This document discusses parallel plane waveguides and rectangular waveguides. It defines waveguides as hollow metallic tubes that transmit electromagnetic waves through successive reflections from the inner walls. Waveguides propagate microwaves and offer advantages like easy manufacturing, ability to handle high power, low loss, and lower attenuation compared to coaxial cables. The document discusses different types of waveguides including rectangular, circular, elliptical, single ridged, and double ridged waveguides. It also compares transmission lines and waveguides, and covers various waveguide modes like TE, TM, and TEM. Finally, it focuses on parallel plane waveguides and rectangular waveguides, discussing their cut-off frequencies and supported modes
Fundamentals of microwave communication system and radar systemssabesh chaudhary
This presentation educates about the basics of microwave engineerinng and RADAR engineering which must be valuable for the students of Engineering (EEE, ECE Aeronautical Engg. etc) to get the insight of related subjects.
Fundamentals of microwave communication system and radar systemssabesh chaudhary
This presentation educates about the basics of microwave engineerinng and RADAR engineering which must be valuable for the students of Engineering (EEE, ECE Aeronautical Engg. etc) to get the insight of related subjects.
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We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
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Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
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Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
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We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
2. Wave Guides
• A hollow metallic tube of the uniform cross section for transmitting
electromagnetic waves by successive reflections from the inner walls of
the tube is called as a Waveguide.
• Microwaves propagate through microwave circuits, components and
devices, which act as a part of Microwave transmission lines, broadly
called as Waveguides.
• A waveguide is generally preferred in microwave communications.
• A waveguide is a special form of a transmission line, which is a hollow
metal tube.
• Unlike the transmission line, the waveguide has no center conductor.
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4. Advantages of Waveguides
• Waveguides are easy to manufacture.
• They can handle very large power (in kilowatts)
• Power loss is very negligible in waveguides
• They offer very low loss ( low value of alpha-
attenuation)
• The microwave energy when travels through
the waveguide, experiences lower losses than a
coaxial cable
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5. Types of waveguides
• There are five types of waveguides. They are:
– Rectangular waveguide
– Circular waveguide
– Elliptical waveguide
– Single ridged waveguide
– Double ridged waveguide
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6. Transmission Lines Vs Waveguides
• The main difference between a transmission
line and a wave guide is
– A two conductor structure that can support a TEM
wave is a transmission line.
– A one conductor structure that can support a TE
wave or a TM wave but not a TEM wave is called
as a waveguide.
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7. Transmission Lines
• Supports TEM wave
• All frequencies can pass
through
• One conductor transmission
• Reflections are less
• It has characteristic
impedance
• Propagation of waves is
according to "Circuit
theory"
• It has a return conductor to
earth
• Bandwidth is not limited
• Waves do not disperse
Waveguides
• Cannot support TEM wave
• Only the frequencies that are
greater than cut-off frequency
can pass through
• Two conductor transmission
• Wave travels through
reflections from the walls of
waveguide
• It has wave impedance
• Propagation of waves is
according to "Field theory"
• Return conductor is not
required as the body of the
waveguide acts as earth
• Bandwidth is limited
• Waves get dispersed 7
8. Waveguide modes
• When an electromagnetic wave propagates down a
hollow tube, only one of the fields either electric or
magnetic will actually be transverse to the wave's
direction of travel.
• The other field will “loop” longitudinally to the
direction of travel, but still be perpendicular to the
other field. Whichever field remains transverse to the
direction of travel determines whether the wave
propagates in TE mode (Transverse Electric)
or TM (Transverse Magnetic) mode.
8
9. TE mode:
• This waveguide mode is dependent upon the transverse electric
waves, also sometimes called H waves, characterized by the fact
that the electric vector (E) being always perpendicular to the
direction of propagation.
• In TE wave only the E field is purely transverse to the direction of
propagation and the magnetic field is not purely transverse i.e.
Ez=0,Hz#0
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10. TM mode
• Transverse magnetic waves, also called E waves are characterized by
the fact that the magnetic vector (H vector) is always perpendicular
to the direction of propagation.
• In TM wave only the H field is purely transverse to the direction of
propagation and the Electric field is not purely transverse i.e.
Ez#0,Hz=0
10
11. TEM mode
• The Transverse electromagnetic wave cannot be propagated within a waveguide, but is included for completeness.
• It is the mode that is commonly used within coaxial and open wire feeders.
• The TEM wave is characterized by the fact that both the electric vector (E vector) and the magnetic vector (H
vector) are perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
• In this neither electric nor magnetic fields are purely transverse to the direction of propagation. i.e. Ez#0, Hz#0
11
25. Rectangular waveguides
• Rectangular waveguides are the one of the earliest type of the transmission lines.
• They are used in many applications. A lot of components such as isolators,
detectors, attenuators, couplers and slotted lines are available for various standard
waveguide bands between 1 GHz to above 220 GHz.
• A rectangular waveguide supports TM and TE modes but not TEM waves because
we cannot define a unique voltage since there is only one conductor in a
rectangular waveguide.
• A material with permittivity e and permeability m fills the inside of the conductor.
• A rectangular waveguide cannot propagate below some certain frequency.
• This frequency is called the cut-off frequency. Here, we will discuss TM mode
rectangular waveguides and TE mode rectangular waveguides separately
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