This document defines ecological relationships and describes different types of interspecific relationships between species. There are three main types of interspecific relationships: symbiosis, which includes mutualism and commensalism; neutralism; and antagonism. Antagonism includes antibiosis, parasitism, predation, and competition. Specific examples are provided to illustrate different forms of these relationships, such as obligatory and facultative mutualism, endo- and ecto-parasitism, predation between herbivores and carnivores, and resource and interference competition.

1. TOPIC
ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP
By
Miss. Krishna Allewar
SUBJECT - SCIENCE
Date:

2. Definition :-
 Ecological relationship is the relationship
existing between individuals of same or
different species in ecosystem with their
environment.
 Intraspecific relationship- ( same species)
 Interspecific relationship- ( different species)

3. INTERSPECIFIC RELATIONSHIP
Symbiosis Antagonism
Neutralism
( + ,+) ( + ,-)
( 0 ,0)

4. SYMBIOSIS :- ( + ,+ )
MUTUALISM COMMENSELISM
(+ ,+) (+ ,0)
OBLIGATORY
MUTUALISM
FACULTATIVE
MUTUALISM
ENDO -
COMMENSELISM
ECTO -
COMMENSELISM

5. a) OBLIGATORY MUTUALISM – (Long period)
Ex :- Lichens Ex :- paramecium and zoo-
chlorella
1) MUTUALISM – (+ ,+)

6. b) FACULTATIVE MUTUALISM :-
(short period)
Ex 1) :- crocodile
bird and
crocodile
showing
facultative
mutualism.
Ex 2) :- teak bird
and rhinoceros
showing facultative
mutualism

7. 2) COMMENSELISM:- ( +, 0 )
a) ECTO - COMMENSELISM:- Ex. 1)
REMORA FISH

8. 2) ENDO -COMMENSELISM:- Ex. 1)
PEARL FISH AND SEA - CUCUMBER

9. 3) NEUTRALISM:- ( 0, 0 )
Ex. Robin
bird and
squirrel are
neither
benefited
nor harm
from each
other but
inhabit the
same tree.

10. 3) ANTAGONISM:- ( +, - )
ANTIBIOSIS PARASITISM PREDATION COMPETITION
ENDO- PARASITISM
ECTO- PARASITISM

11. ANTAGONISM :-
1. It is the production of harmful secretion by pathogen bacteria.
2. Fungi produce different kinds of antibiotics substances
such as penicilin, streptomycin helpful in destroying
pathogen bacteria.
Ex.
Blue green algae produces toxic
substance, hydroxylamine cause death
of fishes and cattle after drinking that
harmful water.

12. PARASITISM - ( + , - )
ECTO-PARASITISM ENDO-PARASITISM
ECTO-PARASITISM :- In this type of association
parasite live on the body of host.
Ex. Ticks, mites
and leaches
etc.

13. ENDO-PARASITISM :- In this type of association
parasite live inside the body of host.

14. PREDATION
Predators and prey :- Predators are free living organisms that
feeds on other living organisms.
Predators catch and kills the prey and
feeds on them.
There are four types of Predation :-
1. HERBIVORES:-
CARNIVORES:-
2.

15. Insect parasitism:-
cannibalism:- This is the special
form of predation in which predators
and prey are from same species.
2.
1.

16. COMPETITION
INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION
(COMPETE WITH SAME SPECIES) (COMPETE WITH DIFFERENT SPECIES)
THERE ARE AGAIN TWO TYPES OF COMPETITION
Resource competition Interference competition

17. Resource competition :-
Ex. -
Interference competition :- Ex. -

18. “Do not hurt living things”
Do not hurt living things,
Ladybird nor butterfly,
Nor moth with dusty wings,
Nor cricket chirping cheerily,
Nor grasshopper, so light of leap,
Nor dancing gnat,
Nor beetle fat,
Nor harmless worms that creep.

19. THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING…