Edema
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Edema can be caused by either a transudate or an exudate. A transudate occurs when hydrostatic pressure in the blood vessels increases or colloid oncotic pressure decreases, forcing fluid through the vessel walls and into tissues. This can be due to conditions like heart failure or cirrhosis. An exudate forms when fluid leaks from blood vessels into tissues due to inflammation or injury, containing serum, fibrin and white blood cells. Exudates are caused by issues like pneumonia, cancer or pulmonary embolism.
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Hemodynamics 1
This document summarizes hemodynamic disorders and edema. It defines edema as abnormal excessive accumulation of fluid in tissues and serous cavities. Edema can be localized or generalized depending on its cause and distribution. The key mechanisms of edema formation are increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and sodium and water retention. Specific types of edema like pulmonary edema, cerebral edema, hepatic edema, and renal edema are also discussed. The document compares the characteristics of transudate and exudate fluids and provides diagrams to illustrate the pathogenesis of different types of edema.
Hemodynamics - Hyperemia
This document discusses disorders of perfusion including hyperemia, congestion, and hemorrhage. It describes active hyperemia which results from increased demand and passive hyperemia or congestion from impaired venous outflow. Chronic venous congestion can lead to edema, hypoxia, fibrosis, capillary rupture and hemorrhage. Specific organs affected by chronic venous congestion like the liver, lung and spleen are described. The liver shows centrilobular congestion and necrosis while the lung contains hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Grossly organs are enlarged and microscopically show dilated sinusoids, fibrosis and iron-containing macrophages. Different types of hemorrhage like petechiae, purpura
Hyperemia and congestion edema
1. Hyperemia and congestion refer to localized increases in blood volume within dilated vessels and are associated with edema.
2. Edema occurs when hydrostatic pressure is increased or oncotic pressure is decreased, overwhelming the lymphatic system and causing fluid accumulation in tissues.
3. Common causes of edema include increased venous pressure from heart failure, decreased plasma proteins, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, and inflammation.
15 hemodynamic disorders
This document discusses various hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, hemostasis, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, and shock. Edema is an excess of fluid in the interstitial spaces that can occur in response to injury or inflammation. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause. Hyperemia is increased blood flow to an area, congestion is impaired outflow, and hemorrhage is blood escaping from vessels. Hemostasis is the body's natural response to stop bleeding through coagulation. Thrombosis and embolism involve blood clots forming and detaching within vessels. Infarction results from blocked blood flow causing tissue death. Shock is a
edema pathology
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the spaces between cells. There are two main types of edema - generalized edema, where fluid collects in multiple areas of the body, and localized edema, where fluid is confined to a specific body part. Generalized edema can be caused by conditions like congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, and cirrhosis of the liver. Localized edema has causes such as trauma, infection, lymphatic obstruction, and venous obstruction.
Hemodynamic disorders
This document discusses hemodynamic disorders such as edema, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction. It focuses on edema, defining it as abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial tissues or body cavities. Edema fluid can be a transudate or exudate depending on its protein content. The document examines the pathogenesis of edema including increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, and inflammation. It also discusses specific types of edema like pulmonary and cerebral edema.
Oedema agp
- Edema is an increase in interstitial fluid caused by altered Starling forces that increase fluid flow from blood vessels into tissues.
- It can be generalized or localized. Localized edema includes venous, lymphatic, and inflammatory types. Edema can also be pitting or non-pitting.
- Common causes of edema include decreased plasma oncotic pressure, increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, tissue factors, increased capillary permeability, and sodium and water retention.
Oedema and hyperemia
This document discusses edema, hypermia, and congestion. It defines edema as an abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues and lists several types including renal, cardiac, pulmonary, and cerebral edema. Edema is classified as pitting or non-pitting. Hyperaemia is an active process resulting from arterial dilation while congestion is a passive process from impaired venous drainage. Examples of congestion include central venous congestion of the lung seen in left heart failure and congestion of the liver and spleen seen in right heart failure. Microscopically, congestion shows dilated vessels and hemorrhage.
