created by inserting foreign genes into the animal's genome. The first transgenic animal was a "Supermouse" created in 1982. There are several methods to produce transgenic animals, including pronuclear microinjection, embryonic stem cell methods, sperm-mediated transgenesis, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Transgenic animals have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. However, there are also some ethical and environmental concerns regarding transgenic technology.
This study examined the effects of desloratadine on ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Rats were divided into three groups: an ischemia-reperfusion injury group, an ischemia-reperfusion injury group treated with desloratadine, and a sham group. Ovarian tissue was analyzed for markers of oxidative stress and inflammation after ischemia and reperfusion. Results showed that desloratadine significantly reduced oxidative stress markers like MDA and increased antioxidant markers like GSH compared to the ischemia-reperfusion injury group. Desloratadine also decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines like NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Histological analysis revealed that desl
Embryo transfer is a technique where embryos are collected from donor females and transferred to recipient females. The key steps are superovulation of the donor, artificial insemination, embryo collection 5-8 days later, grading the embryos, and transferring high quality embryos into a synchronized recipient. This allows one superior donor to produce many offspring, accelerating genetic improvement. Embryo transfer has advantages like faster breeding, disease control and conservation, but requires synchronization of donors and recipients.
This document discusses various screening methods used to evaluate potential aphrodisiac agents. It defines aphrodisiacs as drugs that increase sexual desire and lists some common aphrodisiac drugs. It then describes the mechanisms by which these drugs work, such as by enhancing blood flow and relaxation of smooth muscles. The document outlines both in vivo and in vitro screening methods, including tests of mating behavior, libido, potency, and assays of sex hormones and nitric oxide synthase levels.
The document discusses prostaglandin production in ovine placentas. It finds that PGHS-1 is expressed in trophoblast epithelial cells and weakly in maternal tissues, while PGHS-2 expression increases specifically in trophoblast cells near term and during labor. Glucocorticoid treatment and spontaneous labor both significantly increase PGHS-2 levels in trophoblasts, indicating its role in elevated prostaglandin production during labor. The study elucidates the cellular localization of PGHS isozymes in ovine placentas and how their expression changes with gestation and the onset of labor.
This study evaluated the effects of different formulated feed rations on albino rats. Sixteen rats were divided into four groups and fed different feed formulations for 21 days. Group II, which was fed a diet of 600g corn, 200g millet, 160g crayfish and 40g groundnut, showed the most positive effects on growth performance and health biomarkers compared to the control group. While Group I and III showed some increased biomarkers suggesting potential liver damage, Group II most closely mimicked the effects of the control commercial feed. The study concludes that Group II's formulated feed is a suitable substitute for rat feed.
Embryo transfer in cattle and its applicationsReenaNegi13
Embryo transfer in cattle involves removing embryos from donor cows and transferring them to recipient cows in order to propagate desirable genetic traits. Key steps include superovulating donors to produce multiple embryos, artificially inseminating donors, flushing embryos from donors 6-8 days later, evaluating and cryopreserving embryos, synchronizing recipients, and surgically or non-surgically transferring embryos into recipients. Embryo transfer allows for genetic improvement of cattle herds, planned mating of elite animals, and circumvention of infertility issues.
The relationship between progesterone and biochemical constituents of amnioti...Ali Olfati
Ali Olfati1, Gholamali Moghaddam1, Nasroallah Moradi Kor2*, Mitra Bakhtiari3
1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran
2Department of Reproduction Physiologies, Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tehran, Iran
3Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Embryo transfer is a process where an embryo is collected from a donor female and transferred to a recipient female to complete its development. It allows genetically superior females to produce more offspring than through natural reproduction. Embryo transfer is used in cattle, horses, goats, sheep and other domestic and non-domestic species. The process involves superovulating the donor female, collecting embryos 6-9 days after breeding, and transferring high quality embryos into a synchronized recipient female. Embryo transfer maximizes genetic gains and production from elite females.
This document discusses various topics related to animal biotechnology including:
1. Animals provide many products for human use like milk, leather, wool, eggs, and meat.
2. Animals are used as models in laboratory experiments to study diseases and potential treatments without endangering humans.
3. Common animal models include living animals, animal tissues, non-living systems, and computer/mathematical models.
4. The document then discusses animal reproduction, development, artificial insemination, embryo transfer, and transgenic animals.
