The document summarizes the major features of Bhutan's economy since 1961. It discusses the timeline of Bhutan's five year plans from 1961-1972, which focused on developing infrastructure like roads, education, health care, agriculture, and hydroelectric power. The economic base in 1971 was described as archaic and subsistence-based with a nonexistent market economy apart from minor internal barter trade. The table provides an overview of Bhutan's economy in different time periods from 1961 to the present, focusing on the role of the state, main economic sectors, and the growth of hydroelectricity.
This document discusses various measures used to assess economic development. It defines Gross National Product (GNP) as the value of goods and services produced in a country plus those produced abroad. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the value of all goods and services produced locally or by foreign companies within a country. The Human Development Index (HDI) measures life expectancy, education levels, and income to assess overall human development. The document also outlines characteristics of developed, newly industrialized, and least developed countries.
Developing nations typically have 5 key characteristics: 1) widespread poverty where basic needs cannot be reliably met; 2) a large percentage (50-70%) of the workforce in agriculture, which is unreliable due to poor soil/tools/conditions and results in food shortages; 3) scarce capital both physical (tools, infrastructure) and human (education, skills); 4) limited imports due to low exports after meeting local needs with natural resources; and 5) rapidly growing populations which further strains limited resources.
Main objectives of fiscal policy in india ↓hiten91
The document outlines the main objectives of fiscal policy in India. It discusses 11 objectives: 1) development through effective resource mobilization, 2) efficient allocation of resources, 3) reduction of income/wealth inequalities, 4) price stability and inflation control, 5) employment generation, 6) balanced regional development, 7) reducing balance of payments deficits, 8) increasing capital formation, 9) increasing national income, 10) infrastructure development, and 11) increasing foreign exchange earnings. The conclusion states that fiscal policy tools like public expenditure, taxation, borrowing, and deficit financing must be used effectively to achieve these objectives.
Public expenditure refers to spending by central, state, and local governments. It can be classified in several ways: by function (defense, welfare); as revenue/capital; transfer/non-transfer; and productive/unproductive. Transfer expenditures like pensions provide benefits without returns, while non-transfer expenditures like infrastructure create outputs. Factors driving higher public spending include increased population and government functions, rising prices and costs, greater national wealth and tax revenue, and expanded social and development programs.
Milton Friedman's Monetary History of the United States provided empirical evidence that crushed the Keynesian model, showing through data that "inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon." The document discusses how Friedman concluded that money supply, not just government spending, is a key driver of economic activity and inflation. It also outlines Friedman's restatement of the quantity theory of money in his money demand function, which models the demand for money based on price level, real income, and interest rates on bonds, equity, and durable goods.
1) Inflation can be caused by demand-side factors like excess aggregate demand or cost-push factors like external supply shocks.
2) Demand-pull inflation occurs when aggregate demand exceeds potential output, leading businesses to raise prices to increase profits. Cost-push inflation is caused by increases in input costs like wages, commodities, or exchange rates, forcing businesses to raise prices.
3) The document discusses causes of inflation in the UK including the economic cycle, exchange rates, taxes, and money supply growth for demand-pull inflation and wage growth, import prices, and commodity prices for cost-push inflation.
Capital formation is a key determinant of economic development according to the document. Higher capital formation leads to greater productive capacity and higher national income. Capital formation depends on income, savings, and investment. Natural resources also play an important role if they are utilized fully. Other factors discussed include marketable agricultural surplus, conditions of foreign trade, economic systems, human capital formation, technical know-how, education, infrastructure, political stability, and reduction of corruption.
This document provides an overview of economic development concepts and issues. It defines development as a multi-dimensional process involving social and economic reorganization to improve quality of life. Traditional views saw development as economic growth, while newer views emphasize reducing poverty and inequality. Sen's capabilities approach sees development as expanding freedoms. The document also discusses objectives of development, characteristics of developing nations, differences between growth and development, and indices like HDI and MDGs that measure development progress.
This document discusses various measures used to assess economic development. It defines Gross National Product (GNP) as the value of goods and services produced in a country plus those produced abroad. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the value of all goods and services produced locally or by foreign companies within a country. The Human Development Index (HDI) measures life expectancy, education levels, and income to assess overall human development. The document also outlines characteristics of developed, newly industrialized, and least developed countries.
Developing nations typically have 5 key characteristics: 1) widespread poverty where basic needs cannot be reliably met; 2) a large percentage (50-70%) of the workforce in agriculture, which is unreliable due to poor soil/tools/conditions and results in food shortages; 3) scarce capital both physical (tools, infrastructure) and human (education, skills); 4) limited imports due to low exports after meeting local needs with natural resources; and 5) rapidly growing populations which further strains limited resources.
Main objectives of fiscal policy in india ↓hiten91
The document outlines the main objectives of fiscal policy in India. It discusses 11 objectives: 1) development through effective resource mobilization, 2) efficient allocation of resources, 3) reduction of income/wealth inequalities, 4) price stability and inflation control, 5) employment generation, 6) balanced regional development, 7) reducing balance of payments deficits, 8) increasing capital formation, 9) increasing national income, 10) infrastructure development, and 11) increasing foreign exchange earnings. The conclusion states that fiscal policy tools like public expenditure, taxation, borrowing, and deficit financing must be used effectively to achieve these objectives.