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Hemodynamics 1
This document summarizes hemodynamic disorders and edema. It defines edema as abnormal excessive accumulation of fluid in tissues and serous cavities. Edema can be localized or generalized depending on its cause and distribution. The key mechanisms of edema formation are increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and sodium and water retention. Specific types of edema like pulmonary edema, cerebral edema, hepatic edema, and renal edema are also discussed. The document compares the characteristics of transudate and exudate fluids and provides diagrams to illustrate the pathogenesis of different types of edema.
Hemodynamics - Hyperemia
This document discusses disorders of perfusion including hyperemia, congestion, and hemorrhage. It describes active hyperemia which results from increased demand and passive hyperemia or congestion from impaired venous outflow. Chronic venous congestion can lead to edema, hypoxia, fibrosis, capillary rupture and hemorrhage. Specific organs affected by chronic venous congestion like the liver, lung and spleen are described. The liver shows centrilobular congestion and necrosis while the lung contains hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Grossly organs are enlarged and microscopically show dilated sinusoids, fibrosis and iron-containing macrophages. Different types of hemorrhage like petechiae, purpura
Hyperemia and congestion edema
1. Hyperemia and congestion refer to localized increases in blood volume within dilated vessels and are associated with edema.
2. Edema occurs when hydrostatic pressure is increased or oncotic pressure is decreased, overwhelming the lymphatic system and causing fluid accumulation in tissues.
3. Common causes of edema include increased venous pressure from heart failure, decreased plasma proteins, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, and inflammation.
15 hemodynamic disorders
This document discusses various hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, hemostasis, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, and shock. Edema is an excess of fluid in the interstitial spaces that can occur in response to injury or inflammation. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause. Hyperemia is increased blood flow to an area, congestion is impaired outflow, and hemorrhage is blood escaping from vessels. Hemostasis is the body's natural response to stop bleeding through coagulation. Thrombosis and embolism involve blood clots forming and detaching within vessels. Infarction results from blocked blood flow causing tissue death. Shock is a
edema pathology
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the spaces between cells. There are two main types of edema - generalized edema, where fluid collects in multiple areas of the body, and localized edema, where fluid is confined to a specific body part. Generalized edema can be caused by conditions like congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, and cirrhosis of the liver. Localized edema has causes such as trauma, infection, lymphatic obstruction, and venous obstruction.
Hemodynamic disorders
This document discusses hemodynamic disorders such as edema, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction. It focuses on edema, defining it as abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial tissues or body cavities. Edema fluid can be a transudate or exudate depending on its protein content. The document examines the pathogenesis of edema including increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, and inflammation. It also discusses specific types of edema like pulmonary and cerebral edema.
Oedema agp
- Edema is an increase in interstitial fluid caused by altered Starling forces that increase fluid flow from blood vessels into tissues.
- It can be generalized or localized. Localized edema includes venous, lymphatic, and inflammatory types. Edema can also be pitting or non-pitting.
- Common causes of edema include decreased plasma oncotic pressure, increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, tissue factors, increased capillary permeability, and sodium and water retention.
Oedema and hyperemia
This document discusses edema, hypermia, and congestion. It defines edema as an abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues and lists several types including renal, cardiac, pulmonary, and cerebral edema. Edema is classified as pitting or non-pitting. Hyperaemia is an active process resulting from arterial dilation while congestion is a passive process from impaired venous drainage. Examples of congestion include central venous congestion of the lung seen in left heart failure and congestion of the liver and spleen seen in right heart failure. Microscopically, congestion shows dilated vessels and hemorrhage.
Edema
Edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues. It can occur locally or systemically. There are several mechanisms that can cause edema, including increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and sodium/water retention. Localized edema can be caused by inflammation, venous obstruction, or decreased plasma proteins. Systemic edema is often seen in conditions like congestive heart failure and nephrotic syndrome. Symptoms of edema include swelling, skin indentation, and weight gain.
hemodynamics - oedema
This document discusses various types of edema (abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues), including their causes and characteristics. It covers topics such as Starling's forces that govern fluid movement between blood vessels and tissues, the mechanisms leading to edema formation like increased hydrostatic pressure or reduced colloid osmotic pressure, and different forms of edema like pulmonary edema or cerebral edema. Specific conditions that can cause edema like nephrotic syndrome or congestive heart failure are also described.