Kidney Function Test, Weight Gain and Serum Protein Values of Mature Male Tur...IJEAB
Sixteen sexually matured (12 months old) healthy male turkeys were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on kidney function, weight gain and serum protein values. The turkeys were divided into 4 treatment groups, identified as T1 (control) administered with 1.00ml physiological saline (0.00 i.u Diclair®), T2 , administered with 13.50 i.u Diclair®, T3,administered with 27.00i.u Dicliar®T4, administered with 40.50 i.u Dicliar(R), with one turkey per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were divided into 3 doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. Blood was collected one week after Diclair® administration. Four turkeys were randomly selected fro-m each treatment groupand bled to collect blood for blood chemistry analysis. The turkey were weighed every week for five weeks and their weight recorded. The result showed that there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in all parameters for kidney function test: chronicle, potassium, sodium, bicarbonate expect creatinine which was similar (p > 0.05) among the treatment groups. The results further showed that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the treatment groups in initial body weight. However, there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in final body weight and weight gain. Similarly there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in all the serum protein values measure: albumin, globulin, serum total protein as well as albumin/globulin ratio. The results of the study showed that Diclair enhanced kidney function and weight gain without any deleterious effects on serum protein values of the male turkeys.
Haematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Mature Harco Cocks Treated...IJEAB
Twenty sexually matured (24 weeks old) healthy Harco cocks were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on haematology and serum biochemistry. The cocks were divided into 4 treatment groups of 5 cocks per group identified as T1 (control) administered with 1ml physiological saline, T2, administered with 6.75i.u Diclair® and T4, administered with 20.25i.u Diclair®, with one cock per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were dividedinto three doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. One week after Diclair® treatments, five birds from each group were bled from the wing veins for haematology and serum biochemistry. Results of this study showed significant differences (P<0.05)>0.05) among the treatment groups. Basophils were not detected among the treatment groups. The results further showed significant differences (P<0.05)>0.05) among the treatment groups. However, the values were within the normal ranges, indicating that Diclair® had no deleterious effect on these parameters.
Effect of Gonadotrophin (Pergonal®) on Haematological and Serum Biochemical P...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Twelve Ouda rams aged 2 – 2.6 years and weighed between 40.21 – 40.32kg were randomly distributed into 3 groups of 4 animals with one ram per replicate in a completely randomized design and used to determine the effect of Pergonal® on haematology and serum biochemistry. These groups were assigned to 3 levels of Pergonal® injection as treatments. The injections were 0.00i.u, 49.50i.u, and 99.00i.u Pergonal® represented as T1 (control), T2, and T3, respectively. All the treatments were administered by intramuscular injections. The injections were divided into three doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. The results of the study showed that apart from Alanine transaminase and eosinophils, the haematological and serum biochemical parameters and immune status of ouda rams may be affected when 49.50i.u or more of Pergonal are used for induction of spermatogenesis. These parameters should be constantly monitored during pergonal administration in ouda rams.
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Antifertility Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Prosopis cineraria in Male Al...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This study evaluated the antifertility effects of an aqueous leaf extract of Prosopis cineraria in male albino rats. Rats were divided into three groups: a control group and two treatment groups that received either 150 mg/kg or 250 mg/kg of the leaf extract daily for 35 days. The extract decreased testis and epididymis weight and sperm motility, viability, and count in a dose-dependent manner. It also reduced testosterone levels and caused abnormal sperm morphology. After 65 days without further treatment, fertility markers increased in the treated groups but did not return to control levels. The study suggests the leaf extract has antifertility properties in male rats.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, C hanna striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North - east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus . The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19 -
29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40 80%. Hatching occurred within
22 - 36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27 - 29 ° C. The percentage of hatching rate
varied from 55 - 80%. The overall breeding performance of
C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, Channa striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North-east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus. The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19-29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40-80%. Hatching occurred within 22-36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27-29°C. The percentage of hatching rate varied from 55-80%. The overall breeding performance of C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Article Citation:
Bilal Ahmad Paray, Haniffa MA and Manikandaraja D.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel,
Channa striatus (Bloch) under captive conditions.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 033-039.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0010.pdf
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antifertility effects of an aqueous leaf extract of Prosopis cineraria in male albino rats. Rats were divided into three groups: a control group and two treatment groups that received either 150 mg/kg or 250 mg/kg of the P. cineraria extract daily for 35 days. Treatment resulted in decreased testis, epididymis and seminal vesicle weights as well as reduced sperm motility, viability and counts. Serum testosterone levels also declined in the treatment groups. However, after a 65 day recovery period without treatment, the fertility parameters increased toward normal levels, indicating the antifertility effects were reversible. The study suggests the P. c
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The effects of different levels of Chlorella microalgae on blood biochemical ...Ali Olfati
This document describes a study that investigated the effects of supplementing different levels of Chlorella microalgae on blood parameters and mineral concentrations in laying hens under heat stress conditions. The study found that supplementing 200-500 ppm of Chlorella microalgae decreased serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels in the hens, while HDL levels increased. Supplementing 300-500 ppm of Chlorella microalgae also increased plasma levels of manganese, iodine, and selenium in the hens. The results suggest that supplementing Chlorella microalgae at higher rates can benefit the blood parameters of laying hens reared under heat stress.
Growth and agonistic responses of yaffa breed cockerels administered testoste...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of administering testosterone propionate to Yaffa breed cockerels for different durations on their growth and aggressive behaviors. Cockerels were administered testosterone propionate weekly for durations ranging from 4 to 20 weeks. Those administered the hormone for 4 weeks (T1 group) had significantly higher weight gain and better feed conversion than the control group that received no hormone (T6), with no significant differences in these measures between T1-T5 groups. Aggressive behaviors were higher in hormone-treated birds but did not negatively impact growth. The study concluded that 4 weeks of weekly testosterone propionate administration from 8-12 weeks of age was sufficient to confer fast growth in cocker
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1) The study examined potential transgenerational effects of developmental exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) like bisphenol A, phthalates, and methoxychlor on female rat reproduction.
2) EDC exposure of pregnant F0 rats and their F1 offspring resulted in accelerated puberty in F1 rats for methoxychlor and DES, and delayed puberty for phthalates. DES also reduced F1 litter size.
3) Further, methoxychlor exposure led to irregular estrous cycles in F1 rats. However, these effects were absent in subsequent unexposed generations F2 and F3, indicating a lack of transgenerational effects.
Carcass, Organ Weights and Histo-morphology of Internal Organs of Sows Fed Fe...Premier Publishers
Fresh cassava peels were subjected to submerged fermentation, sundried for 3-5 days and also subjected to proximate analysis. Fermentation reduced cyanide and improved crude protein. A group of 27 weaner gilts (Largewhite x Duroc), aged 8-9 weeks and weighed 10.61±0.27kg were fed fermented cassava-peels-based-diets. They were allotted to three treatments comprising T1 (control), T2 (fermented CPM) and T3 (fermented CPM + enzyme) in a completely randomized design and fed for 22 weeks. Data on carcass and some visceral organs weights were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Histo-morphology on the organs was conducted. The dressing percentages were 66.53, 60.25 and 64.11% for T1, T2 and T3 respectively whereas the head, heart, lungs and kidney were the weightiest for T1, the stomach/intestine for T2 and the liver and spleen for T3 while the histo-morphology of T1 sows were all normal except for mild architectural deviation in the duodenum and ileum. Histo-morphological changes were observed in the ileum and duodenum of T2 and T3. It is therefore recommended that fermented peels be supplemented with enzyme for improvement in dressing percentage and watch-out for pathological lesions in the visceral organs.
Effect of hydro alcoholic extract of cydonia oblonga miller (quince) on sexua...Younis I Munshi
This study evaluated the aphrodisiac effects of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Cydonia oblonga Miller (quince) fruits in male Wistar rats. Rats were orally administered the extract at doses of 500 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg daily for 28 days. Mounting frequency and mating performance significantly increased in treated rats compared to controls. The extract also influenced rat behavior, making them more attracted to females. These effects suggest the extract has aphrodisiac properties by enhancing sexual behavior in male rats.
This research is carried out in order to improve the production of eggs in indigenous chicken by reducing the
inter-sequence stopped days through use of anti-prolactin agent (Bromocriptine) and serum from laying hen.
Sixty-four indigenous (deshi) chickens of 20-22 weeks of age, were randomly assigned into four groups (i, j, k
and l) and each group consisting of 16 hens. Control was designated as Group I and Bromocriptine orally at a
dose of 641μg/bird/day was used to treat group j, group k was treated with serum of laying kadhaknath hen
serum at a dose of 1 ml intramuscularly/bird/day and group l was treated with both Kadhaknath serum and
Bromocriptine at doses given to group j and k for the period of 15 March, 2019 to 16 June, 2019 and egg
production, stopped days, prolactin level, hematological parameter and egg qualities were observed. A
significant increase (p<0.05) in Egg production was noticed in all treated groups in comparison to the groups
which were in non- treated control and group k showed the highest production. All treatment groups depicted a
significant decrease (p<0.05) in stopped days and prolactin levels and lowest were observed in hens of group l.
In hematological values between the chicken group, no significant differences were noticed. The present study
reveals that combined treatment with Bromocriptine and serum from laying kadhaknath hen increases egg
production without affecting the health of indigenous chickens.
Comparative studies on the hatchability, performance and survival rate of afr...Alexander Decker
This study compared the hatchability, performance, and survival rate of African catfish larvae produced using two different hormones: Ovaprim and catfish pituitary extract. The female catfish injected with Ovaprim had a higher hatchability rate (46.3%) compared to those injected with catfish pituitary extract (25.99%). However, the survival rate of larvae was higher for those produced from females injected with catfish pituitary extract (82.98%) versus Ovaprim (50.14%). Additionally, the economic analysis found that catfish pituitary extract yielded a higher gross profit despite a higher production cost. Overall, the study concluded that catfish pituitary extract produced better results in terms of larval survival and profit
Citotoxic effects of oxytetracycline's residues contained in pet foodSergio Canello
This study shows evidence of the citotoxicity of oxytetracycline's residues contained in the bones of animals intensively farmed. Some pet (and human) food producers also use bone's powder in their preparations, potentially harming pet's and human's health.
Heritability estimates of, genetic and phenotypic correlations among some sel...Alexander Decker
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Effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on Semen Characteristics, Body Conformation and Hormonal Profile of Mature Male Turkeys
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-8, August- 2016]
Page | 67
Effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on Semen Characteristics,
Body Conformation and Hormonal Profile of Mature Male
Turkeys
EGU, U.N
Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Nigeria
Abstract— Sixteen sexually matured (12 months old) healthy male turkeys were used to determine the effect of
Gonadotrophin (Diclair ®
) on semen characteristics, body conformation and hormonal profile. The turkeys were divided into
4 treatment groups of 4 turkeys per group, identified as T1 (control), and ministered with 1.00ml physiological saline, T2,
administered with 13.50i.u Diclair®
, T3, administered with 27.00 i.u Diclair®
and T4, administered with 40.50i.u Diclair®
,
with one turkey per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were divided into three doses each
and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. Semen was collected one week after Diclair®
administration, twice a week for 4 weeks by the abdominal massage and manipulation of the cloaca method. Four cocks were
randomly selected from each treatment group and bled one week after Diclair®
injections to collect blood for hormonal
profile evaluation. 30 days after Diclair®
injection, parameters for body confirmation were measured. The results showed
that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) among the treatment groups in all the parameters for semen characteristics
except semen pH and semen volume which were similar (P > 0.05) among the treatment groups. The results further showed
that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) among the treatment groups in all the parameters for body confirmation:
wing length, neck length, shank length, body length, beak length, thigh length, keel length, chest circumference and tail
length. Similarly, the results showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) among the treatment groups in follicle
stimulating hormones (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels. The results of this study suggest that Diclair®
improved semen quality, body confirmation and was not detrimental to the hormonal profile of the turkeys.
Keywords— Diclair®
, semen quality, body conformation, hormones, Turkeys.
I. INTRODUCTION
Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) are birds that originated in north America, that were domesticated in Europe and are now an
important source of food in many parts of the world (Brant, 1998).Turkey occupies an important position next to chicken,
duck, guinea fowl and quail in contributing to the most evolving sector, which is playing a significant role in augmenting the
economic and nutritional status of varied population (Katie and Frazer, 1988). All over the world turkeys are reared for their
tasty and high quality meat (Probakaran, 2003). Hence they are kept because of the economic service they render (Okeudo,
2005) such as eggs, meat, feathers and sometimes pet.
To get the fullest benefits from the breeding turkeys therefore, a good knowledge of their sperm production is essential as
well as their sperm output. Sperm producing potentials are evaluated by aspect of semen output: volume, motilityof sperm
cells, morphology of spermatozoa, proportion of live sperm cells and concentration in ejaculate. No single parameter has
been proved to be an accurate predictor of the quality of individual ejaculates (Iheukwumere et al., 2001). Sperm formation
involves the use of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) (Iheukwumere et al., 2004). Most of
these preparations of FSH and LH are very expensive perhaps because of the brand names, some of them require cold chain
storage and often deteriorate because of inadequate storage and handling (Herbert et al., 2000).
Diclair®
, also known as Humegon or Mentrophin and with similar constituents as plusset®
is a gonadotrophin preparation
lyophilized in vials containing a mixture of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in a ratio 1:1 (Dixon and
Hopkins, 1996). Follicle stimulating hormone and LH in Diclair®
play vital role in the initiation of spermatogenesis. The
hormone preparation is cheap, readily available and does not require cold chain storage (Iheukwumere, 2005).
It has not been determined if the administration of the hormone preparation for spermatogenesis and semen production would
induce any side effects on the body conformation and hormonal profile of the turkeys. This study was therefore carried out to
determine the effect of Diclair®
administration on the semen quality, body conformation and hormonal profile of mature male
turkeys.
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-8, August- 2016]
Page | 68
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Experimental Birds and their Management:
Sixteen healthy sexually matured male turkeys aged 12 months were used for this study. The turkeys were purchased from
the local markets and housed in clean pens. Routine management practices were carried out which include deworming, daily
observation of birds to identify sick ones, maintaining clean and dry litter and vaccination against diseases. The turkeys were
fed Grower Mash. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the 28 days duration of the experiment. They were
weighed every week and their weights were recorded.
