This study investigated the hypoglycemic effects of water and ethanolic extracts of Gongronema latifolia leaves in rats. Phytochemical analysis found both extracts contained alkaloids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and high levels of polyphenols. Rats treated with various doses of both extracts for 21 days had significantly reduced blood glucose levels compared to controls, in a dose-dependent manner. The polyphenol content may cause insulin-like effects by binding insulin receptors or stimulating insulin release, reducing blood glucose similarly to insulin and justifying G. latifolia's traditional use for treating diabetes.
Toxicity Studies of Aqueous-Methanol Extract of Dennettia tripetala (Pepper f...Scientific Review SR
ย
Traditional medicine still remains the main recourse for a large majority of people for treating health problems in African. Therefore, the aim of this work is to assess the toxicological effect of the fresh ripe fruits using two solvents for extraction. The toxicological evaluation of aqueous-methanol extract of Dennettia tripetala fresh ripe fruits at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight for 14 days on some biochemical parameters in wistar rats was investigated. The extract at all the doses tested show non-significant (p > 0.05) increase from the control in ALT, AST, ALP, total protein, albumin, direct bilirubin, creatinine, Na+ and K+, while the level of total bilirubin and urea show significant (p < 0.05) increase from the control at 400mg/kg body weight. The levels of SOD, GPx, GST, and GSH in the serum were significantly (p < 0.05) decrease in the treated rats at 200 and 400mg/kg body weight, whereas the level of MDA and CAT showed non-significant (p > 0.05) increase in all the animals. The results of this finding indicated that the aqueous-methanol extract may not have serious effect on the liver and the kidney at 100 mg/kg b.d., but may be toxic at high doses as observed in the acute toxicity, sub-acute results and antioxidant parameters where it shows a dose-specific effects.
Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes in Metabolic Syndrome Patients after Consumpti...science journals
ย
Increased oxidative stress has been suggested as an early event in the development of the metabolic syndrome and, as such, might contribute to disease progression.
Phytochemical and antioxidant studies of methanol and chloroform extract from...shailendradhakal
ย
This research was carried out with the aim of phytochemical analysis and determining antioxidant activity present in methanol and chloroform leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica. Due to its potential in curing various ailments as well as wide spread application of antioxidant activity such as in the field of cosmetology, the plant was selected for the study. The total phenolics contained in the plant extracts were also studied which are responsible for the antioxidant activity.
Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Celosia Argentea in Fema...YogeshIJTSRD
ย
Celosia argentea is a plant of family Amaranthaceae used as traditional medicine for various diseases. The aim of the study is to evaluate the acute toxicity effect of Celosia argentea leaf extract for 14 days in female albino rats. The aqueous extract of Celosia argentea showed no evidence of single dose toxicity 2000 mg kg when studying acute toxicity on biochemical, hematological or histological parameters. The results showed that .C. argentea does not cause toxicity at the doses studied. M. Sridevi | B. Senthilkumar | K. Devi "Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Celosia Argentea in Female Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39811.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/39811/acute-oral-toxicity-study-of-aqueous-leaf-extract-of-celosia-argentea-in-female-albino-rats/m-sridevi
Toxicity Studies of Aqueous-Methanol Extract of Dennettia tripetala (Pepper f...Scientific Review SR
ย
Traditional medicine still remains the main recourse for a large majority of people for treating health problems in African. Therefore, the aim of this work is to assess the toxicological effect of the fresh ripe fruits using two solvents for extraction. The toxicological evaluation of aqueous-methanol extract of Dennettia tripetala fresh ripe fruits at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight for 14 days on some biochemical parameters in wistar rats was investigated. The extract at all the doses tested show non-significant (p > 0.05) increase from the control in ALT, AST, ALP, total protein, albumin, direct bilirubin, creatinine, Na+ and K+, while the level of total bilirubin and urea show significant (p < 0.05) increase from the control at 400mg/kg body weight. The levels of SOD, GPx, GST, and GSH in the serum were significantly (p < 0.05) decrease in the treated rats at 200 and 400mg/kg body weight, whereas the level of MDA and CAT showed non-significant (p > 0.05) increase in all the animals. The results of this finding indicated that the aqueous-methanol extract may not have serious effect on the liver and the kidney at 100 mg/kg b.d., but may be toxic at high doses as observed in the acute toxicity, sub-acute results and antioxidant parameters where it shows a dose-specific effects.
Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes in Metabolic Syndrome Patients after Consumpti...science journals
ย
Increased oxidative stress has been suggested as an early event in the development of the metabolic syndrome and, as such, might contribute to disease progression.
Phytochemical and antioxidant studies of methanol and chloroform extract from...shailendradhakal
ย
This research was carried out with the aim of phytochemical analysis and determining antioxidant activity present in methanol and chloroform leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica. Due to its potential in curing various ailments as well as wide spread application of antioxidant activity such as in the field of cosmetology, the plant was selected for the study. The total phenolics contained in the plant extracts were also studied which are responsible for the antioxidant activity.
Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Celosia Argentea in Fema...YogeshIJTSRD
ย
Celosia argentea is a plant of family Amaranthaceae used as traditional medicine for various diseases. The aim of the study is to evaluate the acute toxicity effect of Celosia argentea leaf extract for 14 days in female albino rats. The aqueous extract of Celosia argentea showed no evidence of single dose toxicity 2000 mg kg when studying acute toxicity on biochemical, hematological or histological parameters. The results showed that .C. argentea does not cause toxicity at the doses studied. M. Sridevi | B. Senthilkumar | K. Devi "Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Celosia Argentea in Female Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39811.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/39811/acute-oral-toxicity-study-of-aqueous-leaf-extract-of-celosia-argentea-in-female-albino-rats/m-sridevi
The aim of the present work is to carry out acute toxicity study for root bark powder of Argemone mexicana. It is one of the potent liver tonics used for liver disorders. The exposure of this powder in the form of aqueous slurry on Swiss mice was carried out and the exposure route was oral single administration with water. The observations of changes in body weight, food and water intake as well as cage side observations were reported. The observations prove that the plant material is found to be nontoxic.
Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity Studies of Ethanol Extracts of Annona Muric...Premier Publishers
ย
The study determined the effects of administration of ethanol extracts of Annona muricata leaves (AML) and Fagara zanthoxyloide roots (FZR) on liver and kidney indices in zidovudine (ZDV)-induced Wistar rats. Animals were grouped into five (5); group 1 served as normal control, groups 2-5 were induced with 100g/mlZDV/Kgbw and group 3 treated with 35IU/Kgbw of erythropoietin, group 4 with 4.5g/mlAML/Kgbw and group 5 with 3.8g/mlFZR/Kgbw for six weeks. Serum liver enzymes, other biochemicals (total protein, albumin, globulin, bilirubin, urea and creatinine), organ weights and histological examination were used to assess the impact on the liver and kidney using standard methods. A significant elevation (pโค0.05) in the activities of serum liver enzymes and bilirubin accompanied by a significant decrease (pโค0.05) in the other biochemicals were observed in group 2. Treatment with extracts resulted in a modulation of the induced effects of ZDV causing a significant decrease in the serum liver enzymes, bilirubin and increase in the total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations. Histology of the liver showed altered architecture, blood vessel congestion and necrosis; while the kidneys were hypoplastic with signs of swelling (group 2) which was gradually reverted on treatment with extracts. The study suggests that extracts of AML and FZR may confer some degree of protection to the liver and kidney.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.18
ABSTRACT- Present investigations evaluated the effect of Argemone mexicana leaves extract on gut of Heliothis
armigera (Hub.) at different solvents. The effect of leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in ethanol and acetone solvent after
24 and 96 hours of treatment on Heliothis armigera shows severity of the damage of epithelial lining, epithelial cells
showed vacuoles at certain places. The gut lining was also found to be damaged and the lumen became wider after the
effect of ethanol extract of A. mexicana. In acetone extract of A. mexicana, the thickness of the fore gut wall has been
increased due to clumping of the tissue and hence the diameter of the foregut was reduced. The lumen therefore became
narrower and columnar epithelial cells showed the vacuoles.
Key-words- Heliothis armigera, Argemone mexicana, Ethanol, acetone, Epithelial lining, Epithelial cells, vacuoles, Gut
lining, Gut wall
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
ย
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
GC-MS Analysis and Evaluation of In-vitro Antioxidant Potential and Total Phe...Innspub Net
ย
Wild hops (Flemingia strobilifera Linn.) is a shrub belonging to Fabaceae family. The leaves of F. strobilifera are commonly used by the Subanen, the indigenous group in Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines to treat inflammation. In this study, the hydromethanolic (80%) and aqueous leaf extracts of F. strobilifera were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and total phenolics content. The active semi-volatile components of 80% methanol leaf extract were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). DPPH radical scavenging activity was used to determine the potential of this plant as anti-oxidant. Total phenolics content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and calculated as gallic acid equivalence. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eight compounds. Both the 80% methanol and aqueous extracts of F. strobilifera showed significant scavenging activity with low IC50 values of 0.299 mg/mL and <0.25 mg/mL, respectively. There was positive correlation between the scavenging activity percentage and the total phenolics content only in the aqueous extract of F. strobilifera while 80% methanol extract showed negative correlation between inhibition percentage and total phenolics content which can be attributed to the solvent used and method used in quantification of phenolics. Nevertheless, the results suggest that these leaf extracts are potent source of antioxidant compounds and may serve as natural anti-inflammatory agents.
Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotox...ijtsrd
ย
Alysicarpus monilifer L. is a widely used plant in the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been used in indigenous system of medicine. The roots are used for the treatment of leprosy and urinary troubles. The decoction of roots is prescribed for cough. The boiled leaves are used as purgative. The herb is credited with anti- pyretic, anti- periodic and expectorant properties, febrifuge and also recommended for cutanious scabies and boils and to cure pain. Acute toxicity tests were conducted as per OECD guidelines on Alysicarpus monilifer L. whole plant. The hydro-alcoholic extract of the aerial parts at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w., was tested in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity of rats followed by histopathological examination of the isolated livers of the control and the treated groups . The potential effects in protecting liver function by reducing the elevated levels of various serum biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner, reducing oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of CCl4 โinduced liver damage was demonstrated. The results showed significant protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The study on qualitative phytochemical screening also identified some important bioactive phytochemical principles such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides in this plant which were also validated as antioxidants and biologically active phytoconstituents. This report of hepatoprotective activity of Alysicarpus monilifer L. throws light on attenuation of hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 challenged rats by membrane stabilization through antioxidation K. Manikya Kumari | V. Padmaja"Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/114/protective-effect-of-alysicarpus-monilifer-l-against-ccl4-induced-hepatotoxicity-in-albino-rats/k-manikya-kumari
Phytochemical Profile and in vitro and in vivo Anticonvulsant and Antioxidant...Self-employed researcher
ย
This study presents the phytochemical profile and in vitro and in
vivo anticonvulsant and antioxidant activities of Epilobium hirsutum, which
has been traditionally used in the treatment of epilepsy by local people of
Turkey. In vitro studies revealed that the extract contained a pronounced
amount of phenolics (206.3ยฑ0.9 mg Gallic acid Eq/g extract) and exhibited
significant levels of antioxidant (FRAP; 6226 ยตmol Fe2+/g extract, ORAC;
6593 ยตmol Trolox Eq/g extract, DPPH; IC50:33.8 ug/mL and metal chelation;
IC50:114 ug/mL) and anticonvulsant (AChE; IC50:71.2 ug/mL, BChE; IC50:92.5
ug/mL, GABA-T; IC50:94.7 ug/mL) activities. In vivo studies shown that the
the extract exhibited high anticonvulsant activities. In addition, the extracts
regulated the behavior, locomotion, and mental activities of the mice tested.
Biochemical evaluation of the brain tissue revealed that the extract inhibited
the production of MDA and stimulated the increase of antioxidant enzyme
levels, which suggest the possible antioxidative role of the extract that worked
as neuroprotective agents by scarfing the free radicals produced through PTZ
seizure inducer and attenuate convulsions. Moreover the extract regulated
serum biochemical parameters, total antioxidants, total oxidant, and ischemia modified albumin levels. Chromatographic studies were revealed that gallic
acid principally might be the major contributor of anticonvulsant and
antioxidant activities with the additive contributions of fatty acids and mineral
compounds. Findings obtained from this study partially justified the traditional
use of Epilobium hirsutum in the treatment of epilepsy and suggest potential
use of the extract as an industrial or pharmaceutical agent.
Antioxidant and-anticancer-activities-of-moringa-leavesSilentdisco Berlin
ย
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
This study investigated the effect of protein isolate from leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina in diabetic rats. Thirty (30) adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six (6) groups of five (5) each based on their body weight. Diabetes was induced with administration of alloxan, 150 mg/kg body weight (i.p). Group A served as the control and received 1 mL/kg body weight of 5% ethanol being solvent used, Group B received 1 mL alloxan containing 150 mg/kg only. Group C, D, E and F were respectively alloxanized but treated with 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% of protein isolate obtained from V. amygdalina leaves for 14 days. On the 15th day, the animals were humanely sacrificed and their liver homogenates were prepared. Standard biochemical procedures were adopted for determination of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glucose levels. Data were subjected to one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison post-hoc test using Graph Pad, version 6 software. Results showed that CAT activity in alloxan-induced untreated rats (1.17 ฮผmole H2O2) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than observed in control rats (2.10 mole H2O2). Treatment with the respective doses recorded comparable values to those observed in control rats. Similar observation was seen with SOD data. Rats treated with 7% protein isolate recorded the most significant (p < 0.05) decrease in serum glucose level. The study suggests that the protein isolate possesses anti-diabetic and hypoglycaemic effects on alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
Fostering a homeless animals is a rewarding experience that helps both the animal you foster and another one who can now fill the open shelter space. Watch our slideshow to see what it takes to become a foster.
The aim of the present work is to carry out acute toxicity study for root bark powder of Argemone mexicana. It is one of the potent liver tonics used for liver disorders. The exposure of this powder in the form of aqueous slurry on Swiss mice was carried out and the exposure route was oral single administration with water. The observations of changes in body weight, food and water intake as well as cage side observations were reported. The observations prove that the plant material is found to be nontoxic.
Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity Studies of Ethanol Extracts of Annona Muric...Premier Publishers
ย
The study determined the effects of administration of ethanol extracts of Annona muricata leaves (AML) and Fagara zanthoxyloide roots (FZR) on liver and kidney indices in zidovudine (ZDV)-induced Wistar rats. Animals were grouped into five (5); group 1 served as normal control, groups 2-5 were induced with 100g/mlZDV/Kgbw and group 3 treated with 35IU/Kgbw of erythropoietin, group 4 with 4.5g/mlAML/Kgbw and group 5 with 3.8g/mlFZR/Kgbw for six weeks. Serum liver enzymes, other biochemicals (total protein, albumin, globulin, bilirubin, urea and creatinine), organ weights and histological examination were used to assess the impact on the liver and kidney using standard methods. A significant elevation (pโค0.05) in the activities of serum liver enzymes and bilirubin accompanied by a significant decrease (pโค0.05) in the other biochemicals were observed in group 2. Treatment with extracts resulted in a modulation of the induced effects of ZDV causing a significant decrease in the serum liver enzymes, bilirubin and increase in the total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations. Histology of the liver showed altered architecture, blood vessel congestion and necrosis; while the kidneys were hypoplastic with signs of swelling (group 2) which was gradually reverted on treatment with extracts. The study suggests that extracts of AML and FZR may confer some degree of protection to the liver and kidney.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.18
ABSTRACT- Present investigations evaluated the effect of Argemone mexicana leaves extract on gut of Heliothis
armigera (Hub.) at different solvents. The effect of leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in ethanol and acetone solvent after
24 and 96 hours of treatment on Heliothis armigera shows severity of the damage of epithelial lining, epithelial cells
showed vacuoles at certain places. The gut lining was also found to be damaged and the lumen became wider after the
effect of ethanol extract of A. mexicana. In acetone extract of A. mexicana, the thickness of the fore gut wall has been
increased due to clumping of the tissue and hence the diameter of the foregut was reduced. The lumen therefore became
narrower and columnar epithelial cells showed the vacuoles.
Key-words- Heliothis armigera, Argemone mexicana, Ethanol, acetone, Epithelial lining, Epithelial cells, vacuoles, Gut
lining, Gut wall
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
ย
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
GC-MS Analysis and Evaluation of In-vitro Antioxidant Potential and Total Phe...Innspub Net
ย
Wild hops (Flemingia strobilifera Linn.) is a shrub belonging to Fabaceae family. The leaves of F. strobilifera are commonly used by the Subanen, the indigenous group in Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines to treat inflammation. In this study, the hydromethanolic (80%) and aqueous leaf extracts of F. strobilifera were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and total phenolics content. The active semi-volatile components of 80% methanol leaf extract were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). DPPH radical scavenging activity was used to determine the potential of this plant as anti-oxidant. Total phenolics content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and calculated as gallic acid equivalence. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eight compounds. Both the 80% methanol and aqueous extracts of F. strobilifera showed significant scavenging activity with low IC50 values of 0.299 mg/mL and <0.25 mg/mL, respectively. There was positive correlation between the scavenging activity percentage and the total phenolics content only in the aqueous extract of F. strobilifera while 80% methanol extract showed negative correlation between inhibition percentage and total phenolics content which can be attributed to the solvent used and method used in quantification of phenolics. Nevertheless, the results suggest that these leaf extracts are potent source of antioxidant compounds and may serve as natural anti-inflammatory agents.
Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotox...ijtsrd
ย
Alysicarpus monilifer L. is a widely used plant in the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been used in indigenous system of medicine. The roots are used for the treatment of leprosy and urinary troubles. The decoction of roots is prescribed for cough. The boiled leaves are used as purgative. The herb is credited with anti- pyretic, anti- periodic and expectorant properties, febrifuge and also recommended for cutanious scabies and boils and to cure pain. Acute toxicity tests were conducted as per OECD guidelines on Alysicarpus monilifer L. whole plant. The hydro-alcoholic extract of the aerial parts at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w., was tested in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity of rats followed by histopathological examination of the isolated livers of the control and the treated groups . The potential effects in protecting liver function by reducing the elevated levels of various serum biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner, reducing oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of CCl4 โinduced liver damage was demonstrated. The results showed significant protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The study on qualitative phytochemical screening also identified some important bioactive phytochemical principles such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides in this plant which were also validated as antioxidants and biologically active phytoconstituents. This report of hepatoprotective activity of Alysicarpus monilifer L. throws light on attenuation of hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 challenged rats by membrane stabilization through antioxidation K. Manikya Kumari | V. Padmaja"Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/114/protective-effect-of-alysicarpus-monilifer-l-against-ccl4-induced-hepatotoxicity-in-albino-rats/k-manikya-kumari
Phytochemical Profile and in vitro and in vivo Anticonvulsant and Antioxidant...Self-employed researcher
ย
This study presents the phytochemical profile and in vitro and in
vivo anticonvulsant and antioxidant activities of Epilobium hirsutum, which
has been traditionally used in the treatment of epilepsy by local people of
Turkey. In vitro studies revealed that the extract contained a pronounced
amount of phenolics (206.3ยฑ0.9 mg Gallic acid Eq/g extract) and exhibited
significant levels of antioxidant (FRAP; 6226 ยตmol Fe2+/g extract, ORAC;
6593 ยตmol Trolox Eq/g extract, DPPH; IC50:33.8 ug/mL and metal chelation;
IC50:114 ug/mL) and anticonvulsant (AChE; IC50:71.2 ug/mL, BChE; IC50:92.5
ug/mL, GABA-T; IC50:94.7 ug/mL) activities. In vivo studies shown that the
the extract exhibited high anticonvulsant activities. In addition, the extracts
regulated the behavior, locomotion, and mental activities of the mice tested.
Biochemical evaluation of the brain tissue revealed that the extract inhibited
the production of MDA and stimulated the increase of antioxidant enzyme
levels, which suggest the possible antioxidative role of the extract that worked
as neuroprotective agents by scarfing the free radicals produced through PTZ
seizure inducer and attenuate convulsions. Moreover the extract regulated
serum biochemical parameters, total antioxidants, total oxidant, and ischemia modified albumin levels. Chromatographic studies were revealed that gallic
acid principally might be the major contributor of anticonvulsant and
antioxidant activities with the additive contributions of fatty acids and mineral
compounds. Findings obtained from this study partially justified the traditional
use of Epilobium hirsutum in the treatment of epilepsy and suggest potential
use of the extract as an industrial or pharmaceutical agent.
Antioxidant and-anticancer-activities-of-moringa-leavesSilentdisco Berlin
ย
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
This study investigated the effect of protein isolate from leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina in diabetic rats. Thirty (30) adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six (6) groups of five (5) each based on their body weight. Diabetes was induced with administration of alloxan, 150 mg/kg body weight (i.p). Group A served as the control and received 1 mL/kg body weight of 5% ethanol being solvent used, Group B received 1 mL alloxan containing 150 mg/kg only. Group C, D, E and F were respectively alloxanized but treated with 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% of protein isolate obtained from V. amygdalina leaves for 14 days. On the 15th day, the animals were humanely sacrificed and their liver homogenates were prepared. Standard biochemical procedures were adopted for determination of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glucose levels. Data were subjected to one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison post-hoc test using Graph Pad, version 6 software. Results showed that CAT activity in alloxan-induced untreated rats (1.17 ฮผmole H2O2) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than observed in control rats (2.10 mole H2O2). Treatment with the respective doses recorded comparable values to those observed in control rats. Similar observation was seen with SOD data. Rats treated with 7% protein isolate recorded the most significant (p < 0.05) decrease in serum glucose level. The study suggests that the protein isolate possesses anti-diabetic and hypoglycaemic effects on alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
Fostering a homeless animals is a rewarding experience that helps both the animal you foster and another one who can now fill the open shelter space. Watch our slideshow to see what it takes to become a foster.
Fostering a pet is a rewarding experience. You are helping both the animal you foster and the one who gets to fill the empty space at the shelter. Watch our slide show to learn what it takes to become a foster.
Study the efficacy of Rhizophora mucornata Poir. leaves for diabetes therapy ...Open Access Research Paper
ย
Hypoglycemic effects were investigated in the ethanol extract of leaves of Rhizophora mucornata on Long Evans rats. Gut perfusion and six segments studies were carried out to assess these activities. In the gut-perfusion study the percentage of glucose absorption in control rats vs. rats fed with 250 mg/kg extracts were observed at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes and the significant (p<0.05) absorption result was found at 15 minutes, which was 35.87 vs. 57.29. The percentage of absorption was found better with 250 mg/kg than 500 mg/kg dose level. The six-segment study was performed to assess the amount of sucrose remaining in the GIT at six different positions. The amount sucrose unabsorbed in different GIT segments showed that in control rats vs. rats fed with 500mg/kg extract at 30 minutes in mmol/l was 0.120 vs. 0.135 which were gradually abating with time dependent manner at 60, 180, and 360 minutes in mmol/l. These results suggest that ethanol extract of leaves of Rhizophora mucornata has significant dose dependant anti-diabetic effects which may be effective in the treatment of diabetes.
Combination of Angkak (Red Yeast Rice), Red Guava (Psidium guajava Linn) Leaf...iosrphr_editor
ย
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Phytochemical composition and antiradical activity of Sakersia africana Hook....Open Access Research Paper
ย
The valorization of the medicinal plants of our country and determination of their impact on health due to their abundance of substances with various pharmacological effects are our principal objective. This study was evaluated the phytochemical screening and radical 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of different extracts of Sakersia africana Hook. f.. The results revealed that Sakersia africana Hook. f. is rich in phenols compounds, sterols, triterpenes, alkaloids and reducing compound. The values in total phenols and proanthocyanidines are ranging respectively from 391.58 ยฑ 0.04 to 777 ยฑ 0.03 mg/100 g of drugs and 113.5 ยฑ 3.17 to 653.5 ยฑ 36.83 mg/100 g of drugs. Results also show that different extracts tested present antiradical activity with values of IC50 ranging from 164.21ยฑ 0.014 to 195.54ยฑ 0.012 % and abundance in bioactive compounds. This study could justify the use of Sakersia africana of some chronic diseases.