8
This document discusses hemodynamic disorders and their classification. It covers topics like hyperemia, hemorrhages, thrombosis, and edema. Hyperemia can be arterial from vasodilation or venous from impaired outflow. Hemorrhages are blood loss classified by size and site. Thrombosis involves inappropriate clotting within vessels. Edema is fluid accumulation in tissues. Organ-specific effects of disorders are also described.
Oedema 2
Oedema, also called hydrops, results from an accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces or body cavities due to diseases rather than being a disease itself. It can be generalized affecting the entire body or localized to certain areas. The causes of oedema include problems with the veins, heart, liver, kidneys, lymphatics, hormones, nutrition, and inflammation which increase hydrostatic pressure, decrease plasma oncotic pressure, obstruct lymphatic drainage, or cause sodium and water retention leading to excess fluid build up.
Oedema new edited
Edema is an excessive accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces or body cavities. There are several types and causes of edema. Cardiac edema is caused by congestive heart failure which increases venous pressure and hydrostatic pressure, pulling fluid from blood vessels into tissues. Renal edema can be caused by nephritic syndrome which causes salt and water retention, or nephrotic syndrome which decreases plasma protein levels. Hepatic edema manifests as ascites and is caused by portal hypertension or low plasma proteins in conditions like liver cirrhosis. Pulmonary edema can result from left heart failure or inflammation while cerebral edema includes cytotoxic edema from cell injury or vesogenic edema from blood brain barrier disruption.
Edema
Edema is excess fluid in the interstitial compartment. It results from an imbalance between hydrostatic pressure pushing fluid into the interstitium, oncotic pressure pulling fluid back into blood vessels, and lymphatic drainage removing interstitial fluid. Common causes of edema include increased hydrostatic pressure from conditions like heart failure, decreased oncotic pressure from low albumin, and impaired lymphatic drainage or sodium retention. Edema can occur systemically or in body cavities and tissues, and causes symptoms depending on its location.
Hemodynamics disorders
1. The document discusses various hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, and shock.
2. Edema results from fluid movement into tissues and can affect subcutaneous tissues, lungs, and brain. Congestion is the passive filling of tissues with blood due to impaired outflow.
3. Thrombosis is the formation of clots within vessels, which can then embolize and travel to other sites (embolism), potentially causing ischemic tissue damage or infarction if blood flow is not restored.
4. Shock represents a failure of circulation to maintain adequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation.
Edema
Precise guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding Edema, and its management. Highly recommended for II B.Sc Nursing Students.
Edema
Edema is an increase in fluid volume in the tissues caused by several factors including increased capillary permeability, hydrostatic pressure, and decreased oncotic pressure. The main types are disseminated edema affecting multiple areas and local edema affecting a specific site. Disseminated edema can be caused by conditions like cardiac failure, nephritic disorders, liver failure, and malnutrition. Local edema includes traumatic, inflammatory, venous, and lymphatic edema. The pathogenesis involves a balance between hydrostatic forces driving fluid out of capillaries and oncotic forces pulling fluid back in.
Disturbances of Circulation (Pathology)
This document discusses disturbances of circulation, including hyperemia and edema. It defines hyperemia as the active or passive engorgement of vascular beds, and describes physiologic and pathologic types. Passive hyperemia, also called congestion, is caused by decreased outflow of blood. The effects of acute and chronic general and local passive hyperemia are outlined through descriptions of gross and microscopic appearances. Edema is defined as the abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial tissues or body cavities.
Edema ppt
This document discusses edema, including its causes, pathology, classification, and characteristics. It summarizes:
1) Edema can be caused by vascular factors like increased capillary hydrostatic pressure or decreased plasma osmotic pressure, or by tissue factors like acute inflammation or sodium retention.
2) Edema is classified as either generalized, affecting multiple body regions, or localized to a specific site. Generalized edema includes cardiac, renal, and nutritional edema, while localized includes inflammatory, venous obstruction, and lymphatic obstruction edema.
3) The characteristics of edema depend on its cause, such as cardiac edema appearing as pitting edema due to right-sided heart failure, while renal edema is generalized and non
Mechanism of edema
Oedema is caused by mechanisms that interfere with normal fluid balance between plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph flow. Fluid movement is controlled by opposing effects of vascular hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure, where excess interstitial fluid is normally drained by lymphatics. Oedema can result from increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma oncotic pressure due to low albumin, lymphatic obstruction impairing drainage, sodium and water retention in the kidneys, or inflammation causing capillary leakage.
Pathophysiology of edema
This document discusses the pathophysiology of edema. It defines edema as swelling caused by excess fluid in the interstitial spaces between tissues. Edema can be classified as transudate or exudate based on protein content, and as localized or generalized based on location. The key mechanisms that can cause edema are increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and sodium and water retention. The movement of fluid between blood vessels and tissues is normally regulated by the balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures according to Starling's forces, but imbalances in these forces can result in excess fluid accumulation in the tissues and cause edema.
Embolism
An embolism is the obstruction of blood vessels by a mass or clot that has detached from its origin and traveled through the bloodstream. Embolisms can be classified based on the material causing the obstruction and the source and direction of blood flow. Common types of embolisms include pulmonary, fat, air, amniotic fluid, and tumor embolisms. Pulmonary embolisms originate in the lower leg veins and are caused by stasis, hypercoagulability, or a saddle embolism. Fat embolisms result from trauma or medical conditions and obstruct arterioles and capillaries. Decompression sickness is a form of gas embolism that affects scuba divers or caisson workers
Edema
Edema is the accumulation of excessive body fluid in interstitial spaces or serous cavities due to diseases rather than being a disease itself. It can be classified based on its range (generalized vs local) or cause (renal, hepatic, cardiac, etc.). Edema develops due to an imbalance in fluid exchange between plasma and tissues or due to renal sodium and water retention. Causes include increased capillary pressure, decreased plasma proteins, obstructed lymphatics, increased capillary permeability, and renal issues. Edema fluid characteristics depend on capillary permeability and it can be pitting or recessive with distribution influenced by factors like gravity. Edema generally harms tissues but may help dilute toxins in
3 hemorrhage
This document discusses hemorrhage, or extravasation of blood due to rupture of blood vessels. Hemorrhage can occur through capillaries due to chronic congestion or hemorrhagic diatheses, or through rupture of a large artery or vein due to vascular injury, trauma, atherosclerosis, or neoplastic erosion of the vessel wall. Manifestations of hemorrhage depend on the size, extent, and location of bleeding and can include hematomas, petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses, and accumulations of blood in body cavities. The clinical significance of hemorrhage depends on the volume and rate of blood loss, with losses over 20% potentially resulting in hemorrh
Oedema
This document discusses edema, including its definition, pathophysiology, common causes, and approaches to diagnosis and management. Edema is caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased colloid osmotic pressure, or increased capillary permeability. Common causes include heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, and pregnancy. The case scenario describes a patient with fatigue, swelling, and liver enlargement, suggesting heart failure as the most likely diagnosis. Diagnostic testing may include chest x-rays, echocardiograms, and lab tests. Treatment involves reversing the underlying cause, restricting dietary sodium, and using diuretic medications.
Ciculatory Problems (Pathology)
This document discusses various types of edema, congestion, thrombosis, infarction and hemorrhages. It provides photos and descriptions of pulmonary edema, chronic passive congestion of the liver, thrombosis in blood vessels, myocardial infarctions in the heart and hemorrhagic infarcts. The key differences between thrombosis and postmortem clots are also outlined.
1 edema
The document discusses edema and fluid balance in the body. It describes the normal circulation of fluid between blood and tissues, mediated by hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. Edema occurs when there is increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, or impaired lymphatic drainage. Specific types of edema discussed include cardiac, hepatic, pulmonary, cerebral, and lymphatic edema. Sites of common edema and clinical significance are also reviewed.
pleural effusion.pptx
This document discusses pleural effusion, which is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. Pleural effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on the fluid characteristics. Transudative effusions are low protein fluids caused by conditions that increase hydrostatic pressure or decrease oncotic pressure like heart failure or liver disease. Exudative effusions are high protein fluids caused by inflammation from conditions such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, or malignancy. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, ultrasound, or thoracentesis to analyze the fluid. Treatment focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause while relieving symptoms through thoracentesis if needed.
cardiac tamponade
Cardiac tamponade is a condition where fluid, blood, pus or clots accumulate in the pericardial space surrounding the heart, compressing the heart and reducing cardiac output. It can occur when the pericardial sac contains over 100ml of fluid rapidly or over 1 liter slowly. Causes include aortic aneurysm, heart attack, cancer, infections, trauma and other conditions. Symptoms include anxiety, shortness of breath, fast heart rate and pulse pressure changes. Diagnosis is made through echocardiogram, chest x-ray and ECG. Treatment involves draining fluid via pericardiocentesis or surgery as well as medications and fluids to support blood pressure.
