This technical seminar discusses the VLSI implementation of an ECG data compression algorithm for low power devices. The presented algorithm uses adaptive linear prediction and Golomb-Rice coding for lossless ECG compression. A hardware architecture was designed that achieves a compression rate of 2.77x on ECG data from the MITBIH database. The VLSI implementation contains 3.1K gates, consumes 27.2nW of power at 1KHz, and has a core area of 0.05mm2 in a 90nm CMOS process. This makes it suitable for use in low power health monitoring devices.
Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) contains ten thousand to more than a million logic gates with programmable interconnection. Programmable interconnections are available for users or designers to perform given functions easily.How FPGAs are used in Space are briefly described in this slide.
It is ultrathin electronics device attaches to the skin
like a sick on a tattoo which can measure electrical
the activity of heart, brain waves & other vital signals. There are various names of artificial skin in the biomedical field it is called as artificial skin, in our electronics field it is called as electronic skin, some scientist it called as sensitive skin, in other way it also called as synthetic skin, some people says that it is fake skin.
It is skin replacement for people who have suffered skin trauma, such as severe burns or skin diseases or Robotic application and so on.
Removal of artifacts in EEG by averaging andNamratha Dcruz
This is a presentation on removal of artifacts in EEG by averaging and adaptive algorithms which covers a small topic in the elective Bio medical signal processing for M.Tech in Signal Processing
E-SKIN IS AN ELECTRONIC SKIN WHICH IS USED TO MONITOR THE HEATH OF THE PATIENT. THIS IS ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR AND INTERESTING METHOD IN HEALTH MONITORING.
An ECG Compressed Sensing Method of Low Power Body Area NetworkNooria Sukmaningtyas
Aimed at low power problem in body area network, an ECG compressed sensing method of low
power body area network based on the compressed sensing theory was proposed. Random binary
matrices were used as the sensing matrix to measure ECG signals on the sensor nodes. After measured
value is transmitted to remote monitoring center, ECG signal sparse representation under the discrete
cosine transform and block sparse Bayesian learning reconstruction algorithm is used to reconstruct the
ECG signals. The simulation results show that the 30% of overall signal can get reconstruction signal
which’s SNR is more than 60dB, each numbers in each rank of sensing matrix can be controlled below 5,
which reduces the power of sensor node sampling, calculation and transmission. The method has the
advantages of low power, high accuracy of signal reconstruction and easy to hardware implementation.
A low-cost electro-cardiograph machine equipped with sensitivity and paper sp...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The price of electrocardiograph (ECG) machine on the market is very high. Currently, the technology used is still very complicated and ineffective, and the ECG machine cannot be connected to other devices. A new development of a low-cost ECG machine with a customized design was needed to integrate the machine with other devices. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a low-cost ECG machine which can be connected to other devices and equipped with sensitivity and paper speed setting. So that portable ECG machines can be produced and used at small clinics in the society. In this study, the main controller of the 12 channels ECG machines was supported by ATMEGA16 microcontroller, that is available on the market at low prices. The main part of the ECG amplifier is built using a high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) instrumentation amplifier (AD620) and a bandpass filter which the cutoff frequency for highpass filter and lowpass filter are 0.05 Hz and 100 Hz, respectively. In order to complement the previous study, some features were introduced such as selectivity and motor speed option. In this study, 10 participants are involved for data acquisition,and an ECG phantom was used to calibrate the machine. The performance of the ECG machine was evaluated using standard measurement namely relative percentage error (% error) and uncertainty (UA). The result shows that %error from all of the feature is less than 2% and the UA is 0.0 which shows that the ECG machine is feasible for diagnostic purposes.
Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) contains ten thousand to more than a million logic gates with programmable interconnection. Programmable interconnections are available for users or designers to perform given functions easily.How FPGAs are used in Space are briefly described in this slide.
It is ultrathin electronics device attaches to the skin
like a sick on a tattoo which can measure electrical
the activity of heart, brain waves & other vital signals. There are various names of artificial skin in the biomedical field it is called as artificial skin, in our electronics field it is called as electronic skin, some scientist it called as sensitive skin, in other way it also called as synthetic skin, some people says that it is fake skin.
It is skin replacement for people who have suffered skin trauma, such as severe burns or skin diseases or Robotic application and so on.