In vivo study on the efficacy of hypoglycemic activity of Spirulina plantesis...Open Access Research Paper
ย
The ethanol extract of Spirulina platensis was investigated for antihyperglycemic effects in Long Evans rats. Three tests were carried out to assess these activities. The extract caused a dose dependent inhibition of glucose absorption and showed hypoglycemic effects at rats weighing from 110 โ 150 gram. The anti-diabetic effects were estimated by measuring the amount of glucose in the samples collected after the experiment. The extract at a dose level of 250mg/kg showed significant result (p<0.05) at 15 minutes and the dose level of 500mg/kg showed significant efficacy (p<0.05) at 10 and 15 minutes and the glucose absorption rates were 38.94ยฑ0.21, 34.99ยฑ1.91 and 40.86ยฑ0.07 respectively. The present study explored the extra pancreatic action of the plant in Long Evans rats. This study suggests that ethanol extract of Spirulina platensis has anti-diabetic effects in a dose dependant manner and these may be effective in the treatment of diabetes.
Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya Seed and Leaf Extracts on Serum B...iosrjce
ย
The cost of administering modern anti diabetic drugs is usually beyond the reach of most people in
the low income group especially those in the developing world where the disease is on the increase. This has led
to the current shift to the use of preparations from various parts of plants because of the current increase in the
knowledge of their toxicity, side effects, active constituents and doses. This study was conducted to compare the
effects of the aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic
rats especially glucose level. Male Wister rats weighing 150-200g were induced with single freshly prepared
alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was confirmed after seven days in alloxan-induced rats
showing fasting blood glucose levels โฅ 200mg/dl. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into three
experimental groups which received Seed extract, leaf extract or normal saline depending on the group. The
extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood
samples were collected for Biochemical analyses. The results showed that both extracts have significant
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects although extract of the seed proved to be more
potent than that of the leaf
ABSTRACT- The invitro anti-inflammatory activity of various solvent fractions of Parkia biglobosa fruit bark was investigated using human red blood cell membrane stabilization, heat-induced hemolysis and protein denaturation methods. All the extracts of P. biglobosa fruit bark showed a concentration dependent increase in anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract (60.8%, 58.3%, 78.2%) and last remaining aqueous extract (61.1%, 54.1%, 77.2%) have the maximum membrane stabilization, protection against hemolysis and albumin denatura-tion respectively which was comparable to Diclofenac sodium (61.4%, 60.6%, 100%) at 400ฮผg/ml concentration. This study suggests that P. biglobo-sa fruit bark posses enough potential to reduce inflammation, hence directs the importance of further research and development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Key words- Invitro anti-inflammatory, fruit bark, HRBC membrane stabilization, hemolysis, protection
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
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Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and โ C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
ย
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and โ C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia
Aqueous flower extract of Tridax procumbens on the haematology/serum lipid pr...Innspub Net
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This study is aimed at investigating the acute effects of aqueous flower extracts of Tridax procumbens on some haematological and serum lipid parameters at a dose of 100mg/kg/d in Wistar albino rats. Following a 7-day oral administration of the aqueous extract, haematological and serum lipid parameters were evaluated in the 10 Wistar albino rats. The rats weighed 187.7ยฑ28.49g and were randomly assigned into two groups (Group A: control and group B: 100mg/kg/d of extract). The evaluation was performed on fully automated analyzers (ERBA diagnostics) immediately after blood sample collection. The 100mg/kg/d of the flower extract caused significant increases in the levels of PCV, HB, MCH, MCHC, MCV and Platelet concentration (41.8ยฑ1.64, 13.64ยฑ0.41, 30.95ยฑ2.57, 32.99ยฑ0.67, 92.7ยฑ9.51 and 141.2ยฑ17.49 respectively) when compared to the controls which received no extract at all. The extract also caused reduction in the serum levels of Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL (134.68ยฑ5.21, 153.5ยฑ5.53, 45.5ยฑ7.19, 30.7ยฑ1.11 respectively). However, the extract produced a significant elevation in the level of the HDL (58.48ยฑ4.11). These changes suggest that flower extract has positive effects on the erythron of wistar rats, hemostatic and lipid lowering/anti-atherogenic properties. In conclusion, the flower extract can be exploited as a potential haematinic agent, haemostatic agent (for wound healing activity) and for its anti-hyperlidaemic/anti-atherogenic properties and thus can be useful for development of therapeutic agents in the prevention or management of diseases associated with haematopoietic and lipid disorders (such as anaemia, thrombocytopenia; obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus).
Effects of Metformin, Pioglitazone and Aqueous Extract of Delonix Regia on Bl...iosrjce
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The effects of Delonix regia extract (d200mg, d300mg, and d400mg), metformin (m8.3mg, m12.5mg
and m16.5mg), pioglitazone (p0.5mg, p0.7mg and p0.9mg) and combined formulation of metformin and extract
(m6.25d150mg) on glycated hemoglobin status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Albino wistar rats. Diabetic
status of these rats was assessed by estimating fasting blood glucose levels. A total of 150 albino rats were used
for the investigation and were grouped into twelve groups of twelve rats each as follows; Group I: normal
control rats (NCR). Group II: Diabetic control rats (DCR). Group III: Diabetic rats treated with d200mg.
Group IV: Diabetic rats treated with d300mg. Group V: Diabetic rats treated with d400mg. Group VI: Diabetic
rats treated with m8.3mg. Group VII: Diabetic rats treated with m12.5mg. Group VIII: Diabetic rats treated
with m16.5mg. Group IX: Diabetic rats treated with p0.5mg. Group X: Diabetic rats treated with p0.75mg.