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Edema
Edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues. It can occur locally or systemically. There are several mechanisms that can cause edema, including increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and sodium/water retention. Localized edema can be caused by inflammation, venous obstruction, or decreased plasma proteins. Systemic edema is often seen in conditions like congestive heart failure and nephrotic syndrome. Symptoms of edema include swelling, skin indentation, and weight gain.
hemodynamics - oedema
This document discusses various types of edema (abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues), including their causes and characteristics. It covers topics such as Starling's forces that govern fluid movement between blood vessels and tissues, the mechanisms leading to edema formation like increased hydrostatic pressure or reduced colloid osmotic pressure, and different forms of edema like pulmonary edema or cerebral edema. Specific conditions that can cause edema like nephrotic syndrome or congestive heart failure are also described.
8
This document discusses hemodynamic disorders and their classification. It covers topics like hyperemia, hemorrhages, thrombosis, and edema. Hyperemia can be arterial from vasodilation or venous from impaired outflow. Hemorrhages are blood loss classified by size and site. Thrombosis involves inappropriate clotting within vessels. Edema is fluid accumulation in tissues. Organ-specific effects of disorders are also described.
Oedema 2
Oedema, also called hydrops, results from an accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces or body cavities due to diseases rather than being a disease itself. It can be generalized affecting the entire body or localized to certain areas. The causes of oedema include problems with the veins, heart, liver, kidneys, lymphatics, hormones, nutrition, and inflammation which increase hydrostatic pressure, decrease plasma oncotic pressure, obstruct lymphatic drainage, or cause sodium and water retention leading to excess fluid build up.
Oedema new edited
Edema is an excessive accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces or body cavities. There are several types and causes of edema. Cardiac edema is caused by congestive heart failure which increases venous pressure and hydrostatic pressure, pulling fluid from blood vessels into tissues. Renal edema can be caused by nephritic syndrome which causes salt and water retention, or nephrotic syndrome which decreases plasma protein levels. Hepatic edema manifests as ascites and is caused by portal hypertension or low plasma proteins in conditions like liver cirrhosis. Pulmonary edema can result from left heart failure or inflammation while cerebral edema includes cytotoxic edema from cell injury or vesogenic edema from blood brain barrier disruption.
Edema
Edema is excess fluid in the interstitial compartment. It results from an imbalance between hydrostatic pressure pushing fluid into the interstitium, oncotic pressure pulling fluid back into blood vessels, and lymphatic drainage removing interstitial fluid. Common causes of edema include increased hydrostatic pressure from conditions like heart failure, decreased oncotic pressure from low albumin, and impaired lymphatic drainage or sodium retention. Edema can occur systemically or in body cavities and tissues, and causes symptoms depending on its location.
Hemodynamics disorders
1. The document discusses various hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, and shock.
2. Edema results from fluid movement into tissues and can affect subcutaneous tissues, lungs, and brain. Congestion is the passive filling of tissues with blood due to impaired outflow.
3. Thrombosis is the formation of clots within vessels, which can then embolize and travel to other sites (embolism), potentially causing ischemic tissue damage or infarction if blood flow is not restored.
4. Shock represents a failure of circulation to maintain adequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation.
Edema
Precise guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding Edema, and its management. Highly recommended for II B.Sc Nursing Students.
Edema
Edema is an increase in fluid volume in the tissues caused by several factors including increased capillary permeability, hydrostatic pressure, and decreased oncotic pressure. The main types are disseminated edema affecting multiple areas and local edema affecting a specific site. Disseminated edema can be caused by conditions like cardiac failure, nephritic disorders, liver failure, and malnutrition. Local edema includes traumatic, inflammatory, venous, and lymphatic edema. The pathogenesis involves a balance between hydrostatic forces driving fluid out of capillaries and oncotic forces pulling fluid back in.