Public expenditure refers to spending by central, state, and local governments. It can be classified in several ways: by function (defense, welfare); as revenue/capital; transfer/non-transfer; and productive/unproductive. Transfer expenditures like pensions provide benefits without returns, while non-transfer expenditures like infrastructure create outputs. Factors driving higher public spending include increased population and government functions, rising prices and costs, greater national wealth and tax revenue, and expanded social and development programs.
Milton Friedman's Monetary History of the United States provided empirical evidence that crushed the Keynesian model, showing through data that "inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon." The document discusses how Friedman concluded that money supply, not just government spending, is a key driver of economic activity and inflation. It also outlines Friedman's restatement of the quantity theory of money in his money demand function, which models the demand for money based on price level, real income, and interest rates on bonds, equity, and durable goods.
1) Inflation can be caused by demand-side factors like excess aggregate demand or cost-push factors like external supply shocks.
2) Demand-pull inflation occurs when aggregate demand exceeds potential output, leading businesses to raise prices to increase profits. Cost-push inflation is caused by increases in input costs like wages, commodities, or exchange rates, forcing businesses to raise prices.
3) The document discusses causes of inflation in the UK including the economic cycle, exchange rates, taxes, and money supply growth for demand-pull inflation and wage growth, import prices, and commodity prices for cost-push inflation.
Capital formation is a key determinant of economic development according to the document. Higher capital formation leads to greater productive capacity and higher national income. Capital formation depends on income, savings, and investment. Natural resources also play an important role if they are utilized fully. Other factors discussed include marketable agricultural surplus, conditions of foreign trade, economic systems, human capital formation, technical know-how, education, infrastructure, political stability, and reduction of corruption.
This document provides an overview of economic development concepts and issues. It defines development as a multi-dimensional process involving social and economic reorganization to improve quality of life. Traditional views saw development as economic growth, while newer views emphasize reducing poverty and inequality. Sen's capabilities approach sees development as expanding freedoms. The document also discusses objectives of development, characteristics of developing nations, differences between growth and development, and indices like HDI and MDGs that measure development progress.
Kerala has a population of over 3.3 crore with a high population density of 859 people per square kilometer. It has high human development indicators like life expectancy, literacy rates over 90%, and low infant and maternal mortality. The economy has shifted from primary to tertiary sector, with services contributing over 68% of state domestic product. The per capita income of Kerala grew continuously between 2005-06 to 2010-11 at constant prices.
This document discusses several key human development indicators used by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to measure and analyze development. It introduces the Human Development Index (HDI), Human Poverty Index (HPI), and Gender-Related Development Index (GDI). The HDI measures overall development based on health, education, and income indicators. The HPI measures deprivation in these areas. The GDI adjusts the HDI to account for inequalities between men and women. The document provides details on how each index is calculated and examples of country rankings. It also discusses some challenges and factors influencing human development progress in India.
The document discusses factors that determine foreign exchange rates, including:
- Fundamental factors like the balance of payments, economic growth rates, fiscal and monetary policy, interest rates, and political stability.
- Technical factors like government control of exchange rates and capital flows between countries.
- Speculation, which can increase exchange rate volatility.
It also examines how market fundamentals, expectations, and capital asset transfers impact exchange rates in the short-term, while economic activity, inflation, investment, trade policy influence long-term exchange rates. Purchasing power parity is discussed as a better way to compare GDP between countries than market exchange rates.
The document discusses differing views on the concept of development over time. It describes how development was initially viewed primarily as economic growth, but perspectives broadened to incorporate social, environmental, and human dimensions. Sustainable development emerged as a concept that aims for growth that meets current needs without compromising future generations by considering economic, social and environmental factors. The human development index was also introduced as a measure that goes beyond just economic indicators.
The document discusses various economic measurements and factors that are used to evaluate the strength of a nation's economy, including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), standard of living, inflation rate, unemployment rate, productivity, and others. It provides examples and charts to illustrate trends in these measurements in the United States over recent decades, finding generally stable inflation, low unemployment, and increasing productivity and GDP.
The Peacock-Wiseman Hypothesis proposes that government spending evolves in a step-like pattern coinciding with social upheavals like wars. It involves three related elements: 1) The displacement effect, where spending increases during disturbances, raising taxes and the budget. 2) The inspection effect, where increased spending leads to reviewing revenue needs. 3) The concentration effect, where spending and revenue stabilize at a new higher level until the next disturbance causes another displacement effect. Along with these effects, it explains the concept of a tolerance level of taxation that a population is willing to tolerate.
The development gap and how it can be measuredjodiecmills
There are several ways to measure development levels and the gap between developed and developing countries:
1) GDP and GNP per capita are traditional economic measures but don't capture inequalities within countries.
2) Social indicators like health, education, and housing provide a more holistic view of development.
3) Composite indices that combine economic and social factors, such as the Human Development Index, provide a comprehensive overview of development levels.