Removal of artifacts in EEG by averaging andNamratha Dcruz
This is a presentation on removal of artifacts in EEG by averaging and adaptive algorithms which covers a small topic in the elective Bio medical signal processing for M.Tech in Signal Processing
E-SKIN IS AN ELECTRONIC SKIN WHICH IS USED TO MONITOR THE HEATH OF THE PATIENT. THIS IS ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR AND INTERESTING METHOD IN HEALTH MONITORING.
An ECG Compressed Sensing Method of Low Power Body Area NetworkNooria Sukmaningtyas
Aimed at low power problem in body area network, an ECG compressed sensing method of low
power body area network based on the compressed sensing theory was proposed. Random binary
matrices were used as the sensing matrix to measure ECG signals on the sensor nodes. After measured
value is transmitted to remote monitoring center, ECG signal sparse representation under the discrete
cosine transform and block sparse Bayesian learning reconstruction algorithm is used to reconstruct the
ECG signals. The simulation results show that the 30% of overall signal can get reconstruction signal
which’s SNR is more than 60dB, each numbers in each rank of sensing matrix can be controlled below 5,
which reduces the power of sensor node sampling, calculation and transmission. The method has the
advantages of low power, high accuracy of signal reconstruction and easy to hardware implementation.
A low-cost electro-cardiograph machine equipped with sensitivity and paper sp...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The price of electrocardiograph (ECG) machine on the market is very high. Currently, the technology used is still very complicated and ineffective, and the ECG machine cannot be connected to other devices. A new development of a low-cost ECG machine with a customized design was needed to integrate the machine with other devices. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a low-cost ECG machine which can be connected to other devices and equipped with sensitivity and paper speed setting. So that portable ECG machines can be produced and used at small clinics in the society. In this study, the main controller of the 12 channels ECG machines was supported by ATMEGA16 microcontroller, that is available on the market at low prices. The main part of the ECG amplifier is built using a high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) instrumentation amplifier (AD620) and a bandpass filter which the cutoff frequency for highpass filter and lowpass filter are 0.05 Hz and 100 Hz, respectively. In order to complement the previous study, some features were introduced such as selectivity and motor speed option. In this study, 10 participants are involved for data acquisition,and an ECG phantom was used to calibrate the machine. The performance of the ECG machine was evaluated using standard measurement namely relative percentage error (% error) and uncertainty (UA). The result shows that %error from all of the feature is less than 2% and the UA is 0.0 which shows that the ECG machine is feasible for diagnostic purposes.
Day by day the scope & use of the electronics concepts in bio-medical field is going to increase step by step. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is basically a non-invasive way of measuring the electrical activity of the heart by registering the extracellular potentials generated by it. The ECG signal consists of low amplitude voltage in the presence of high amplitude offset. A power-efficient ECG acquisition system uses a fully digital architecture helps to reduce the power consumption and delay time. Instead of analog block, they convert the input voltage into a digital code by delay lines and are mainly built on digital blocks This digital architecture is capable of operating with a low supply voltage of 0.5 V. The circuit implemented in 90nm CMOS technology. The simulation results show that the DCC circuit of digital architecture consumes 0.42nW of power.
An ECG-SoC with 535nW/Channel Lossless Data Compression for Wearable Sensorsecgpapers
Abstract— This paper presents a low power ECG recording System-on-Chip (SoC) with on-chip low complexity lossless ECG compression for data reduction in wireless/ambulatory ECG sensor devices. The proposed algorithm uses a linear slope predictor to estimate the ECG samples, and uses a novel low complexity dynamic coding-packaging scheme to frame the resulting estimation error into fixed-length 16-bit format. The proposed technique achieves an average compression ratio of 2.25x on
MIT/BIH ECG database. Implemented in 0.35μm process, the compressor uses 0.565K gates/channel occupying 0.4 mm2 for 4 channel, and consumes 535nW/channel at 2.4V for ECG sampled at 512 Hz. Small size and ultra-low power consumption makes the proposed technique suitable for wearable ECG sensor application.
A Joint QRS Detection and Data Compression Scheme for Wearable Sensorsecgpapers
Abstract—This paper presents a novel electrocardiogram (ECG)
processing technique for joint data compression and QRS detection
in awireless wearable sensor. The proposed algorithm is aimed
at lowering the average complexity per task by sharing the computational
load among multiple essential signal-processing tasks
needed for wearable devices. The compression algorithm, which is
based on an adaptive linear data prediction scheme, achieves a lossless
bit compression ratio of 2.286x. The QRS detection algorithm
achieves a sensitivity (Se) of 99.64% and positive prediction (+P)
of 99.81% when tested with the MIT/BIH Arrhythmia database.