Disturbances of Circulation (Pathology)
This document discusses disturbances of circulation, including hyperemia and edema. It defines hyperemia as the active or passive engorgement of vascular beds, and describes physiologic and pathologic types. Passive hyperemia, also called congestion, is caused by decreased outflow of blood. The effects of acute and chronic general and local passive hyperemia are outlined through descriptions of gross and microscopic appearances. Edema is defined as the abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial tissues or body cavities.
Edema ppt
This document discusses edema, including its causes, pathology, classification, and characteristics. It summarizes:
1) Edema can be caused by vascular factors like increased capillary hydrostatic pressure or decreased plasma osmotic pressure, or by tissue factors like acute inflammation or sodium retention.
2) Edema is classified as either generalized, affecting multiple body regions, or localized to a specific site. Generalized edema includes cardiac, renal, and nutritional edema, while localized includes inflammatory, venous obstruction, and lymphatic obstruction edema.
3) The characteristics of edema depend on its cause, such as cardiac edema appearing as pitting edema due to right-sided heart failure, while renal edema is generalized and non
Mechanism of edema
Oedema is caused by mechanisms that interfere with normal fluid balance between plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph flow. Fluid movement is controlled by opposing effects of vascular hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure, where excess interstitial fluid is normally drained by lymphatics. Oedema can result from increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma oncotic pressure due to low albumin, lymphatic obstruction impairing drainage, sodium and water retention in the kidneys, or inflammation causing capillary leakage.
Pathophysiology of edema
This document discusses the pathophysiology of edema. It defines edema as swelling caused by excess fluid in the interstitial spaces between tissues. Edema can be classified as transudate or exudate based on protein content, and as localized or generalized based on location. The key mechanisms that can cause edema are increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and sodium and water retention. The movement of fluid between blood vessels and tissues is normally regulated by the balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures according to Starling's forces, but imbalances in these forces can result in excess fluid accumulation in the tissues and cause edema.
Embolism
An embolism is the obstruction of blood vessels by a mass or clot that has detached from its origin and traveled through the bloodstream. Embolisms can be classified based on the material causing the obstruction and the source and direction of blood flow. Common types of embolisms include pulmonary, fat, air, amniotic fluid, and tumor embolisms. Pulmonary embolisms originate in the lower leg veins and are caused by stasis, hypercoagulability, or a saddle embolism. Fat embolisms result from trauma or medical conditions and obstruct arterioles and capillaries. Decompression sickness is a form of gas embolism that affects scuba divers or caisson workers
Edema
Edema is the accumulation of excessive body fluid in interstitial spaces or serous cavities due to diseases rather than being a disease itself. It can be classified based on its range (generalized vs local) or cause (renal, hepatic, cardiac, etc.). Edema develops due to an imbalance in fluid exchange between plasma and tissues or due to renal sodium and water retention. Causes include increased capillary pressure, decreased plasma proteins, obstructed lymphatics, increased capillary permeability, and renal issues. Edema fluid characteristics depend on capillary permeability and it can be pitting or recessive with distribution influenced by factors like gravity. Edema generally harms tissues but may help dilute toxins in
3 hemorrhage
This document discusses hemorrhage, or extravasation of blood due to rupture of blood vessels. Hemorrhage can occur through capillaries due to chronic congestion or hemorrhagic diatheses, or through rupture of a large artery or vein due to vascular injury, trauma, atherosclerosis, or neoplastic erosion of the vessel wall. Manifestations of hemorrhage depend on the size, extent, and location of bleeding and can include hematomas, petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses, and accumulations of blood in body cavities. The clinical significance of hemorrhage depends on the volume and rate of blood loss, with losses over 20% potentially resulting in hemorrh
Oedema
This document discusses edema, including its definition, pathophysiology, common causes, and approaches to diagnosis and management. Edema is caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased colloid osmotic pressure, or increased capillary permeability. Common causes include heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, and pregnancy. The case scenario describes a patient with fatigue, swelling, and liver enlargement, suggesting heart failure as the most likely diagnosis. Diagnostic testing may include chest x-rays, echocardiograms, and lab tests. Treatment involves reversing the underlying cause, restricting dietary sodium, and using diuretic medications.
