Edgerunner mill.pptx
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This document discusses Edge Runner mill, a topic in pharmaceutical engineering. It was prepared by Kashish Wilson, an assistant professor at MM College of Pharmacy located in Mullana Ambala. The document provides information on Edge Runner mill and thanks the reader.
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END runner mill.pptx
An end runner mill uses a rotating mortar and revolving pestle to grind materials placed inside the mortar. As the mortar spins at high speeds, it causes the pestle to revolve as well, reducing the size of the materials through grinding. End runner mills are suitable for fine grinding applications. However, they are not well-suited for initial size reduction of unbroken or slightly broken drug materials.
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END runner mill.pptx
An end runner mill uses a rotating mortar and revolving pestle to grind materials placed inside the mortar. As the mortar spins at high speeds, it causes the pestle to revolve as well, reducing the size of the materials through grinding. End runner mills are suitable for fine grinding applications. However, they are not well-suited for initial size reduction of unbroken or slightly broken drug materials.
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The document discusses a hammer mill, which reduces particle size through repeated impacts using rotating hammers. It has various pharmaceutical uses including grinding raw materials and excipients. A hammer mill works by feeding materials into a chamber containing rapid rotating hammers that fracture particles through collisions. Properly sized particles pass through screens while larger ones require further grinding. Key advantages are rapid grinding and easy control of particle size. Disadvantages include potential heat damage and susceptibility to foreign objects in the feed.
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This document discusses size reduction, which is the process of reducing large solid masses into smaller particles or powder. It can be achieved through mechanical or chemical methods. The key factors that affect size reduction are the hardness, toughness, abrasiveness, stickiness, and moisture content of the material. Larger surface area and smaller particle size can increase properties like solubility, adsorption, and absorption. Common size reduction methods include cutting, compression, impact, and attrition. Ball mills and fluid energy mills are described as examples. Energy requirements depend on theories like Rittinger's, Bond's, and Kick's, relating to the work required based on new surface area, particle size, and material properties.
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This document discusses size separation techniques used to separate particles of different sizes. Size separation, also known as sieving or screening, is important to obtain particles of a narrow size range or uniform particle size. It improves properties like mixing, flow, and suspension stability. Common mechanisms of size separation include agitation (oscillation, vibration, gyration), brushing, and centrifugal forces. Standard sieves made of woven wire or mesh are used to separate particles according to their ability to pass through openings of different sizes. Instruments like sieve shakers, cyclones, air separators, and filter bags can be employed for size separation in pharmaceutical applications.
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Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
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Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
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This document discusses methods for particle size separation and analysis. Size separation involves separating particles of different sizes using sieves, microscopes or sedimentation. Particle size analysis determines the size of particles in a substance or mixture. Sieving is commonly used to separate powder grades by passing materials through sieves of different mesh sizes. Sedimentation analysis particle size based on measuring the settling rate of particles dispersed in a liquid. Both methods are useful for quality control in pharmaceutical production processes.
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Size reduction, or comminution, is the process of reducing substances into smaller pieces or fine powder. It increases the surface area, allowing for faster dissolution and extraction of active constituents. The degree of size reduction depends on factors like the drug's hardness, solvent used, and extraction process. Various size reduction methods include cutting, compression, impact, and attrition. Common mills are the cutter mill, roller mill, hammer mill, ball mill, and fluid energy mill. Levigation involves wet grinding while elutriation separates fine and coarse particles.
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This document discusses various methods for size separation of powders, as outlined in the Indian Pharmacopoeia. It describes 5 grades of powder sizes defined by the IP based on their ability to pass through various mesh sieves. Common separation techniques include sieving, cyclone separation, air separation, and elutriation. Sieving involves using a set of sieves arranged from largest to smallest mesh size to separate powder fractions. Cyclone and air separators use centrifugal forces to separate solids from gases. Elutriation separates powders based on particle density differences in a moving fluid.
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This document discusses size reduction, which is the process of reducing substances into smaller pieces or particles through mechanical means. It describes the objectives and mechanisms of size reduction and factors that affect the process. Several common size reduction machines are also outlined, including their principles, construction, uses, advantages, and disadvantages. Size reduction is an important pharmaceutical process that improves properties like dissolution rate and bioavailability by increasing surface area.