2.2 Experimental Design and Drug Administration
Sixteen male turkeys were divided into 4 treatment groups consisting of 4 turkeys per group with one turkey per replicate in
a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). These groups were assigned to 4 levels of Diclair®
injection as treatments. The
levels of Diclair®
were 0.00i.u, 20.25i.u, 40.50i.u, and 60.75i.u Diclair®
represented as T1, T2, T3, and T4respectively. The
group which received 0.00i.u Diclair®
(T1) served as the control.
Diclair®
was supplied in 3 vials, each containing FSH 75i.u and LH 75i.u. The content of each vial was dissolved in 1ml of
physiological saline solution immediately prior to use, resulting in a solution of DFSH 75i.u plus DLH 75i.u per ml.
TABLE 1
DOSES OF DICLAIR® ADMINISTERED TO MATURE MALE TURKEYS
Day Treatment Dosage (ml)
T1 T2 T3 T4
1 0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09
2 0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09
3 0.00 0.03 0.06 0.06
Total 0.00 0.09 0.18 0.27
TABLE 2
CONCENTRATION OF DICLAR® ON MATURE MALE TURKEYS
Day Concentration of Diclair®
(i.u)
T1 T2 T3 T4
1 0.00 4.50 9.00 13.50
2 0.00 4.50 9.00 13.50
3 0.00 4.50 9.00 13.50
Total 0.00 013.50 27.00 40.50
All treatments were administered, intramuscularly on the breast muscle of each turkey using a 1ml syringe with 0.01ml
graduation.
2.3 Semen Collection and Evaluation
The turkeys were trained to ejaculate by abdominal massage and manipulation of the cloaca as described by Abu et al.
(2006). By this method, ejaculates were collected from each cock after one week of Diclair®
injections and continued for 4
weeks. This involved a gentle messaging of the abdomen while the opposite hand simultaneously stroked the lower back and
tail feathers of a restrained turkey. When phallic tumescence was achieved, the collector’s hands were placed around the
cloaca with a downward pressure while the lower hand exerted slight upward pressure. The semen which pools on the
phallus after each squeeze of the cloaca was collected into a clean dry test tube. To minimize the spread of pathogen care was
taken by the collector not to touch the cloacal structure.
Semen evaluation was done as promptly as possible post collection as described by Rodriguez-Martinez and Barth (2007) for
qualitative and quantitative parameters such as semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, semen pH, dead sperm
percentage and live sperm percentage.
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-8, August- 2016]
Page | 69
2.4 Body weight and body size measurement
The body weights of the turkeys were measured in kilogram every week using a 20 kg weighing scale and their weights
recorded. The body conformation was measured in centimeter using a measuring tape 30 days after Diclair®
injection. Wing
length was measured from the shoulder joint to the extremity of terminal phalanx, while neck length was considered as the
distance between the occipital condyle and the cephalic borders of the ceraerids. Shank length (SL) was measured from the
hock joint to the tarsometatarsus digit-3 joints, thigh length (TL) was taken as the distance between the hock joint and the
pelvic joint. Body length (BL) was measured as the length of the body from the base of the neck to the base of the tail around
the uropigail gland. Back length was measured as the distance between the rectal apterium to the end of the maxillary nail.
Head length was taken from the end of the neck to start of the beak. Keel length (KL) was measured as the length of the
cartilaginous keel bone or metasternum, and chest circumference was measured under wing at the edge of the sternum. To
ensure accuracy, each measurement was performed twice and the mean was used in subsequent analysis.
2.5 Hormonal Assay
Blood samples (5ml each) were obtained with needle and syringe by wing vein puncture of the sixteen turkeys on day 7 after
the Diclair®
injection, for testosterone FSH and LH evaluation. It was cooled immediately in iced water and transferred to the
laboratory, refrigerated at 40
C for 1 hour and the serum separated by centrifugation at 5,000rpm for 10 minutes. The serum
was stored immediately at 200
C until enzyme immune assayed (EIA) for testosterone, FSH and LH as described by Micallef
et al. (1995).
2.6 Data Analysis
Data obtained on semen characteristics, body conformation and hormonal profile of the mature male turkeys were subjected
to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the technique of Steel and Torrie (1980). Significant treatment means were
separated using Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test as described by Obi (1990).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of Diclair®
administration on semen characteristics of mature male turkeys are shown in Table 3. There were
significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in sperm concentration, individual motility, percentage life
sperm cells, and percentage dead sperm cells. However, there were no significant differences (P> 0.05) among the treatment
groups in semen volume and semen pH. The colour of semen collected from individual turkeys was milky-white.