Ciculatory Problems (Pathology)
This document discusses various types of edema, congestion, thrombosis, infarction and hemorrhages. It provides photos and descriptions of pulmonary edema, chronic passive congestion of the liver, thrombosis in blood vessels, myocardial infarctions in the heart and hemorrhagic infarcts. The key differences between thrombosis and postmortem clots are also outlined.
1 edema
The document discusses edema and fluid balance in the body. It describes the normal circulation of fluid between blood and tissues, mediated by hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. Edema occurs when there is increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, or impaired lymphatic drainage. Specific types of edema discussed include cardiac, hepatic, pulmonary, cerebral, and lymphatic edema. Sites of common edema and clinical significance are also reviewed.
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This document discusses pleural effusion, which is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. Pleural effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on the fluid characteristics. Transudative effusions are low protein fluids caused by conditions that increase hydrostatic pressure or decrease oncotic pressure like heart failure or liver disease. Exudative effusions are high protein fluids caused by inflammation from conditions such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, or malignancy. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, ultrasound, or thoracentesis to analyze the fluid. Treatment focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause while relieving symptoms through thoracentesis if needed.
cardiac tamponade
Cardiac tamponade is a condition where fluid, blood, pus or clots accumulate in the pericardial space surrounding the heart, compressing the heart and reducing cardiac output. It can occur when the pericardial sac contains over 100ml of fluid rapidly or over 1 liter slowly. Causes include aortic aneurysm, heart attack, cancer, infections, trauma and other conditions. Symptoms include anxiety, shortness of breath, fast heart rate and pulse pressure changes. Diagnosis is made through echocardiogram, chest x-ray and ECG. Treatment involves draining fluid via pericardiocentesis or surgery as well as medications and fluids to support blood pressure.
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This document discusses various hemodynamic disturbances including congestion, hemorrhage, and edema. It defines these conditions and describes their morphological features. Congestion is a passive increase in blood volume due to impaired outflow, causing tissues to appear cyanotic or red-brown. Hemorrhage can be external or internal, and results from vessel rupture. Edema is the accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces or cavities, and can be localized or generalized. It results from increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, or inflammation. The morphology of congestion, hemorrhage and edema in various organs is described.
Edema, congestion and hemorrage
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitium caused by an imbalance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures that pushes fluid into tissues. It can be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, increased vascular permeability, or decreased plasma oncotic pressure due to low albumin. Treatment focuses on resolving the underlying cause and improving drainage of fluid from tissues.
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This document discusses hemodynamic disorders and edema. It defines edema as an excessive accumulation of fluid in tissues or body cavities. Edema can occur when there is an increase in hydrostatic pressure, decrease in plasma osmotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, or sodium and water retention. The document outlines Starling's forces that normally maintain fluid balance and describes how imbalances in these forces can lead to edema. Causes, clinical signs, pathology, and consequences of edema are also summarized.
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Edema can be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, increased vascular permeability, decreased colloid osmotic pressure, decreased protein synthesis or increased protein loss, or lymphatic obstruction. The major mechanisms are increased hydrostatic pressure, as seen in congestive heart failure, or increased vascular permeability during inflammation. Edema fluid is usually a protein-poor transudate when caused by hydrostatic or oncotic pressure changes, but is a protein-rich exudate with inflammatory causes due to higher vascular permeability.
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Hemodynamic Disorders
Hemodynamic disorders can disrupt blood flow and cause issues like hyperemia, congestion, edema, hemorrhage, embolism, and infarction. Hemostasis maintains blood clotting to prevent bleeding from vessel damage while thrombosis is abnormal clotting within intact vessels. Shock is a state of impaired tissue perfusion due to low cardiac output or blood volume that can damage cells if prolonged.
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hemodynamics
1. Hemodynamic disorders involve changes in blood flow and pressure that can result in edema, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, or shock.
2. Edema occurs when fluid moves from blood vessels into tissues, and can be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma protein levels, lymphatic obstruction, or sodium retention.
3. Hemorrhage is the extravasation of blood from vessels, and can range from small petechiae to life-threatening hematomas depending on location and severity. Rapid or large blood losses can cause shock.