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The document discusses size reduction techniques used in pharmaceutical engineering. It describes the hammer mill and ball mill, which use mechanical forces for size reduction. The hammer mill works by impact between rapidly moving hammers and powder materials, while the ball mill uses impact and attrition between rapidly moving balls inside a rotating cylinder. Both provide descriptions of their basic principles, constructions, operating parameters, advantages and disadvantages.
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This document discusses size reduction, which is the process of reducing larger particles into smaller particles of a desired size and shape using external forces. It defines size reduction and comminution, and lists the objectives of size reduction such as increasing surface area and achieving intimate mixing. The document describes various size reduction mechanisms, factors affecting size reduction, and theories related to the energy required. It provides details on different size reduction equipment like hammer mills, ball mills, fluid energy mills, edge runner mills, and end runner mills.
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This document discusses size separation techniques used to separate particles of different sizes. Size separation, also known as sieving or screening, is important to obtain particles of a narrow size range or uniform particle size. It improves properties like mixing, flow, and suspension stability. Common mechanisms of size separation include agitation (oscillation, vibration, gyration), brushing, and centrifugal forces. Standard sieves made of woven wire or mesh are used to separate particles according to their ability to pass through openings of different sizes. Instruments like sieve shakers, cyclones, air separators, and filter bags can be employed for size separation in pharmaceutical applications.
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Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
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This document discusses methods for particle size separation and analysis. Size separation involves separating particles of different sizes using sieves, microscopes or sedimentation. Particle size analysis determines the size of particles in a substance or mixture. Sieving is commonly used to separate powder grades by passing materials through sieves of different mesh sizes. Sedimentation analysis particle size based on measuring the settling rate of particles dispersed in a liquid. Both methods are useful for quality control in pharmaceutical production processes.
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Introduction
Objectives
Methods of size reduction
Advantages of size reduction
Disadvantages of size reduction
Mechanism of size reduction
Laws governing to the size reduction
Principle of Size Reduction, Construction, working and uses of following-
Hammer mill
Ball mill
Fluid Energy Mill
Edge Runner Mill
End Runner Mill
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Size reduction, or comminution, is the process of reducing substances into smaller pieces or fine powder. It increases the surface area, allowing for faster dissolution and extraction of active constituents. The degree of size reduction depends on factors like the drug's hardness, solvent used, and extraction process. Various size reduction methods include cutting, compression, impact, and attrition. Common mills are the cutter mill, roller mill, hammer mill, ball mill, and fluid energy mill. Levigation involves wet grinding while elutriation separates fine and coarse particles.
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This document discusses mixing theory and equipment used for mixing in the pharmaceutical industry. It begins by defining mixing and classifying mixing into different types including mixing of solids, liquids, and semisolids. It then describes various mechanisms of mixing solids including convective, shear, and diffusion mixing. Key factors that influence mixing of solids like particle properties and interparticle forces are explained. Common equipment for mixing solids in small and large scale are then outlined including tumble blenders, V-cone blenders, double cone blenders, and those with mixing blades. Parameters for effective mixing and evaluating mixing are also summarized.
Construction and working of silverson emulsifier
The document describes the construction and working of a Silverson emulsifier. It consists of a head attached to a central shaft powered by a motor. The head contains turbine blades surrounded by a perforated mesh. Liquids are sucked into the head and subjected to intense mixing by the high-speed blades. This creates small emulsion globules that exit through the mesh openings, producing a fine emulsion. The Silverson emulsifier provides advantages like rapid mixing, particle size reduction, and homogenization through its high-shear action. Occasional clogging of the mesh pores is its main disadvantage.
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This document discusses mixing and homogenization processes. It defines mixing as combining two or more substances together, and identifies perfect mixing as each particle of one material lying adjacent to a particle of the other material. The objectives of mixing are outlined. There are three types of mixtures discussed: positive, negative, and neutral. The mechanisms and equipment used for mixing powders, liquids, and semi-solids are described. Homogenization is defined as preparing a fine emulsion from a coarse one by converting large globules to small globules. Common homogenization equipment like hand homogenizers, Silverson mixers, and colloidal mills are summarized.
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Total quality management (TQM) aims to improve quality at all levels through an integrated organizational effort. The main TQM principles are focusing on customers, continuous improvement, teamwork, and producing quality work. TQM is characterized by process improvements, measuring processes, flexible production, and an open organization. Benefits of TQM include improved teamwork, quality, productivity, and profitability. The seven gurus of TQM who developed key concepts include Walter Shewhart, W. Edwards Deming, Joseph Juran, Armand Feigenbaum, Philip Crosby, Genichi Taguchi, and Kaoru Ishikawa.