Turkeys on T1 and T2 recorded the highest numerical value of 0.33ml in semen volume.The lowest numerical value in semen
volume was observed in turkeys on T2 (0.30ml). The values of semen volume obtained in this study were higher than the
range of 0.21+ 0.1–0.26+0.3ml reported by Abu et al. (2006) in cocks, but within the range of 0.25+0.2–0.31+0.14 reported
by Iheukwumere et al. (2008) in Nigerian local cocks. Semen volume varies with species, age, breed, season and frequency
of ejaculation (Ozkan et al., 1998).
Turkeys on T2 recorded the highest numerical value of 7.10 in semen pH. The lowest numerical value in pH was observed in
turkeys on T1 (7.00). The pH values obtained in this study were within the normal range of 7 – 8 reported by Meacham
(2002). The measured pH can depend on the length of time since ejaculation and it tends to increase shortly after ejaculation
as a result of loss of CO2 (Meacham, 2002).
Turkeys on T4 recorded the highest value of 1.96 (x106
/ml) in sperm concentration and this differed significantly (P<0.05)
from rams on T1 and T2 which we similar (P>0.05) to each other in sperm concentration. There was no significant difference
(P>0.05) between turkeys on T4 and T3 in sperm concentration values. The lowest value of 1.72 (× 106
/ml) in concentration
was observed in turkeys on T2. The sperm concentration values obtained in this study compares favourably with the reports
of Abu et al. (2006) who recorded 1.98 – 2.10 x 106
/ml; Ezekwe et al. (2003) who recorded 1.25 – 2.13 x 106
/ml and Oguike
et al. (2000) who reported 1.18 – 2.13 x 106
/ml in Nigerian local cocks, but lower than the value of 3.8 x 106
/ml reported by
Chalov (1970) in cocks. This variation in sperm concentration of the individual cocks and male turkeys, could be attributed
to factors such as breed, (Oguike et al., 2000), plane of nutrition, ambient temperature, frequency of semen collection and
drug administration (Abu et al., 2006).
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-8, August- 2016]
Page | 70
TABLE 3
EFFECT OF DICLAIR® ON SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS OF MATURE MALE TURKEYS
Parameters Treatment (Diclair®
i.u)
T1
0.00
T2
13.50
T3
27.00
T4
40.50 SEM
Semen volume (ml) 0.33 0.33 0.30 0.32 0.02
pH 7.00 7.10 7.03 7.03 0.29
Semen Colour Milky-white Milky-white Milky-white Milky-white Milky-white
Sperm concentration (x 106
/ml) 1.76b
1.72b
1.85a
1.96a
0.05
Individual motility (%) 75.03c
75.17c
80.03b
80.23a
0.08
Proportion of live sperm cells (%) 74.33c
75.00c
79.67b
85.00a
0.45
Proportion of dead sperm cells (%) 24.67a
24.67a
19.67b
85.00a
0.45
abc: Means within row having different superscript are significantly (P < 0.05) different. SEM = Standard error of
means.
Turkeys on T4 recorded the highest value of 80.23% in individual motility and this differed significantly (P < 0.05) from
turkeys on T1, T2 and T3. Turkeys on T1 and T2 were similar (P>0.05) to each other in individual motility, but differed
significantly (P < 0.05) from those on T3. The lowest value in individual motility was observed in turkeys on T1 (75.03%).
The values for percentage of motile spermatozoa obtained in this study were higher than the range of 36-52% and 48.3-
57.3% reported by Abu et al. (2006) and Ameh (2004) respectively in Nigerian cocks. The difference observed in sperm
motility may be attributed to breed (Oguike et al., 2000) and drug administration (Abu et al., 2006).
Turkeys on T4 recorded the highest percentage of live sperm cells (80.00%) and this differed significantly (P<0.05) from
turkeys on T1, T2 and T3. Turkeys on T1 and T2 were similar (P> 0.05) to each other in percentage of live sperm cells, but
they differed significantly (P<0.05) from turkeys on T3. The lowest percentage of live sperm cells was observed in turkeys on
T1 (75.03%). The percentages of live sperm cells obtained in this study were higher than the range of 44.2 – 59.2% reported
by Abu et al. (2006) and higher than the range of 51.3-54.4% reported by Iheukwumere et al. (2008) in Nigerian local
cocks.The highest percentage of live sperm cells obtained in this study (80.00%) was higher than the average value of
79.82% reported by Oguike et al. (2000) in Nigerian local cocks. This disparity in the percentages of live sperm cells may be
attributed to breed and drug administration (Abu et al., 2006). It is suggested that high percentage of live sperm cells is vital
for high fertility (Abu et al., 2006). Turkeys on T1 and T2 recorded the highest percentage of dead sperm cells (24.67%) and
these differed significantly (P<0.05) from turkeys on T3 and T4which were also significantly different (P<0.05) from each
other in percentage of dead sperm cells. The lowest percentage of dead sperm cells was observed in turkeys on T4 (15.33%).
