CRISPR is a bacterial defense mechanism that uses viral DNA snippets to detect and eliminate similar viruses. This technology has been adapted for precise gene editing in various organisms, including humans, and has potential applications in treating diseases like HIV and cancer. Ethical concerns arise as advancements in gene editing could lead to the creation of 'designer babies' and significant societal implications.

1. BY : Dr. Hager .M. alfakhri

2. CRISPR ……is a family of DNA sequences in bacteria.
The sequences contain snippets of DNA from viruses
that have attacked the bacterium. These snippets are
used by the bacterium to detect and destroy DNA from
similar viruses during subsequent attacks. These
sequences play a key role in a bacterial defense system,
and form the basis of a technology known as
CRISPR/Cas9 that effectively and specifically changes
genes within organisms.

4. Bacteria and virus has been fighting since the dawn of
life ;so called bacteriophage or phage hunt
bacteria

5. Phages do this by inserting their own genetic code in
to bacteria and taking them over the use them as
factories .
Bacteria tried to resist but failed most the time
because ;their protection tool very week.
But some time bacteria survive an attack .

6. .Only if they do, so can they activate their most
effective antivirus system.
.The save part of virus DNA in their own genetic code
in DNA archive called CRISPR
Here is stored safely until it need..
.When virus attack again ,the bacterium quickly make
an RNA copy from the DNA archived and arm a secret
weapon =protein called CAS9
.The protein now scan the bacterium's inside for signs
of the virus invader.

7. .by comparing every bite of DNA it finds to the sample
from the archive.
.when find 100% match
.it activated and cuts out the virus DNA , making it
unless protecting the bacteria against the attack
.what's special is that CAS9……… is very precise almost
like DNA surgeon .
.the revolution began when scientist figured our that
the CRISPR system is programmable.

8. .by comparing every bite of DNA it finds to the sample
from the archive.
.when find 100% match
.it activated and cuts out the virus DNA , making it
unless protecting the bacteria against the attack
.what's special is that CAS9……… is very precise almost
like DNA surgeon .
.the revolution began when scientist figured our that
the CRISPR system is programmable.

10. .You can just give it a copy of DNA you want to modify
and put the system in to a living cell.
.the CRISPR is like GPS system
.CRISPR offer the ability to edit life cell
It also works for every type of cell plant ,human ,animal.

11. H.I.V
In 2015 ….scientists use CRISPR to cut HIV virus out of
living cell from patient in the lab ,proving that it was
possible.
Only about one year, they carried out a larger scale
with rats, that had the HIV virus in basically all of
their body cell.
By simply inject the CRISPR in to the rats tails; they
were able to remove 50% of the virus from cells all over
the body.

12. In few decades , a CRISPRS therapy might cure HIV
and other retroviruses.

13. Cancer:
CRISPR could also defeat one of the worst enemies –
cancer.
Cancer occur when cell refused to die and keep
multiplying while concealing themselves from
immune system.
CRISPR give us the means to edit your immune system
and make them better cancer hunters
Getting rid of cancer might eventually mean (getting
just a couple of injections of few thousand of your own
cell that have been engineered in to lab to heal you for
good .

15. The first clinical trial for a CRISPR cancer treatment in
human patients was approved in early 2016 in US
Not even a month later Chinese scientists announced
that they would treated lung cancer patients with
immune cell modified by CRISPR in August 2016.
.


16. Genetic disease:
Over 3000 of genetic disease caused by single incorrect
letter in your DNA.
We are already building a modified version of CAS9
that is made to change just a single letter ,fixing the
disease in the cell.
In decade or two ,we could possibly cure thousand
disease forever .

18. The creation of modified human –designer babies – and
well mean gradual
In 2016-2017 ,Chinese scientists experimented with humans
embryos and were partially successful on their second
attempt
They showed the numerous challenges we still face in gene
editing embryos but also working in solving them
it will start slowly the first designer baby will not be overly
designed it most likely that they will created to eliminate a
deadly genetic disease running in family.


19. As the technology progresses and gets more refined
,more and more people may argue that not using
genetic modification is unethical.
Because it condemns children to preventable suffering
and death and denies them the cure .
But as soon as the first engineering kid is born ,a door
is opened that can not be closed any more.

20. Thank you