Lower overall complexity and good performance renders the proposed
technique suitable for wearable/ambulatory ECG devices.
Electrocardiograph signal recognition using wavelet transform based on optim...IJECEIAES
Due to the growing number of cardiac patients, an automatic detection that detects various heart abnormalities has been developed to relieve and share physicians’ workload. Many of the depolarization of ventricles complex waves (QRS) detection algorithms with multiple properties have recently been presented; nevertheless, real-time implementations in low-cost systems remain a challenge due to limited hardware resources. The proposed algorithm finds a solution for the delay in processing by minimizing the input vector’s dimension and, as a result, the classifier’s complexity. In this paper, the wavelet transform is employed for feature extraction. The optimized neural network is used for classification with 8-classes for the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal this data is taken from two ECG signals (ST-T and MIT-BIH database). The wavelet transform coefficients are used for the artificial neural network’s training process and optimized by using the invasive weed optimization (IWO) algorithm. The suggested system has a sensitivity of over 70%, a specificity of over 94%, a positive predictive of over 65%, a negative predictive of more than 93%, and a classification accuracy of more than 80%. The performance of the classifier improves when the number of neurons in the hidden layer is increased.
A Wireless ECG Plaster for Real-Time Cardiac Health Monitoring in Body Senso...ecgpapers
In this paper we present a wireless ECG plaster
that can be used for real-time monitoring of ECG in cardiac
patients. The proposed device is light weight (25 grams),
wearable and can wirelessly transmit the patient’s ECG signal to
mobile phone or PC using ZigBee. The device has a battery life of
around 26 hours while in continuous operation, owing to the
proposed ultra-low power ECG acquisition front end chip. The
prototype has been verified in clinical trials.
An Efficient System Of Electrocardiogram Data Acquisition And Analysis Using ...IJTET Journal
The Electrocardiogram has a vital role in the diagnosis of heart related diseases. Through the technology has improved a lot, still we cannot reduce a death because of patient gets delay in reaching the hospital. In medical emergency, saving a single minute is worthwhile. The ultimate aim of this work is to develop a handy cost effective Data Acquisition (DAQ) and analysis system for ECG. This DAQ comprises of several modules like Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), power supply, amplifiers, isolators, filters and interfacing circuits. This system chiefly intends to collect the ECG signal is highly useful in clinical application such as diagnosing the problems like tachycardia, bradycardia, IInd degree heart block, myocardial infarction, etc. ECG signal will be collected from the patient using 3 lead ECG sensors and given to NI ELVIS DAQ will then transfer the signal to laptop through NI6008 data acquisition card. The Graphical User Interface (GUI) in LabVIEW software is also developed to incessantly monitor the ECG signal traces and record the ECG data with high accuracy, and from the ECG signal is analyzed using LabVIEW software and the data is send to hospital through wireless transmitter prior to ambulance reaching the hospital. Also 104 is configured further proficiency of treatment to patient. This system is applicable in the people crowded area to diagnose heart related emergency and read the ECG value with the help of a medical physician.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Swarm algorithm based adaptive filter design to remove power line interferenc...eSAT Journals
Abstract
ECG signal is having wide importance in the biomedical field, but for proper diagnosis of ECG always a noise free ECG signal is needed. Many researchers have already developed filters for getting appropriate desirable ECG signal and till today many researchers are still developing different filters using different algorithms in order to get clearer ECG signal for proper diagnosis. Noises and Interferences get added in the ECG by different ways, at the time of ECG Acquisition or at the time of ECG signal recording.
In this paper newly adapted algorithm is used for the filtering of ECG signal that is a Swarm algorithm which is used for the Error signal optimization from the original corrupted ECG signal. This algorithm is implemented with Adaptive filter to removes Power Line Interference noise having Frequency component of 50 Hz. The ECG signal considered may be retrieved from ECG acquisition system or from MIT-BIH database.
Keywords: Adaptive Filter, SWARM Algorithm, MIT-BIH Database, Matlab, ECG Signal and Power line Noise Signal etc.
Performance Evaluation of Percent Root Mean Square Difference for ECG Signals...CSCJournals
Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal compression is playing a vital role in biomedical applications. The signal compression is meant for detection and removing the redundant information from the ECG signal. Wavelet transform methods are very powerful tools for signal and image compression and decompression. This paper deals with the comparative study of ECG signal compression using preprocessing and without preprocessing approach on the ECG data. The performance and efficiency results are presented in terms of percent root mean square difference (PRD). Finally, the new PRD technique has been proposed for performance measurement and compared with the existing PRD technique; which has shown that proposed new PRD technique achieved minimum value of PRD with improved results.