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Total quality management (TQM) aims to improve quality at all levels through an integrated organizational effort focused on customer satisfaction. Key elements of TQM include focusing on the customer, employee involvement, and continuous improvement. Some advantages of TQM are improved quality, employee participation, teamwork, and better working relationships, while disadvantages can include initial introduction costs and worker resistance to change. TQM is important in the pharmaceutical industry for ensuring quality in areas like handling, storage, packaging, facilities, equipment, and sterile areas.
ICH goals and process.pptx
The document discusses the goals and process of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). The ICH aims to harmonize technical requirements for pharmaceutical registration across regions to increase efficiency and access to new medicines while maintaining quality and safety. The ICH process involves developing guidelines through formal procedures, answering questions, revising existing guidelines, and maintaining established standards.
Introduction to ICH.pptx
The document introduces the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), which aims to harmonize technical requirements for pharmaceutical registration across regions to increase consistency, make more efficient use of resources, and help develop new medicines while maintaining safety and effectiveness. ICH seeks to standardize guidelines and registration processes for drugs to reduce costs and better meet public health needs.
Mixing.pptx
The document discusses mixing in the context of pharmaceutical production. It outlines that the main objective of mixing is to produce a bulk mixture that, when divided into doses, ensures each dose contains the correct proportions. It notes mixing is a critical intermediate step for tablets and capsules. The document also lists factors that affect mixing and different mechanisms for solid, liquid, and semisolid mixing. Specifically, it explains solid mixing involves convective, shear, and diffusive mechanisms while liquid mixing uses bulk transport, turbulent flow, laminar flow, and molecular diffusion.
Freeze dryer.pptx
Freeze drying, or lyophilisation, is a process that converts solutions or suspensions into solids for storage and distribution. It works by sublimating a material, changing it directly from a solid to a gas, below the triple point. Key components of a freeze dryer include a drying chamber, heating elements, a vapor condensing system, and a vacuum pump. Freeze drying has advantages like preserving heat-sensitive materials and proteins without denaturation. However, it is an expensive and slow process limited to specific valuable products.
Vacuum dryer
The document describes a vacuum dryer used to dry heat sensitive and hygroscopic materials. It works by reducing chamber pressure below water vapor pressure through a vacuum pump, allowing water to boil and evaporate faster. Trays inside the hollow oven increase surface area for heat conduction. Materials are dried at 25-30°C as water vapor is evaporated under vacuum and condenses before being collected.
FLUIDIZED BED DRYER
The document summarizes a fluidized bed dryer. It works by fluidizing wet solid particles using hot air forced through a perforated bed from the bottom. The dryer is made of stainless steel or plastic with a detachable bowl for charging and discharging materials. Hot air is circulated through the bed to dry particles completely before exiting through bag filters. It allows for continuous, rapid drying at a constant rate with high efficiency and capacity compared to other dryers. Pharmaceutical uses include drying granules for tablet production and granule coating.
SPRAY DRYER
Spray drying is an industrial process that transforms a liquid feed containing dissolved or dispersed solids into a spray of small droplets that are exposed to hot air to be dried. It allows for effective control of product quality and properties during continuous high-tonnage production. While spray dryers are bulky and expensive, they permit thermolabile pharmaceuticals to be dried at low temperature and are used to dry products like penicillin, enzymes, and vaccines.
Drum Dryer
The document describes a drum dryer, which consists of one or two horizontally mounted hollow cylinders or drums that are heated internally by steam and rotated. Liquid or slurry is spread as a film onto the heated, rotating drum surface where it dries rapidly via conduction and steam heating. The dried material is then scraped off and collected while the drum continues rotating. Drum drying allows for rapid drying of thermosensitive materials in a compact system, though it requires careful control of processing parameters and has high maintenance costs.
tray drayer.pptx
The tray dryer uses forced hot air convection to remove moisture from solids placed on stainless steel trays. It has double-walled insulation and doors with gaskets. Hot air is blown through the chamber at 2-5 meters per second to evaporate water from the surface of the solids on each tray, which are loaded and unloaded batch-wise. Tray dryers are efficient, require little labor, and are available with capacities from 6 to 192 trays.
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