4) Other indices measure specific issues like the digital divide, gender inequality, and livability between countries. No single measure can fully capture a country's development status.
The document defines and discusses different aspects of poverty. It defines absolute and relative poverty, with absolute poverty referring to lack of means to meet basic needs and relative poverty considering social and economic status compared to others. It discusses the poverty line as the minimum income level required to afford life's necessities, and how the World Bank adjusted the international poverty line over time. It provides statistics on global and regional poverty rates. For India, it details how the poverty line was originally calculated and varies between states, with some below 10% and others above 40%. It also discusses inequality, the Gini coefficient measure of inequality, and how India's Gini index and inequality has risen in recent decades.
Economic growth refers to an increase in real GDP or real GDP per capita over time. It is important because it lessens the burdens of scarcity. Two key factors that lead to long-term economic growth are increases in the quantity of labor through population growth and increases in the quality of labor through productivity gains. Together, steady growth in the labor force and productivity allow countries to experience sustainable increases in real GDP and living standards over generations.
Economic growth measures the value of goods and services produced, but does not account for how wealth is distributed or people's well-being. Economic development aims to measure human welfare more directly by considering factors like poverty, political freedoms, education, health, and standard of living. However, development is a complex, subjective concept that can be defined and measured in different ways. The Human Development Index tries to capture multiple dimensions of welfare, but other aspects may also be relevant for understanding development.
This document discusses various indicators used to measure economic development. It describes two main categories of indicators - income-based and quality-based. Among the most important indicators are per capita income, the Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI), and the Human Development Index (HDI). The PQLI uses measures of life expectancy, infant mortality, and literacy to evaluate quality of life. The HDI takes a broader approach by considering factors like health, education, and standard of living. While useful, all indicators have limitations. The HDI is now widely used internationally to provide a more comprehensive view of development.
This document discusses inflation, including its causes, types, effects, and methods for controlling it. It outlines two main types of inflation - cost-push inflation, which is caused by increases in production costs, and demand-pull inflation, which occurs when demand increases faster than supply. The document also examines the impacts of inflation and various monetary and fiscal policies that can be used to reduce inflation, such as increasing interest rates, reducing government spending, and implementing price controls.
The US has been running large budget deficits for decades, putting its credit rating at risk. The national debt ceiling limits how much the government can borrow to fund its spending. In 2011, the US reached its debt ceiling which threatened its ability to pay its bills and led to a major political debate. Congress eventually passed legislation to raise the debt ceiling and reduce future spending. The high budget deficits and political disagreements over spending contributed to Standard and Poor's decision to downgrade the US credit rating.
The document discusses key concepts related to economic development. It defines development as a multidimensional process aimed at improving people's well-being and opportunities rather than just economic growth. Development is measured using economic, social, and demographic indicators like GDP, literacy rates, and life expectancy. Core values of development include meeting basic needs, improving self-esteem, and increasing freedom. The objectives are raising living standards, enhancing well-being and economic choices. Countries are classified by levels of development from least to most developed. Factors like poverty, population growth, and exploitation have hampered development in less developed countries.
Monetary policy refers to actions taken by central banks to control money supply and credit conditions in order to promote economic growth and stability. The key objectives of monetary policy are full employment, price stability, economic growth, and balance of payments equilibrium. Central banks use both quantitative and qualitative instruments to achieve these objectives. Quantitative instruments include open market operations, bank rate changes, and reserve requirement ratios. Qualitative instruments include credit rationing, margin requirements, and moral suasion. Recent trends in India's monetary policy include keeping the repo rate unchanged at 8% while reducing statutory liquidity ratio requirements.
The document provides an introduction to key concepts in economics, including:
1) Economics involves making choices due to scarce resources and unlimited wants. It studies how individuals and societies make decisions about production, consumption, and distribution.
2) The four factors of production are land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. Goods and services are produced using these factors.
3) Individuals and societies face trade-offs in how they use limited resources to fulfill needs and wants. Opportunity cost is the value of the next best choice not taken.
Macroeconomics deals with the aggregate or total level of key economic variables for an entire economy, such as output, consumption, investment, employment, and prices. It examines unemployment, inflation, and output growth. The document provides definitions and explanations of these macroeconomic concepts as well as the scope and importance of macroeconomics in understanding national economies and formulating policy.
This document provides an overview of Bhutan, including its history, geography, population, and culture. Some key points:
- Bhutan was historically a remote Buddhist kingdom that opened up in the 20th century. Its early history is obscure but it has been inhabited for at least 2,000 years.
- The mountainous country is landlocked and located in the Eastern Himalayas, bordering India and China. The population is around 750,000 and mainly Buddhist.
- Historically an agrarian economy, Bhutan now relies on hydropower exports and tourism. It has pursued a development strategy of gradually opening up while preserving its cultural and environmental heritage.
Bhutan PEST analysis and relationship with India.Lakhyajit Kalita
Political, Economical, Social and Cultural analysis of Bhutan and it's relationship, importance for India.
Bhutan is far from other advanced countries but near to peaceful blue skies.
So I hope you'll learn some new information from the presentation.
Kerala has a population of over 3.3 crore with a high population density of 859 people per square kilometer. It has high human development indicators like life expectancy, literacy rates over 90%, and low infant and maternal mortality. The economy has shifted from primary to tertiary sector, with services contributing over 68% of state domestic product. The per capita income of Kerala grew continuously between 2005-06 to 2010-11 at constant prices.
This document discusses several key human development indicators used by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to measure and analyze development. It introduces the Human Development Index (HDI), Human Poverty Index (HPI), and Gender-Related Development Index (GDI). The HDI measures overall development based on health, education, and income indicators. The HPI measures deprivation in these areas. The GDI adjusts the HDI to account for inequalities between men and women. The document provides details on how each index is calculated and examples of country rankings. It also discusses some challenges and factors influencing human development progress in India.
The document discusses factors that determine foreign exchange rates, including:
- Fundamental factors like the balance of payments, economic growth rates, fiscal and monetary policy, interest rates, and political stability.
- Technical factors like government control of exchange rates and capital flows between countries.
- Speculation, which can increase exchange rate volatility.
It also examines how market fundamentals, expectations, and capital asset transfers impact exchange rates in the short-term, while economic activity, inflation, investment, trade policy influence long-term exchange rates. Purchasing power parity is discussed as a better way to compare GDP between countries than market exchange rates.
The document discusses differing views on the concept of development over time. It describes how development was initially viewed primarily as economic growth, but perspectives broadened to incorporate social, environmental, and human dimensions. Sustainable development emerged as a concept that aims for growth that meets current needs without compromising future generations by considering economic, social and environmental factors. The human development index was also introduced as a measure that goes beyond just economic indicators.
The document discusses various economic measurements and factors that are used to evaluate the strength of a nation's economy, including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), standard of living, inflation rate, unemployment rate, productivity, and others. It provides examples and charts to illustrate trends in these measurements in the United States over recent decades, finding generally stable inflation, low unemployment, and increasing productivity and GDP.
The Peacock-Wiseman Hypothesis proposes that government spending evolves in a step-like pattern coinciding with social upheavals like wars. It involves three related elements: 1) The displacement effect, where spending increases during disturbances, raising taxes and the budget. 2) The inspection effect, where increased spending leads to reviewing revenue needs. 3) The concentration effect, where spending and revenue stabilize at a new higher level until the next disturbance causes another displacement effect. Along with these effects, it explains the concept of a tolerance level of taxation that a population is willing to tolerate.
The development gap and how it can be measuredjodiecmills
There are several ways to measure development levels and the gap between developed and developing countries:
1) GDP and GNP per capita are traditional economic measures but don't capture inequalities within countries.
2) Social indicators like health, education, and housing provide a more holistic view of development.
3) Composite indices that combine economic and social factors, such as the Human Development Index, provide a comprehensive overview of development levels.
4) Other indices measure specific issues like the digital divide, gender inequality, and livability between countries. No single measure can fully capture a country's development status.
The document defines and discusses different aspects of poverty. It defines absolute and relative poverty, with absolute poverty referring to lack of means to meet basic needs and relative poverty considering social and economic status compared to others. It discusses the poverty line as the minimum income level required to afford life's necessities, and how the World Bank adjusted the international poverty line over time. It provides statistics on global and regional poverty rates. For India, it details how the poverty line was originally calculated and varies between states, with some below 10% and others above 40%. It also discusses inequality, the Gini coefficient measure of inequality, and how India's Gini index and inequality has risen in recent decades.
Economic growth refers to an increase in real GDP or real GDP per capita over time. It is important because it lessens the burdens of scarcity. Two key factors that lead to long-term economic growth are increases in the quantity of labor through population growth and increases in the quality of labor through productivity gains. Together, steady growth in the labor force and productivity allow countries to experience sustainable increases in real GDP and living standards over generations.
Economic growth measures the value of goods and services produced, but does not account for how wealth is distributed or people's well-being. Economic development aims to measure human welfare more directly by considering factors like poverty, political freedoms, education, health, and standard of living. However, development is a complex, subjective concept that can be defined and measured in different ways. The Human Development Index tries to capture multiple dimensions of welfare, but other aspects may also be relevant for understanding development.
This document discusses various indicators used to measure economic development. It describes two main categories of indicators - income-based and quality-based. Among the most important indicators are per capita income, the Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI), and the Human Development Index (HDI). The PQLI uses measures of life expectancy, infant mortality, and literacy to evaluate quality of life. The HDI takes a broader approach by considering factors like health, education, and standard of living. While useful, all indicators have limitations. The HDI is now widely used internationally to provide a more comprehensive view of development.
This document discusses inflation, including its causes, types, effects, and methods for controlling it. It outlines two main types of inflation - cost-push inflation, which is caused by increases in production costs, and demand-pull inflation, which occurs when demand increases faster than supply. The document also examines the impacts of inflation and various monetary and fiscal policies that can be used to reduce inflation, such as increasing interest rates, reducing government spending, and implementing price controls.