An ECG-on-Chip with 535-nW/Channel Integrated Lossless Data Compressor for Wi...ecgpapers
Abstract—This paper presents a low-power ECG recording
system-on-chip (SoC) with on-chip low-complexity lossless ECG
compression for data reduction in wireless/ambulatory ECG
sensor devices. The chip uses a linear slope predictor for data
compression, and incorporates a novel low-complexity dynamic
coding-packaging scheme to frame the prediction error into
fixed-length 16 bit format. The proposed technique achieves an
average compression ratio of 2.25× on MIT/BIH ECG database.
Implemented in a standard 0.35 μm process, the compressor uses
0.565 K gates/channel occupying 0.4 mm for four channels, and
consumes 535 nW/channel at 2.4 V for ECG sampled at 512 Hz.
Small size and ultra-low-power consumption makes the proposed
technique suitable for wearable ECG sensor applications.
This paper aims to present a very-large-scale integration (VLSI) friendly electrocardiogram (ECG) QRS detector for body sensor networks. Baseline wandering and background noise are removed from original ECG signal by mathematical morphological method. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated with standard MIT-BIH arrhythmia database and wearable exercise ECG Data. Corresponding power and area efficient VLSI architecture is reduced by replacing the one of the Ripple Carry Adder in the Carry select adder with Binary to Excess 1 converter
ARM Based Handy and Portable Oscilloscope Using Graphical DisplayIJERA Editor
The need to have a visual perception of signals in order to monitor events in time and value brought about the
development of a measuring instrument referred to as oscilloscope. This is a design of handy and low cost
oscilloscope. The user can start/stop the display, adjust the time division and adjust the voltage division. The
requirements of the oscilloscope were three-fold: 1) low cost design, 2) capture frequencies at the medium range
and 3) construct able with a basic skill of PCB designing.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. TECHNICAL SEMINAR
Under the guidance of:
THEJASWINI B M
Assistant Professor
Dept. of ECE
BIT, Bangalore
Presented by:
MOHAN G
1BI21LVS04
VLSI Desgin & Embedded Systems
BIT, Bangalore
VLSI Implementation of Lossless ECG
Compression Algorithm for Low Power Devices
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
1BI21LVS04
VLSI Design & Embedded Systems
3. Abstract
This paper presents a VLSI implementation of an efficient lossless compression scheme for
electrocardiogram (ECG) data encoding to save storage space and reduce transmission time.As
compression algorithm is able to save storage space and reduce transmission time, this opportunity
has been seized by implementing memory-less design while working at a high clock speed in
VLSI.
ECG compression algorithm comprises two parts:
An Adaptive linear prediction technique and
content-adaptive Golomb Rice code`
To improve the performance, the proposed VLSI design uses bit shifting operations as a
replacement for the different arithmetic operations.
VLSI implementation has been applied to the MITBIH arrhythmia database which is able to
achieve a lossless bit compression rate of 2.77.
Moreover, VLSI architecture contains 3.1 K gate count and core of the chip consumes 27.2 nW of
power while working at 1 KHz frequency. The core area is 0.05 mm2 in 90 nm CMOS process.
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
VLSI Deign & Embedded Systems
4. Introduction
In recent years, Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been the major cause of death worldwide and is
reported as roughly 31% of all global deaths. To diagnose this disease and many others, the
electrocardiogram (ECG) signal is used.
In a 24-hour ECG signal monitoring system, the monitoring system will be producing a huge
amount of data. To understand the amount of data generated during ECG monitoring process,
following two different frequencies can be taken as examples.
So, to store this huge data, a solution is required to reduce the data of ECG signal, hence ECG
compression is performed in such case to save storage space.
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
1BI21LVS04
VLSI Design & Embedded Systems
5. Recently, there has been an increase in the usage of wearable devices in health monitoring. These
devices can perform many tasks, such as:
heart rate monitoring,
walking or running steps counting etc.
Battery life is one of the important factors while designing different sensors or chip modules which
leads to the need for developing low power hardware modules to be used in such devices.