Group XI: Diabetic rats treated with p1.0mg. Group XII: Diabetic rats treated with m125d300mg each for male
and female respectively, for a total of 56 days. After every two weeks interval of treatment for eight weeks three
rats from each group were sacrificed and blood sample were collected and analyzed for various parameters.
The result obtained showed an elevated level of glycated hemoglobin in diabetic-induced wistar albino rats
compared with normal control rats. However, there was reversal of the effects when treated with the
drug/extract. Also there was reduction in the blood glucose level of the diabetic rats treated with metformin
(from 6.37ยฑ0.69 to 5.20ยฑ0.62mmol/l), pioglitazone (from 7.30ยฑ0.21mmol/l to 4.70ยฑ0.46), aqueous extract of
Delonixregia (from 8.20ยฑ0.81mmol/l to 6.10ยฑ0.60) and combined formulation of metformin and extract (from
7.81ยฑ0.34 to 4.80ยฑ0.17), at p<0.05 confidence level when compared with diabetic control rats in the various
weeks of treatment respectively
Biochemical and histological changes associated with methanolic leaf extract ...Open Access Research Paper
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This study examined the biochemical and histological changes associated with methanolic leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium in acetaminophen-induced hepatic toxicity in wistar albino rats. The serum liver enzymesALT, AST and ALP decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the test animals treated with 600mg/kg of the leaf extract. Protein concentration increased significantly (p<0.05) in the test animals treated with 600mg/kg of the leaf extract.The effect of the G. latifolium leaf extract seems to be dose dependent on the liver enzymes and protein concentration measured. The results showed that acetaminophen-induced hepatic toxicity in the wistar albino rats as observed in the negative control was reversed with the administration of the leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium (in groups 3, 4 and 5) in the test animals. The histological analysis of the liver showed that the extract had a normalising effect on the effected liver. These results indicate that the leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium exhibits biochemical and histological changes and can be used against some hepatic inflammations.
The word โbananaโ is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CHROMATOGRAPHIC FRACTION AQUEOUS AND ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS O...Jing Zang
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In recent studies Teucrium polium(T. polium ) was known as a hypoglycemic plants. But further research is needed to better understand the effect of Teucrium polium and biological active part of it. The purpose of this investigation is to examine the effect of different chromatographic fractions of aqueous and alcoholic extract of this plant on the level of insulin secretion and glucose content in hyperglycemic rat model. Also, our aim is determination of biological active fraction of aqueous and alcoholic extract of this plant. This study was carried out on the 36 rats. Hyperglycemia induced by administrating of 50 mg/kg alloxan intraperitoneally and glucose level was monitored for hyperglycemic status. Hyperglycemic was confirmed by blood glucose measurement. In each experiment 100 grams of Teucrium polium aerial parts powder were boiled with 2 Litter of distilled water for 36 h. The decoction preparation was then filtered through a gauz cloth followed by filtration through filter paper. The extract was evaporated to one-fifth of its original volume and kept at 4oC until its use. Determination of different fraction aqueous extract effect of Teucrium polium on glucose level and insulin secretion was carried out. Blood was collected from the tail of the rats. Then glucose and insulin level was evaluated. The hyperglycemic animals showed significant decrease in the blood glucose level in rats administered with fourth fraction compared with other factions. Administration of fourth fraction Teucrium polium aerial parts extract cause increase in insulin levels in alloxan-treated rats. Results suggest that treatment of fourth fraction Teucrium polium aerial parts extract may be useful in preventing the increase of glucose level in hyperglycemic rats. The interesting phenomenon of our results has shown that fourth fraction given parenterally possesses a hypoglycemic effect in alloxan hyperglycemic rats. Fourth fraction was found biological active and to be responsive to glucose challenge as evidenced by increase in insulin secretion.
Toxicity Studies on Methanolic Leaf Extract of Rothmannia Longiflora: Biochem...paperpublications3
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Abstract: Aqueous decoction of leaves of Rothmannia longiflora is consumed by many people in the management of pain and inflammation in Nigeria and other African countries without considering its safety. The effects of the extract on functions of the kidney and the liver were investigated in 40 wistar albino rats. The rats were divided into 4 groups of 10 rats per group. The first group was the control and the other 3 groups were the study groups. The oral lethal dose of the extract was determined and was found to be greater than 5000mg/kg indicating its safety. Different doses of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg were administered daily to the study groups for the periods of 30 days (sub-chronic toxicity studies) and 90 days (chronic toxicity study). Kidney and Liver function tests were assessed using standard techniques. There was no statistically significant change in the hepatic profile with the extract treated groups and control. Similarly, the extract produced no significant change in the kidney function parameters. This result showed that extract did not produce a change in the kidney function following sub-chronic and chronic administration. However, the extract produced significant change in the liver function parameters at high dose after 90 days administration.
Phytochemical Analysis of some Macrophytes of Lake Kondakarla, Visakhapatnam ...iosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
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Hypoglycemic effect of gongronema latifolia extracts in rats
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.5, 2013
37
Hypoglycemic Effect of Gongronema latifolia Extracts in Rats
Francis V. Udoh1
, Grace A. Eshiet1
, Jones O. Akpan (Late)1
and Frank E. Edu (Late)2
1. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of
Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
2. Cross River State University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria.
* E-mail: fravindo@gmail.com, Phone No.: +234(0) 803 793 3923
The research is self financed
Abstract
Phytochemistry and hypoglycemic effect of the water and Ethanolic Extracts of the leaves of Gongronema
latifolium were screened for. The extracts were Soxhlet extracted and phytochemically screened. Three tolerated
doses were estimated from acute toxicity studies and orally administered to three groups of 10 rats per group,
daily for 21 days. After treatments, rats of groups 1 to 3 were sacrificed and blood samples collected for glucose
analysis and was compared to control group 4. Phytochemistry reveals that, both extracts of the plant contain
predominant amount of Saponins and Polyphenols among other phytochemicals. Glucose analysis shows dose
related reduction in the blood glucose levels compared to control. The polyphenols content of the plant extracts
could cause the hypoglycemic effect observed, suggesting insulin-like activity which justifies the use of the plant
leaf in the management of diabetic Mellitus in Nigeria herbal medicine.