The US has been running large budget deficits for decades, putting its credit rating at risk. The national debt ceiling limits how much the government can borrow to fund its spending. In 2011, the US reached its debt ceiling which threatened its ability to pay its bills and led to a major political debate. Congress eventually passed legislation to raise the debt ceiling and reduce future spending. The high budget deficits and political disagreements over spending contributed to Standard and Poor's decision to downgrade the US credit rating.
The document discusses key concepts related to economic development. It defines development as a multidimensional process aimed at improving people's well-being and opportunities rather than just economic growth. Development is measured using economic, social, and demographic indicators like GDP, literacy rates, and life expectancy. Core values of development include meeting basic needs, improving self-esteem, and increasing freedom. The objectives are raising living standards, enhancing well-being and economic choices. Countries are classified by levels of development from least to most developed. Factors like poverty, population growth, and exploitation have hampered development in less developed countries.
Monetary policy refers to actions taken by central banks to control money supply and credit conditions in order to promote economic growth and stability. The key objectives of monetary policy are full employment, price stability, economic growth, and balance of payments equilibrium. Central banks use both quantitative and qualitative instruments to achieve these objectives. Quantitative instruments include open market operations, bank rate changes, and reserve requirement ratios. Qualitative instruments include credit rationing, margin requirements, and moral suasion. Recent trends in India's monetary policy include keeping the repo rate unchanged at 8% while reducing statutory liquidity ratio requirements.
The document provides an introduction to key concepts in economics, including:
1) Economics involves making choices due to scarce resources and unlimited wants. It studies how individuals and societies make decisions about production, consumption, and distribution.
2) The four factors of production are land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. Goods and services are produced using these factors.
3) Individuals and societies face trade-offs in how they use limited resources to fulfill needs and wants. Opportunity cost is the value of the next best choice not taken.
Macroeconomics deals with the aggregate or total level of key economic variables for an entire economy, such as output, consumption, investment, employment, and prices. It examines unemployment, inflation, and output growth. The document provides definitions and explanations of these macroeconomic concepts as well as the scope and importance of macroeconomics in understanding national economies and formulating policy.
This document provides an overview of Bhutan, including its history, geography, population, and culture. Some key points:
- Bhutan was historically a remote Buddhist kingdom that opened up in the 20th century. Its early history is obscure but it has been inhabited for at least 2,000 years.
- The mountainous country is landlocked and located in the Eastern Himalayas, bordering India and China. The population is around 750,000 and mainly Buddhist.
- Historically an agrarian economy, Bhutan now relies on hydropower exports and tourism. It has pursued a development strategy of gradually opening up while preserving its cultural and environmental heritage.
Bhutan PEST analysis and relationship with India.Lakhyajit Kalita
Political, Economical, Social and Cultural analysis of Bhutan and it's relationship, importance for India.
Bhutan is far from other advanced countries but near to peaceful blue skies.
So I hope you'll learn some new information from the presentation.
Handicrafts are items made by hand using simple tools that are artistic and traditional. Common types include textiles, clay, metal, wood, and stone crafts.
In Bangladesh, the handicraft sector comprises small rural manufacturing units operated by owners or small workforces. Approximately 3 million people are employed in textile, jute, wood, and other handicrafts. Key players in the sector include NGO exporters and manufacturers.
Common handicraft products from Bangladesh include antiques, bamboo/wood crafts, and other gifts. The document then shifts to providing background information on Bangladesh's history, government, geography, economy, and other details.
This document provides an overview of geography, history, and economic conditions in East and Southern Africa. It discusses Kenya's physical geography and the effects of British colonial rule on settlement patterns. It then covers cash crop agriculture in Kenya and political instability. The document next summarizes the strategic locations and challenges facing several East African countries, including conflicts and drought. It also discusses South Africa's history of racial divisions under apartheid and the country's transition to multi-racial democracy in the 1990s.
Bhutan has a population of around 791,121 people who primarily speak Dzongkha. Buddhism is the dominant religion, influencing both daily life and government. Historically known as the Southern Land of Darkness, Bhutan was united in 1616. The national identity is closely tied to Buddhism, and oral tradition has long been important to passing down culture. The economy relies on agriculture, forestry, hydropower and tourism, with India as the largest trading partner. While economic freedom is high, Bhutan also faces challenges like a trade deficit and government debt.
Bhutan has a population of around 791,121 people who primarily speak Dzongkha. Buddhism is the dominant religion, influencing both daily life and government. Historically known as the Southern Land of Darkness, Bhutan was united in 1616. The national identity is closely tied to Buddhism, and oral tradition has long been important to passing down culture. The economy relies on agriculture, forestry, hydropower and tourism, with India as the largest trading partner. While economic freedom is high, challenges include a large trade deficit and government debt.
The document discusses the Purvanchal region of northern India, located in eastern Uttar Pradesh. It describes Purvanchal's geography, demographics, economy, infrastructure issues, and proposals for development. Purvanchal faces challenges like poverty, unemployment, low literacy and gender inequality. The region has abundant agriculture but lacks adequate transportation, education, healthcare and industrial development. The document argues for comprehensive regional planning and infrastructure development to promote balanced growth in Purvanchal.
with this ppt you will learn about What could be the reason of uneven distribution of population of India? and the Major Factors and also the Minor-Factors.