Chen-et-al has presented a mixed signal VLSI design of ECG compression which includes a smart
analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and lossless ECG compression is performed on the basis of
trend forecasting and entropy coding. Although this design is intended for low power applications
yet its power consumption is quite high which makes such design unsuitable for current low power
devices.
Another VLSI implementation of ECG compression has been proposed by Zou-et-al, which uses
wavelet transform and Run-Length Encoding (RLE) but the working frequency of the design is
quite high which makes it unsuitable to be used in real-time ECG data compression.
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
1BI21LVS04
VLSI Design & Embedded Systems
6. Sl.No Title Author Year of Publication Technology
1 A Power-Efficient Mixed-Signal Smart
ADC Design With Adaptive Resolution and
Variable Sampling Rate for Low-Power
Applications
Shih-Lun Chen 2017 0.18-μm CMOS process
with a total power
consumption of 78.8 μW
when operating at 1 kHz and
a total chip area of 850 × 850
μm 2 .
2
An Energy-Efficient Design for ECG
Recording and R-Peak Detection Based on
Wavelet Transform
Y. Zou 2015 design has been fabricated
under TSMC 65-nm CMOS
technology with area cost of
0.41 mm2.
3 A 30 μ W Analog Signal Processor ASIC for
Portable Biopotential Signal Monitoring
R. F. Yazicioglu 2010 ECG signal extraction with
high resolution, ECG
signal feature extraction,
adaptive sampling ADC for
the compression of ECG
signals
4 An Efficient ECG Lossless Compression
System for Embedded Platforms With
Telemedicine Applications
T.-H. Tsai and W.-T. Kuo 2018 The technique is the use of a
suitable packing format; this
enables the real-time
decoding process
Literature Survey
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
1BI21LVS04
VLSI Design & Embedded Systems
7. BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
1BI21LVS04
Methodology
VLSI Design & Embedded Systems
8. Generally, ECG data compression has two main processing parts :
error prediction and
data coding
The prediction error value, e(n), can be calculated as (1)
e(n) = x(n) – x
̂ (n) …… (1)
where x
̂ (n) is the prediction value, and
x(n) is the value of current sample data in ECG data at time n.
This prediction error value is utilized in Golomb code.
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
1BI21LVS04
VLSI Design & Embedded Systems
9. ECG signal contains numerous regions with sharp amplitude variations, such as Q,R,S,P,
and T wave regions, as shown in Fig. 1, which may result in a higher prediction error during
prediction error estimation phase. An adaptive linear predictor technique is proposed to improve the
prediction error by keeping its value minimum.
Fig 1:
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
1BI21LVS04
Adaptive Linear Prediction:
VLSI Design & Embedded Systems
10. BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
1BI21LVS04
Previous four samples are used to estimate the prediction value, which has been shown in fig. 3. The value of
the four parameters i.e. ‘D1_2’, ‘D1_3’, ‘D2_3’, and ‘D3_4’ is calculated through the following equations:
D1_2 (n) = x (n-1) – x (n-2) (2)
D1_3 (n) = x (n-1) – x (n-3) (3)
D2_3 (n) = x (n-2) – x (n-3) (4)
D3_4 (n) = x (n-3) – x (n-4) (5)
VLSI Design & Embedded Systems
11. BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
1BI21LVS04
Taking the characteristics of the ECG signal into consideration, the simple differential predictors
with coefficients are used.
Due to low complexity computation and good performance in estimating prediction value, the
following three differential predictors have been selected in algorithm development as shown in the
below equations
P1: x
̂ (n) = x (n-1) (6)
P2: x
̂ (n) = 2x (n-1) - x (n-2) (7)
P3: x
̂ (n) = 3x (n-1) - 3x (n-2) + x (n-3) (8).
VLSI Design & Embedded Systems
12. Lossless Data Compression Technique:
Entropy coding is the part of coding technique in data compression, in which frequently occurring patterns or
values are presented with few binary bits and rarely occurring ones are presented with many binary bits.
Content-Adaptive Golomb-Rice code:
Golomb coding is a data compression scheme based upon entropy encoding and is optimal for alphabets with
a geometric distribution. The Golomb-Rice code comprises two parts:
Quotient and
Remainder,
which are represented by :
where k represents the number of bits for the remainder, and M[n] is a positive integer. M[n] is achieved
by transformation of a prediction error, which may be a negative value, into a positive number. This
function can be described by:
where e is the prediction error value.
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
1BI21LVS04
VLSI Design & Embedded Systems
13. In algorithm development, a window is used to calculate the distribution of prediction errors .
The distribution of prediction error of each window is applied to determinate the k parameter. The
size of the window is determined using the QRS segment in the ECG signal.