Keywords: Phytochemistry, phytopharmacology, hypoglycemia, extracts, Gongronema latifolium
1. Introduction:
The plant, Gongronema latifolium (Asclepiadeceae) is native to southern Nigeria. It is popularly called "Utasi"
by the people of the South-South and South-East Nigeria. The plant is used by herbalist in Nigerian folk
medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus [Edet, et. al, 2011; Ugochukwu, et. al, 2003; Sakiham, et.al,
2002]. The herbal extract is prepared by grinding a known quantity of the fresh leaves of the plant and dissolving
in an appropriate volume of water. The mixture is then filtered and administered orally to patient in a chosen
dose, two times daily [Udoh, 2012; Okolie, et. al, 2008].
The leaves of Gongronema latifolium have been used as a vegetable in preparation of some Nigerian foods as
appetizer. It has a bitter taste which makes most natives to develop appetite for its consumption.
A number of researches have been carried out on the biological activity of the leaf extract of Gongronema
latifolium. Ugochukwu et al. (2003) reported that the leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium is used for the
treatment of non insulin dependent diabetic mellitus (NIDDM), investigated in NIDDM induced rats. Morebise
et. al. (2002); Sakihama et., al. (2002); and Bloomgarden (2012) reported on the anti-inflammatory properties of
the plant drug. Gongronema latifolium has also ability to inhibit subcutanous phycomycosis,[ Okafor and Nwosu,
1995; Sharma, et. al, 1995]. The study by Edet et. al. (2011), showed that treatment with the extracts of
Gongronema latifolium is used in Nigeria herbal medicine for management of diabetis mellitus makes it possible
to carry out this investigation.
2. Materials And Methods
2.1 Preparation of Extract
The flesh leaves of Gongronema latifolium were collected from the swamp forest of Calabar around the months
of March and April, 2008. The Plant sample was exposed to dry at room temperature of 28o
C for 3 days. The
plant was identified by Professor Ani Nkang of Botany Department, Faculty of Science, University of Calabar,
Nigeria. The voucher specimen with the number, UNICAL/BOT/2010-00116, was deposited in the herbarium,
Department of Pharmacology, University of Calabar, Nigeria.
The dried leaves were ground into powder. The powdered sample, weighing 100 g, was wrapped in thimble and
placed in a Soxhlet extractor (M&G Scientific Company, England) and extracted in absolute ethanol (Sigma,
USA), or water for 72 h respectively, to obtain either ethanolic or water extract using Rotay Evaporator
(Bioscience Co. Ltd., UK).
2. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.5, 2013
38
Extraction in ethanol gave a percentage yield of 30, while water extraction was 60. Both extract-fractions were
stored in refrigerator (Thermocool Nig. Ltd), for use during the experiment. Stock solution of either ethanolic or
water extract was prepared by dissolving 10 grams of ethanolic extract in 10 ml of 0.85% DMSO-Saline and
solution (Normal Saline), to give concentration of 1000 mg/ml respectively.
2.2 Phytochemistry
Phytochemical screening of both water and ethanolic extracts of the leaf of Gongronema latifolium were carried
out. The quantitative analysis of the phytochemicals was done following the modified methods of Sotomayor
(1993), Evans (1993), Trease and Evans (1989) and Sofowora (1993).
2.3 Animals
Young adult rats of average weight of 135ยฑ1 gram bought from the animal house, College of Medicine,
University of Calabar, were housed in cages of 10 per cage. The rats were allowed free access to feed (Agro
feeds Ltd, Calabar) and water ad Libitum. The rats were allowed to acclimatise in the laboratory for 7 days under
14 hours light and 10 hours dark per day and ambient temperature of 28ยฑ1o
C.
2.4 Acute Toxicity Study
The tolerated doses of the extract of the leaf of Gongronema latifolium were estimated from the dose response of
either ethanolic or water extract of the leaf of Gongronema latifolium. Graded doses of either water or ethanolic
extract (10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 mg/kg) were investigated on male rats sub lethal response. From the
data of the dose response relationship, three tolerated doses of either water or ethanolic extract of the leaf of
Gongronema latifolium, were obtained and used in the study.
3. Treatment
The young adult albino rats, 80 in number were divided into 8 groups of 10 rats per group and orally
administered either ethanolic or water extract of the leaf of Gongronema latifolium, daily for 21 days. Group 1
received 2 ml normal Saline (0.85% NaCl) solution as control. Group 2 received 25 mg/kg, group 3 received 75
mg/kg and 4 received 100 mg/kg of ethanolic extract; and groups 5 to 7 received 25, 75 and 100 mg/kg of water
extract while group 8 received insulin (8ยตiu/kg) as standard. 24 h after last treatment, the rats of all groups were
anaesthetised in a desiccator saturated with chloroform (Sigma, USA). About 0.5 ml of blood samples were
collected from the rats tails by a cut with a new surgical blade. The blood samples were placed separately on a
clean test strip of the glucometer and read up.
Blood Glucose Estimation
The rapid stick methods described by Hoffman, (1937) and Kadish et al (1969), were followed. Blood sample
from each rat was measured by applying 0.5 ml to the test strip which was then inserted into the Glucometer for
reading. The values of the blood glucose levels estimated by rapid stick methods were compared with that of a
Beckman Glucose Analyser.
4. Results
The chemical constituents of both extracts of the leaf of Gongronema latifolium include alkaloids, saponins,
tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and polyphenols (Table 1). The analysis revealed that the ethanolic
extract fraction of the plant contained a very high concentration of Saponins and polyphenols, while water
extract fraction contained in excess the polyphenols.
The plant extracts treatment in rats caused a dose and time dependent decrease in the blood glucose levels
compared to control. Reduction in the levels of blood glucose was significant (P< 0.05) in ethanolic extract (100
mg/kg/d) treatment for 7 and 21 days, and water extract treatment at dose levels of 25, 75 and 100 mg/kg/d for 7
and 21 days. The data derived were analysed using student t-test, *P< 0.05 and **P < 0.01 respectively (Table 2
and 3).