This document discusses the vision for peace, progress and prosperity in India's Northeastern region by 2020. It outlines the region's economic and social challenges due to its isolation following partition in 1947. The region lags behind the rest of India on many development indicators like income, infrastructure and power consumption. The vision is for the region to catch up economically by accelerating annual income growth rates to 7.9-13.3% through 2020 to achieve national average income levels and standards of living. This will require major investments in infrastructure, private sector growth, and improved governance.
Development of Agriculture Technology in the United Provinces (U.P.) during t...RSIS International
Agriculture which forms the mainstay of millions in
India was primitive in nature and insufficient to cope up with the
requirements. When British consolidated its position in India
following suppression of the 1858 Mutiny introduced a few
reforms in this sector. Introduction of the American plough, new
variety of seeds and fertilizers together with canal irrigation
system somehow improved the production. But the real motive
behind introduction of these reforms was not general public
welfare. Preference was given for the production of cash crops to
cereals and faulty distribution system led to recurrent famines
resulting in high crude death rate. Low potential supply of
irrigated water especially to eastern and the southern parts of the
province kept the people starved till the Independence of India in1947.
The document summarizes the physical geography, history, culture, and current state of the Indian subcontinent and its neighboring countries. It describes the region's mountain ranges, river systems, climate zones, and how they have shaped settlement and agriculture. It provides an overview of the major empires and civilizations that have risen and fallen across the subcontinent over millennia, and how the British came to dominate the region politically and economically in modern times. Religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam are discussed in relation to their influence on culture and society. Challenges facing modern India and its neighbors like large populations, poverty, and political conflicts are also highlighted.
- India's economy was transformed under British colonial rule from an independent economy focused on agriculture and handicrafts to a colonial economy focused on exporting raw materials and importing British manufactured goods.
- Key policies like deindustrialization, lack of infrastructure investment in India, and restricting India's foreign trade weakened India's economic development and caused per capita income to decline relative to Britain.
- At independence, India adopted a mixed economy, combining socialist policies like economic planning with private enterprise, in order to promote equitable growth while maintaining economic freedom.
The document provides an overview of Bangladesh's history and economy. It discusses (1) Bangladesh's history before British colonization when it was a prosperous agricultural region, (2) its economic decline under British and Pakistani rule when it became dependent on agriculture, (3) the challenges it faced after independence including loss of markets, infrastructure damage from war, and overpopulation, and (4) its recent economic growth led by sectors like agriculture, garments, remittances, and infrastructure development to become a rapidly developing $269 billion economy.
1) Colonialism had significant economic, political, and social impacts on British India. Economically, the East India Company's exploitation of resources drained wealth from India and contributed to poverty. Politically, it provided unity but excluded Indians from representation. Socially, it undermined local cultures and imposed racial segregation.
2) As an internal colony of Pakistan, East Pakistan faced economic disparity, with resources disproportionately directed to West Pakistan. West Pakistan dominated government and military while East Pakistan's jute exports generated revenue that was not reinvested locally. This inter-colonial relationship exacerbated issues like food insecurity in East Pakistan.
3) Colonialism destroyed India's industries and crafts while imposing taxes
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The document provides an overview of the region of South Asia by covering its history, physical geography, climate, ecosystems, culture, economy, and technology. Key points include: South Asia is home to Hinduism and Buddhism and has been conquered by various empires over centuries. The landscape ranges from deserts to rainforests to the Himalayas. The climate varies from tropical wet to arid. Ecosystems include tropical grasslands, rainforests, and desert scrub. South Asia has a large population with urban and rural populations intermixing old and new building styles. The economy relies on subsistence farming and manufacturing, though many are moving to cities. Access to technology and information varies significantly between countries.
This document discusses rural and urban development. It notes that rural development aims to improve quality of life in isolated areas, but rural areas often face problems like low incomes, lack of infrastructure, and poverty. It then outlines various rural development programs and lessons from China's collectivization. The document also discusses that urban development guides land use and transportation. It notes Southeast Asian cities were formed by European colonizers and discusses Spanish influences on developing Philippine cities and their economic activities during that time.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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occur natural.
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Introduction to major features of bhutanese economy since 1961 by Tanveer Reza Rouf
1. Major features of
Bhutanese Economy since
1961
ECO 242 (Bhutanese Economy –I) Spring 2013
Topic-1
Tanveer Reza Rouf
2. What is in a name?
Shangri-La (Doig, desmond, Bhutan, the mountain Kingdom,
National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 123, 1963, pp. 398-429)
Bhot ant or Bhu uttan (Sanskrit, meaning „end of Tibet‟ or
„highland)
Lho Mon (Land south of Tibet- ancient Buddhist writers of Tibet)
Drukyul (Durkpa Kagyupa sect of Mahayana Biddhism came to
flourish 1200 years ago)
Land of Thunder Dragon (dragon stands for peace and does not
spit fire)
Ref: Misra, H.N. 2007. Bhutan: Problems and Policies. Chapter-1: Socio-
Economic background.