PLEURAL EFFUSION lec.pptx
Pleural effusions occur when there is an excess amount of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. Normally this space contains a small amount of fluid that is produced and reabsorbed continuously. Pleural effusions can be either transudative or exudative depending on the fluid characteristics and are usually caused by other underlying conditions that interfere with fluid balance. Common causes include heart failure, liver disease, and pneumonia. Diagnosis involves analyzing the pleural fluid for properties such as pH, glucose level, and cell count to classify it as transudate or exudate and determine the likely cause.
Hemodynamic disorders
A short intoductory lecture for medical students on general pathology (basic terminology on hemodynamic disorders)
Thrombosis
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel. A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in a vessel and remains attached. Thrombi develop at sites of endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, or hypercoagulability. Arterial thrombi typically arise at sites of atherosclerosis or turbulence, while venous thrombi occur where blood flow is slow. Treatment involves anticoagulants to prevent thrombi from growing or new clots forming.
Hemodynamic Disorders in detail with there mechanisms
These slides give brief description about hemodynamic disorders.
Hemodynamic disorders
This document summarizes various hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, and shock. It defines edema as increased fluid in tissues and discusses common sites of edema such as subcutaneous, pulmonary, and brain edema. It also defines hyperemia as a local increase in blood volume, congestion as passive hyperemia, and discusses common sites of congestion such as pulmonary and liver congestion. Additionally, it discusses hemorrhage as blood vessel rupture and various types including petechiae, purpura, and bruises. Finally, it defines shock as systemic hypoperfusion and discusses the different types and stages of shock.
Type of thrombosis
This document discusses hemodynamic disorders including thrombosis, embolism, and hemorrhage. Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel. It can be caused by endothelial injury, changes in blood flow, changes in blood composition, or hypercoagulability. Embolism occurs when a mass travels through the bloodstream and blocks a vessel. Common types are thromboembolism, fat embolism, air embolism, and amniotic fluid embolism. Hemorrhage is the escape of blood from vessels. It can be external from sites like the skin or internal within body cavities. The effects of hemorrhage range from local homeostasis to systemic shock
Cardiac tamponade
Cardiac tamponade is caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial space, reducing heart filling and function. It requires urgent treatment to remove fluid via pericardiocentesis or surgery. Symptoms include low blood pressure, increased heart rate, and difficulty breathing due to restricted heart movement. A diagnosis is made through echocardiography identifying fluid and heart compression.
Thrombosis, embolism and infarction
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel or cavity of the heart. Virchow identified three main factors that contribute to thrombosis: endothelial injury, changes in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Thrombi can propagate or embolize, becoming lodged in another vessel and resulting in infarction of downstream tissue. Infarctions appear pale/white in solid organs and red/hemorrhagic in lungs/other tissues. Over time, infarcted tissue progresses from coagulative necrosis to phagocytosis and scar formation.
THROMBOSIS & SHOCK
The document discusses thrombosis and shock. It defines thrombosis as the formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel. It then describes different types of thrombosis including deep vein thrombosis, portal vein thrombosis, and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. The causes and mechanisms of thrombosis are also explained. The document also defines shock and describes the different types including cardiogenic, hypovolemic, septic, neurogenic, and anaphylactic shock. It outlines the signs, symptoms and clinical stages from non-progressive to progressive to irreversible shock.
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Edema
- 33. Transudate fluid A transudate is a filtrate of blood . It is due to increased in pressure in the vein and capillaries . That forces through the vessels wall And low level of protein in blood serum Transudate accumulates in tissues outside the blood causes edema
- 34. causes of transudate Increasing the hydrostatic pressure in vessels Left ventricular heart failure Decrease colloid oncotic pressure in blood vessels Cirrhosis, [cirrhosis lead to hypoalbuminism and decrease of colloid oncotic pressure in plasma that causes edema ]
- 35. Exudates fluid An exudates is any fluid that filter from the circulatory system into lesion or area of inflammation It can b pus like or clear fluid when an injury occurs leaving skin exposed ,it leaks out of the blood vessels and into nearby tissues The fluid composed of serum fibrin and WBC
- 36. Causes of exudates Bacterial pneumonia Cancer [lung cancer, breast cancer and lymphoma causing approximately 75percect of all malignant pleural effusion ] Viral infection Pulmonary embolism