5. Discussion
In Nigeria herbal medicine, the leaf extracts of the plant, Gongronema latifolium have been used to reduce blood
sugar levels of diabetic mellitus patients (a claim by herbalist). The water and ethanolic extracts of the plant were
3. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.5, 2013
39
Soxhlet extracted and screened for their biological effects on blood glucose levels in normoglycemic rats.
Phytochemistry indicates a higher present of saponins and polyphenols in the ethanolic extract and excess
present of polyphenols in the water extract. The phytochemical, polyphenol is being reported to possess
antidiabetic activity which might be responsible for the reduction of the blood glucose levels by the plant
extarcts [Zhu et, al. 2013; Khunti et al. 2013]. Reduction in the blood glucose concentration by the leaf extracts
of Gongronema latifolium treatment might be due to their direct action on the insulin receptors to cause
reduction in the blood glucose levels of the normoglycemic rats.
The findings show that, pretreatment with the ethanolic or water extract of the leaf of Gongronema latifolium
caused a decrease in the blood glucose levels in the normoglycemic rats, compared with that of the control. The
level of reduction in the blood glucose concentration of the treated-rats with the water extract was significantly
higher than that of the ethanolic extract-treated rats. The extracts of the leaf of Gongronema latifolium might
reduce blood sugar level in a similar manner as insulin.
Insulin stimulates transport of glucose across cell membrane by the glucose transport system 1 (GLUTI) and into
the heart and muscle by the glucose transport system 4 (GLUT4), brain by GLUT3 and Liver GLUT2 which is a
low-affinity and high capacity glucose transporter [Khunti et, al. 2013].
Therefore, the extract of the leaf of Gongronema latifolium might reduce blood sugar level in the similar manner
reported for insulin [Gupta et, al. 1992; Wolfe, 2002; Morebise et, al. 2002]. The extracts might bind to insulin-
receptor on the plasma membrane or cause the release of insulin from the ฮฒ-cell of pancreatic islets of
Langerhans to initiate a signalling cascade that could promote translocation and fusion of GLUT4 containing
vesicles with plasma membrane to facilitate glucose transport into cells and organs. The reduction effect of the
extracts on the blood glucose level in the normoglycemic rats probably due to the polyphenols present in the
plant. The biological activity of these extracts reveals that the plant possesses insulin-like property and allows
the conclusion that the extracts of the leaf of Gongronema latifolium plant have hypoglycemic activity and
could be used to regulate or reduce blood glucose level which justifies its usage in Nigerian herbal medicinal
practice for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Acknowlegment
The authors are thankful to Mr Saviour Nelson of Dajoson Technologies, who help in computer type sitting and
data analysis.
Reference
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5. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
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TABLE 1: PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE WATER AND ETHANOLIC
EXTRACTS OF THE LEAF OF Gongronema latifolium
Chemical Constituents Ethanolic Extract Water Extract
Alkaloids + ++
Saponins +++ ++++
Tamins + +
Cardiac Gylcosides ++ ++
Flavonoids ++ ++
Polyphenols +++ ++++
KEY
low +
High ++
Higher +++
Excess Present ++++
6. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
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Table 2: Effect of Pretreatment with the Ethanolic Extract of the leaf of Gongronema
latifolium ,daily for 7 and 14 days on Blood Glucose levels in rats.
Experimental
Group
Blood Glucose Level (ยตmol/l) % - Reduction
7 Days 21 Days 7 Days 21 Days
Control (0.85%
NaCl)
6.8 ยฑ 0.1 6.2 ยฑ 0.01 0 0
25 mg/kg 5.1 ยฑ 0.01 4.8 ยฑ 0.05 25.7 22.5
75 mg/kg 4.8 ยฑ 0.005 4.5 ยฑ 0.1 29.4 27.4
100 mg/kg 4.6 ยฑ 0.001* 3.8 ยฑ 0.001** 32.2 38.7
Standard (Insulin) 3.2 ยฑ 0.05 1.9 ยฑ 0.01 53.0
72.0
*P <0.05 and **P < 0.1 by Student t-test
7. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
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Vol.3, No.5, 2013
43
Table 3: Effect of pretreatment with the Water Extract of the leaf of Gongronema
Latifolium, daily for 7 and 21 days on Blood Glucose levels in rats.
Experimental
Group
Blood Glucose Level (ยตmol/l) % - Reduction
7 Days 21 Days 7 Days 21 Days
Control (0.85%
NaCl)
7.0 ยฑ 0.01 7.1 ยฑ 0.05 0 0
25 mg/kg 4.5 ยฑ 0.1* 3.1 ยฑ 0.01** 37.5 55
75 mg/kg 3.8 ยฑ 0.01* 2.7 ยฑ 0.1** 47.2 61
100 mg/kg 3.0 ยฑ 0.001* 2.2 ยฑ 0.05** 58.3 68.1
Standard (Insulin) 2.8 ยฑ 0.01 1.5 ยฑ 0.05 60.0
77.5
*P <0.05 and **P < 0.1 by Student t-test
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44
Extracts
Liver
Brain
Transport of Glucose
across cell membrane
GLUT
1
GLUT
2
Stimulates Stimulates
Stimulates
Heart Muscle
Brain
Insulinreceptorsplasma
membranecausetransport of
glucoseacrosscell membrane
Polyphenolic
extracts of GL
or insulin
StimulatesStimulates
GLUT1
Stimulates
Release
of insulin
Stimulates
Glucose uptake
Low blood
glu
cose
Lowbloodglucose
Lowbloodglucose
Low
blo
od
glucoseLow
blo
odglucose
Heart &
Muscle
Liver
Stim
ulates
Cell
GLUT4
Stimulates
ร
Treatment
GLUT 3
GLUT 3
GLUT 4GLUT 2
Figure 1: Structural summary of the activity of the leaf extracts of Gongronema latifolium on blood glucose
level
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