3. What is in a name?
Buffer zone (Lord Curzon)
Gated community (protected by mountains and other natural
barriers and self imposed isolation for a long time and heavily
guarded even to this day)
Migrant’s land? (one theory: originally inhabited by “Tephoo”
tribes from Cooch bihar & another theory: Tibetan migrants
are actually the Bhoteas as they are the same people)
4. Some general info
Size = 46,000 sq. km (roughly the size of
Switzerland or 41,000 sq. km)
Duars=higher connectivity with India
Population = less than 1 million
Average density= 26 persons/sq. km
4 administrative regions= Eastern, western, central
and southern
5. Regional economy based
highly on regional elevation
Northern region
Geography: valleys from 3500m to 5000m and
ranges above 5000m, cold climatic conditions,
winter temperatures often below freezing point,
covered by snow nearly half the year, almost barren,
alpine vegetation, grassy ground
Population: sparse nomadic groups
Economy: livestock farming is the only feasible
occupation now {what about future?}
6. Regional economy based
highly on regional elevation
Central region
Geography: valleys from 1500m but below 5000m, hill ranges
radiate southward, watersheds formed among principal rivers,
level land limited to narrow valleys such as Paro, Thimphu,
Punakha and Bumthang, Black mountain divides region into
western and eastern Bhutan, temperate type of climate,
exceptions are Punakha and Wangduephodrang all valleys get
very cold during winter, rainfall does not exceed 100 cm/
year, temperate type forests (flora: broad leaved and conifers),
fertile rivers valleys grow rice, wheat, barley and maize,
highest settlement
Economy: agricultural farming before, but changing fast now
{what about future?}
7. Regional economy based
highly on regional elevation
Southern region
Geography: Duar plains and foothills, narrow belt
ranging from 30-50 km, hot and humid climate,
500cm/year rainfall, average temp = 20 C, tropical
deciduous vegetation, timber rich region, alluvial soil,
densely populated region, land is cultivated for paddy,
maize, wheat, etc, region most connected to India
Economy: trade based and manufacturing hub due to
cheap Indian labor, raw materials and access to Indian
railroad networks and Indian market {what about
future?}
8. Natural resource base:
Water
Near unlimited water resources
Huge potential for hydro-electricity due to river
flow and sparse population
Gov. India‟s support led to construction of first
hydro electric plant
1979 only 2.5 MW
Will global warming have significant negative
impacts on this potential?
9. Natural resource base:
Forest
Tropical (181.2m to 1510m), temperate (1510 to
3624m) and alpine pasture grounds (3624m to
4832m)
Rich in medicinal plants
Forest cover is maintained at above 60% always as
mandated by constitution
All commercial felling was banned and timber trade
was nationalized in 1979
10. Natural resource base:
Minerals
Immense mineral deposits
Examples: calc-tufa, coal, copper, dolomite, graphite,
gypsum, lead, zinc, limestone, marble, slate, talc and
beryl pyrite
Most mineral deposits are concentrated in South only
More exploration needed in Central region
Mining industry contributes very little to economy due
to : difficult terrain conditions, absence of transportation
and communication facilities and the low unit value of
these nonmetallic minerals
11. Timeline
1907 hereditary monarchy established and Bhutan more united
than ever under Ugyen Wangchuk
1949 signed treaty with Govt. of India
1953 Tshogdu (a national assembly composed of
representatives of people, civil admin. And monastic order)
1956 serfdom was abolished and land reform measures
introduced
1959 China annexed Tibet and sent shockwaves through
Bhutan‟s political elites
1961 signed Colombo Plan
1965 Royal Advisory Council established
1968 Council of Ministers established
1971 became a member of UN
12. Background of Bhutanese
socio-political history-1
No authentic info before 6th century AD
Rather chaotic and violent interlude from then until
17th century, when Zabdrung unified the country
Current Bhutan is the way it is due to the changes
he brought about
Tibetan-Mongol invasions throughout the history
also played a major role in unifying the country
13. 1st FYP: 1961 to 1966
The first 5 FYP set Bhutan on the way to planned
national development.
With an approved outlay of 1747 lakhs of rupees or
Ngultrum the plan aimed at creating in the country
Basic infrastructural facilities like
roads, power, communication system, transport ,
agriculture and animal husbandry.
14. 1st FYP: 1961 to 1966
Project Amount allocated
Roads 620 lakhs
Education 100 lakhs
Transport 75 lakhs
Health 32 lakhs
Forests 32 lakhs
Agriculture 20 lakhs
Power 16 lakhs
Animal Husbandry 15 Lakhs
Industries 11 lakhs
Miscellaneous 91 Lakhs
15. 1st FYP: 1961 to 1966
The main achievements :
Infrastructure:
1770kms of roads were constructed
including the 208 kms highway which connected
Phuntsholing on the Indian borders with Paro and
Thimphu.
Other roads constructed were from Paro to Haa, from
Tashigang to Darrang , and from Sarbang and
Gelegphu to Charing and Trongsa.
