CRISPR is a new gene-editing technique that allows DNA to be precisely cut and replaced. Scientists are debating the ethics of using it to edit human embryos or genes that could be inherited by future generations. While CRISPR has potential medical benefits, its ability to "choose characteristics of future human generations" is controversial.

1. Editing our genes
The ethics of a new genome-changing technique that could change the
DNA of future generations is being hotly debated
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2. Contd..
In April this year, a team of Chinese researchers created a global uproar when they
published a paper describing attempts to edit the genomes of human embryos. Led
by Junjiu Huang of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, they used a new technology
called CRISPR to try and edit 86 non-viable, single-cell embryos obtained from
fertility clinics. They wanted to edit the gene responsible for B-thalassemia, a fatal
blood disorder. CRISPR (pronounced like `crisper') has swept through the scientific
world in the last few years and is now poised for commercial use. It is thought to be
revolutionary because it gives humankind a powerful tool to edit, delete, add,
replace, activate or suppress specific genes. Humans can, theoretically, change the
genetic basis of various traits -from correcting disease causing mutated genes to
genes that determine whether you will have brown eyes or black. The discovery has
led to a dramatic rise in funding for research based on CRISPR and a patent war
between various scientific institutions. It has also left scientists sharply divided over
whether such a technology can be allowed to pick and choose characteristics of
future human generations.
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3. Contd..
CRISPR is an acronym for `clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic
repeats'. This mouthful of a name was given two decades ago when
scientists found a strange thing in bacteria genomes. There were these
repeating sequences with no known use. Genetics was still developing and
the scientists thought no more of this.
Sometime later it was found that these CRISPR sequences were used by
bacteria to ward off predatory viruses. The mechanism was unravelled but
again nothing more was thought of it.
Then, around 2011, several genetic scientists in the US and Europe hit pay
dirt. They found that the CRISPR mechanism could be turned around and
manipulated for performing cut-andpaste functions on genomes. And the
control was fantastic. You could precisely snip off a bit of DNA from a gene
and replace it with another pre-fabricated bit of DNA.
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4. Contd..
Jennifer Doudna, professor at the University of California, Berkeley, led one of the
research groups. She told TOI the technology is a “site-specific DNA `scissors',
allowing researchers to cut and then either remove or replace genetic material in a
cell or organism.“ What this means is: first, a piece of RNA is created for unzipping a
DNA strand at the target site; then it is lodged in a protein called Cas9 which is the
scissors part of the machinery; this complex unzips and cuts away the specific DNA
bit. You can replace it with a totally new DNA bit or a corrected version, as needed.
Another pioneer is Prashant Mali, professor at University of California, San Diego.
Born in Rajasthan and educated at IIT-B, John Hopkins and Harvard, Mali explains
the intricate working of CRISPR: “The remarkable aspect is that the ability to target
a new genomic site simply requires one to alter the sequence on the guide-RNA -
this makes the technique really democratic in its ease of use. This has spurred its
widespread adoption by thousands of labs around the world in only a few years.“
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5. Contd..
After four different groups announced their success with CRISPR in 2013, within
eight months various groups used it to cut and change targeted genes in human
cells, mice, rats, zebrafish, bacteria, fruit flies, yeast, worms and even crops.
The mechanism is breathtakingly simple and cheap. Doudna says it “can be
undertaken in a basic lab environment at remarkably low cost“. Mali confirms that
it is “very easy to use and also cost-effective enough that it will be soon be a
routine procedure in most biology labs.“
Another pioneer, Feng Zhang of Broad Institute, has founded a company called
Editas Medicine for using CRISPR in therapeutics. Its CEO Katrine Bosley said they
are working to translate the promise of CRISPRCas9 genome editing technology
into a new class of medicines to treat serious, genetically driven diseases. “This
technology enables precise corrections to errors in DNA, and we are working to
apply it to treat a broad range of diseases at the genetic level where patients don't
have good therapeutic options.“
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6. Contd..
The ethical debate that has erupted around CRISPR is because it can also be
used to edit germline cells or pluripotent stem cells. Germline cells are eggs
and sperm cells. Any changes in these will naturally be inherited by
subsequent generations. Pluripotent stem cells can develop into any kind of
tissue, and changes in these would affect large number of cells. Mali says
one should venture into this area only after thoroughly understanding “the
underlying scientific and ethical implications“.
“Using CRISPR-Cas9 to engineer specific traits is still a long way off, but the
bioethical implications of the technology are currently being reviewed in
many regulatory agencies in the US and elsewhere,“ Doudna said.
In other words, the technology is at hand. The question is whether we
should use it or not.
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