The range of percentage dead sperm cells obtained in this study (15.33–24.67%) compares favourably with the range of
16.54+0.7–20.05+0.5% reported by Iheukwumere et al. (2008), and the range of 21.0–22.5% reported by Abu et al. (2006),
but higher than the mean value of 14.25% reported by Ameh (2004) in Nigerian cocks.
The observation in this study that the group that received highest dose of the test drug recorded the highest percentage of live
sperm cells, and lowest percentage of dead sperm cells suggest that a high dose of the drug such as 0.27ml/ turkey within 3
days given in this study could have high capacity for induction of spermatogenesis, improvement of semen quality and high
reproductive performance in male turkeys.
The results of Diclair®
administration on body conformation of mature male turkeys are shown in Table 4. There were
significant differences (P<0.05) among the treatment groups in all the parameters measured for body conformation; wing
length, neck length, shank length, body length, beak length, thigh length, keel length, chest circumference and tail length.
Turkeys on T4 had the highest value of 34.67cm in wing length and this differed significantly (P<0.05) from turkeys on T1,
T2 and T3. Turkeys on T2 and T3 were similar (P>0.05) to each other in wing length, but differed significantly (P<0.05) from
those on T1.
Turkeys on T4 had the highest value of 34.67cm in wing length and this differed significantly (P<0.05) from turkeys on T1,
T2 and T3. Turkeys on T2 and T3 were similar (P>0.05) to each other in wing length, but differed significantly (P < 0.05) from
those on T1.
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-8, August- 2016]
Page | 71
Turkeys on T4 recorded the highest value of 13.67cm in neck length and this differed significantly ( P<0.05) from turkeys on
T1 and T3 which were similar (P>0.05) to each other in neck length, but differed significantly from turkeys on T2. There was
no significant difference (P>0.05) between turkeys on T4 and T2 in neck length. The lowest value in neck length was
observed in turkeys on T1 (12.03cm).
Turkeys on T3 recorded the highest value of 14.47cm in shank length and this differed significantly (P<0.05) from turkeys on
T1 which were significantly different (P<0.05) from those on T2 and T4 in shank on T3, T2 and T4 in shank length.
Turkeys on T4 recorded the highest value of 71.43cm in body length and this differed significantly (P<0.05) from turkeys on
T1, T2 and T3. Turkeys on T2 and T3 were similar (P>0.05) to each other in body length, but differed significantly (P<0.05)
from those on T1 which recorded the lowest value of 64.00cm in body length.
Turkeys on T4 had the highest value of 5.97cm in beak length and this differed significantly (P<0.05) from turkeys on T1, T2
and T3. Turkeys on T2 and T3 were similar (P>0.05) to each other in beak length.The lowest value in beak length was
observed in turkeys on T1 (5.07cm). The values of beak length obtained in this study follow a particular trend of increasing as
the level of the test drug increased.
Turkeys on T4 had the highest value of 19.03cm in thigh length and this differ significantly (P<0.05) from turkeys on T1,T2
and T3. Turkeys on T2 and T3 were similar (P>0.05) to each other in thigh length, but differed significantly (P<0.05) from
those on T1 which recorded the lowest value of 16.17cm in thigh length.
Turkeys on T4 had the highest value of 25.03cm in keel length and this differed significantly (P<0.05) from turkeys on T1, T2
and T3. Turkeys on T1 and T3 were similar (P<0.05) to each other in keel length, but differed significantly (P<0.05) from
those on T2. The lowest value in keel length was observed in turkeys on T1 (21.70cm).
Turkey on T4 recorded the highest value of 60.06cm in chest circumference and this differed significantly (P<0.05) from
turkeys on T1, T2 and T3. Turkeys on T2 and T3 were similar (P>0.05) to each other in chest circumference, but differed
significantly (P<0.05) from those on T1 which recorded the lowest value of 55.03cm in chest circumference.
Turkeys on T4 had the highest value of 25.10cm in tail length andthis differed significantly (P<0.05) from turkeys on T1, T2
and T3 which were also significantly different (P<0.05) from each other in tail length. The lowest value in tail length was
observed in turkeys on T1 (22.02cm).
The observation in this study that the group that received the highest dose of the test drug recorded the highest values in all
the parameters for body conformation suggests that a high dose of Diclair®
such as 0.27ml/turkey within 3 days given in this
study could have increased metabolism and efficient utilization of nutrients that resulted in improved body conformation of
the turkeys.