Improvements were effected in the road transport
systems, and communication facilities on the
modern lines were begun in the country.
16. 1st FYP: 1961 to 1966
The main achievements :
Education: By 1966 there were
108 schools in Bhutan, including 2 public schools with
a total enrolment of 15000 students.
Health:
A Public Health Department under a chief medical
officer was set up at Thimphu.
Steps were taken to eradicate malaria.
3 hospitals and 40 new dispensaries were established
in different parts of country.
17. 1st FYP: 1961 to 1966
Agriculture:
Department of Agriculture was established,
which started a number of model agricultural farms,
seeds multiplication farms, agricultural research
station, and development of extension work
Efforts were made to increase the area under fruit and
vegetable cultivation
Animal husbandry:
A department of Animal Husbandry was set up
many live stock and sheep breeding farms were
established in different parts of the country.
18. 1st FYP: 1961 to 1966
Forest resources:
The forest department of Bhutan initiated many
measures for conserving the forest wealth and the
exploitation of the forest
Mineral resources:
Steps were taken in concert with Geological Survey of
India to discover deposits
of coal, dolomite, graphite, gypsum and lime stone
19. 1st FYP: 1961 to 1966
Manufacturing:
The Production capacities of the fruits preserving
plants and distillery at Samtse were increased
and theirs sale and marketing was organized in India
Trade relations with India were improved.
Energy needs:
The Bhutan Government established a hydel
directorate and two 400 KW Hydel Projects were
constructed to serve the needs of Thimphu and Paro.
By an agreement with India, Bhutan received 250 KW
of power daily from the Jaldhaka river hydroelectric
project for its south western region.
20. 2nd FYP: 1967 to 1972
Background:
As no census has been taken nor has any detailed
statistical information been collected so far
it is difficult to assess the resources and potential of the
country
and to formulate a coordinated development plan.
The population of Bhutan is about 8,00,000 of which the
urban population would be about 20,000.
The average density of population is about 45 per sq.
mile
though in actual fact the density of population is greater in
Southern and Eastern Bhutan
and considerably less in Western Bhutan
and negligible in Northern Bhutan bordering Tibet.
21. 2nd FYP: 1967 to 1972
Background:
As no census has been taken nor has any detailed
statistical information been collected so far
it is difficult to assess the resources and potential of the
country
and to formulate a coordinated development plan.
The population of Bhutan is about 8,00,000 of which the
urban population would be about 20,000.
The average density of population is about 45 per sq.
mile
though in actual fact the density of population is greater in
Southern and Eastern Bhutan
and considerably less in Western Bhutan
and negligible in Northern Bhutan bordering Tibet.
22. 2nd FYP: 1967 to 1972
Diversion of a fair proportion of the available man-power to
defense requirements as well as development and Civil works,
have seriously affected the agricultural output of the country.
The money that has come into the hands of the cultivators in the
shape of wages for labor has been spent, in the purchase of
consumer goods for which till now they had very little use or
need and a very small proportion of it has really flowed into the
economy of Bhutan.
The influx of relatively large numbers of workers connected with
development activities has further affected the imbalance of the
economy and
cost of common products such as eggs, grain, vegetables and
other farm produce has risen as much as 300 to 400 % in the last
five years.
Once again this money has been mainly frittered away in the
purchase of consumer goods and has contributed very little to
developing the economy of the country.
23. 2nd FYP: 1967 to 1972
The implementation of the First Plan was
considerably hampered by:
The shortage of trained technical personnel and the
difficulty of obtaining staff on deputation or by
recruitment from the open market in India.
Shortage of local labor and insufficiency of rations for
employment of imported labor. This difficulty is
partly overcome by a quota of 200 tonnes of grain a
month provided by the Government of India which
enables us to employ a labor force of 7,000 persons at
any time.
The Plan was considerably set back by the Chinese
incursion in 1962.
24. 1st FYP: 1961 to 1966
Project Amount
allocated in 1
FYP (in lakhs)
Amount allocated
in 2 FYP (in lakhs)
Percentage
increase
Roads, water supply,
electrification
620 754 22
Education 100 276 176
Transport 75 169 125
Health 32 142 344
Forests 32 89 178
Agriculture 20 385 1825
Power 16 80 (Hydel) 400
Animal Husbandry 15 75 400
Industries 11 10 -10
Miscellaneous 91 14 -85
Postal 0 (not specified) 63 100
Publicity 0 (not specified) 19 100
Mechanical workshops 0 (not specified) 65 100
Development Wing Hqrs., Office
of F. A. & C. A. O.
0 (not specified) 73 100
25. Economic base: 1971
Fischer, F. (1971):
The great majority of Bhutan‟s population lives and
subsists on the basis of an archaic form of integrated
utilization of soils and vegetation for agriculture
and cattle farming
Market economy is, apart from a relatively
insignificant internal barter trade, nonexistent
26. Major features of Bhutanese
Economy since 1961
Classwork
Timelines
Features
1961 to
1970
1971 to 1980 1981 to 1990 1991 to 2000 2001 to now
Role of state in
economic
organization
Main sector
contributing to
economy
Role of
hydroelectricit
y