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
1BI21LVS04
VLSI Design & Embedded Systems
14. HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE & DATA FORMAT :
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
1BI21LVS04
In the decoding process, to reconstruct the original signal, theencoded output stream contains
the first sample of ECG data of11-bits and the k parameter with 3-bits for each window and
prediction error which is encoded by Golomb-Rice code. The output bit stream is illustrated
in Fig. 5.
VLSI Design & Embedded Systems
15. • HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION:
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
1BI21LVS04
VLSI Design & Embedded Systems
16. For the hardware implementation, Fig. 6 shows a block level diagram. Input data’s source can be
RAM, BRAM or text file and the input data has 11 bits per sample which are processed in
Adaptive Linear Prediction (ALP) module in the first phase.
After performing the error prediction, Golomb Rice coding (GRC) is performed on the processed
data.
In the last stage, the packing is performed and data is sent as output where data becomes valid in
the form of a group.
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
VLSI Design & Embedded Systems
17. Adaptive Linear Prediction & Error Prediction
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
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18. For ALP module, 11-bit input is being processed at every clock cycle. For the first four inputs,
linear prediction is performed differently as compared to other inputs as discussedin the
proposed original algorithm.
A control unit is controlling the input data by generating control signals for the selection of
linear prediction unit as well as sending data from linear prediction units to error predictor.
For error predictor, simple arithmetic is present to check whether the number is positive or
negative.
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19. Architecture for Golomb Rice Coding:
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20. Input data is post-processed data of the error predictor module. Data is processed for one complete
window so there is a 40x13-bits register to save one window’s values.
When new window’s values are arriving then previous window’s values are processed to find the
value of U and V, where U and V represent quotient and remainder.
this module’s architecture can be divided into two parts; data controlling part and computation.
In the computation part, operations have been divided into different clock cycles to reduce the
processing delay. Instead of using the built-in operators of division or power, bit shifting has been
used to perform the multiplication, power, mod and division operations.
A single counter is being used to control data reading and saving to reduce resources usage.
Moreover, sharing of the single counter for both controllers leads to less activity as compared to
using two counters which results in saving switching power.
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ARCHITECTURE FOR PACKGING MODULE:
Packaging module includes two controllers which are responsible for data saving in a
temporary 26-bits register as well as sending 16-bits of output data when 16 or more than 16
bits have been stored in the temporary register.
VLSI Design & Embedded Systems
22. VLSI design has been implemented using TSMC 90nm technology, Synopsys Design Compiler
and IC Compiler has been used for synthesis and layout respectively.
Power analysis for the proposed design has been performed using Switching Activity File (SAIF),
which was generated by simulating the data of one channel of MIT-BIH dataset for 297947
values, in Prime Time.
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RESULTS
The layout of the ECG compression chip
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Table I shows the hardware implementation results summary for the low and high-speed design. As
the chip is intended to work for real-time processing, only the low-speed design has been processed
for layout purposes
For VLSI implementation, few state of the art methods have been compared with proposed
implementation technique. Table II shows a comparison of different parameters for different
implementation techniques.
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25. Conclusion & Future Work
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This paper presents a low power VLSI implementation of thelossless ECG compression
algorithm.
The proposed implementation has been tested for MIT-BIH arrhythmia database which
achieves the compression ratio of 2.77
The design runs at 1 KHz for real-time data processing and core power consumption is only
27.2 nW which makes this design suitable for modern day low power applications.
The design has a core area of 0.05 mm2 in 90 nm CMOS technology.
For future work, power consumption can be reduced for this design as 99.98% power
consumption is from leakage power.
The leakage power can be reduced by using clock gating and multi- threshold voltage cells
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26. REFERENCES
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“WHO | World Health Statistics 2013,” WHO, 2013.
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VLSI Design & Embedded Systems
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
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L. Hejjel and E. Roth, “What is the adequate sampling interval of the ECG signal for heart rate
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28. BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
1BI21LVS04
C.-I. Ieong, M. Li, M.-K. Law, P.-I. Mak, M. I. Vai, and R. P. Martins, “A 0.45 V 147–375 nW
ECG Compression Processor With Wavelet Shrinkage and Adaptive Temporal Decimation
Architectures,” IEEE TVLSI Syst., vol. 25, no. 4, Apr. 2017.
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THANK YOU
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