TABLE 4
EFFECT OF DICLAIR® ON BODY CONFORMATION OF MATURE MALE TURKEYS
Parameters Treatment (Diclair®
i.u)
T1
0.00
T2
13.50
T3
27.00
T4
40.50 SEM
Wing length (cm) 28.50c
31.53b
31.77b
34.67a
1.08
Neck length (cm) 12.03b
13.17a
12.70b
13.67a
0.22
Shank length (cm) 13.43b
14.07a
14.47a
14.12a
0.12
Body length (cm) 64.00c
67.23b
68.83b
71.43a
1.17
Bea length (cm) 5.07b
5.20b
5.12b
5.97a
0.21
Thigh length (cm) 16.17c
17.17b
17.10b
19.03a
0.12
Keel length (cm) 21.70c
23.20b
22.10c
25.03a
0.20
Chest circumference (cm) 55.03c
57.07b
55.70b
60.06a
0.15
Tail length (cm) 22.02d
23.10c
23.38b
25.10a
0.02
abcd:
Means within row having different superscript are significantly (P<0.05) different. SEM = Standard error of means.
6. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-8, August- 2016]
Page | 72
The results of Diclair®
administration on hormonal profile of mature male turkeys are shown on Table 5. There were
significant differences (P < 0.05) among the treatment groups in all the parameters measured for hormonal profile: follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone.
Turkeys on T1 recorded the highest value of 15.09 i.u/L in follicle stimulating hormone and this differed significant (P<0.05)
from turkeys on T1 and T2 which were similar (P>0.05) to each other in FSH values. There was no significant difference
(P>0.05) between turkeys in T1 and T4 in FSH values. The lowest value in FSH was observed in turkeys on T2 (10.76 i.u/L).
The FSH values obtained in this study were higher than the range of 0.80+0.08 i.u/L 1.34+ 0.1 i.u/L reported by
Iheukwumere et al. (2008) in Nigerian local cocks. This may be attributed to differences in breed and drug administration
(Culbnert et al., 1977). Turkeys on T1 recorded the highest value of 8.35 i.u/L in LH and this differed significantly (P<0.05)
from turkeys on T2, T3 and T4. Turkeys on T2 and T3 were similar (P>0.05) to each other in LH values, but differed
significantly (P<0.05) from those on T4. The lowest value in LH was observed in turkeys on T2 (6.30 i.u/L). Luteinizing
hormone (LH) as interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) stimulates the interstitial cells of leydig to produce testosterone
which facilitates the process of spermatogenesis (Herbert et al., 2002). The values of FSH obtained in this study were higher
than the range of 0.65 + 0.04 –1.36 + 0.04 i.u/L reported by Iheukwumere et al. (2008) in Nigerian local cocks. This may be
attributed to differences in breed and drug administration (Herbert et al., 2002).
Turkeys on T4 recorded the highest value of 0.89 (ng/ml) in testosterone and this differed significantly (P<0.05) from turkeys
on T1 and T2 which were similar (P>0.05) to each other in testosterone values, but differed significantly from turkeys on T3.
The lowest value of 0.26 ng/ml was observed in turkeys on T1. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between turkeys
on T4 and T3 in testosterone values. The testosterone values obtained in this study were higher than the range of 0.15+ 0.01
ng/m – 0.21+ 0.21 ng/ml reported by Iheukwumere et al. (2008) in Nigerian local cocks. This could be attributed to
differences in breed of the birds as well as drug administration (Herbert et al., 2002).
TABLE 5
EFFECT OF DICLAIR® ON HORMONAL PROFILE OF MALE TURKEYS
Parameters Treatment (Diclair®
i.u)
T1
0.00
T2
13.50
T3
27.00
T4
40.50 SEM
FSH (iu/L) 15.09 10.76 11.24 7.06 0.39
LH (iu/L) 8.35 6.30 6.48 7.06 0.35
Testosterone (ng/ml) 0.26b
0.34b
0.64ab
0.89a
0.14
abcd:
Means within row having different superscript are significantly (P<0.05) different. SEM = Standard error of means.
Follicle stimulating hormone has been associated with the control of seminiferous tubule growth and differentiation
(McDonald, 1975). It would seem that turkeys on T1 and T4 may be more efficient in sperm production since
spermatogenesis takes place in the seminiferous tubules of the testis.
IV. CONCLUSION
The results of the study showed that Diclair®
improved semen quality and body conformation of the male turkeys at the level
of 40.50i.u without any deleterious effects on hormonal profile.
The levels of the hormones fall within the normal ranges for adult birds, the variations observed suggest the need to
constantly, monitor hormonal profile of male turkeys under Diclair®
treatment.
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