Experiment 1 examines the output of a full-wave rectifier circuit under varying conditions of temperature, frequency, and ideality factor. The maximum output voltage is observed to increase with decreasing ideality factor and increasing frequency. Higher temperatures are also found to decrease the output voltage. Part II analyzes the characteristics of an NMOS transistor by varying the gate-source voltage Vgs and drain-source voltage Vds. The transistor is observed to be in cutoff, linear, and saturation regions depending on the relative values of Vgs and Vds.
C&ess presentation performance review 2016 (copy 1)Baig Ali
Performance of Civil Engineering and Support Services Department of OGDCL Pakistan, of "C &ESS Department"
by
Engr. Baig Ali
Chief Engineer (Civil) Contracts & JVs.
• Designed a single stage folded cascode op-amp which had atleast 50 dB gain and 135 MHz Unity Gain Bandwidth for the three temperature corners (typical, slow and fast), in Cadence.
• The op-amp had a phase margin of atleast 64º and an output swing of atleast 1.46 V for the temperature corners (27,-40,100).
• Designed a common mode feedback for the amplifier and achieved a common mode accuracy of 0.01 V.
C&ess presentation performance review 2016 (copy 1)Baig Ali
Performance of Civil Engineering and Support Services Department of OGDCL Pakistan, of "C &ESS Department"
by
Engr. Baig Ali
Chief Engineer (Civil) Contracts & JVs.
• Designed a single stage folded cascode op-amp which had atleast 50 dB gain and 135 MHz Unity Gain Bandwidth for the three temperature corners (typical, slow and fast), in Cadence.
• The op-amp had a phase margin of atleast 64º and an output swing of atleast 1.46 V for the temperature corners (27,-40,100).
• Designed a common mode feedback for the amplifier and achieved a common mode accuracy of 0.01 V.
reference notes/455647_1_EE460-Project-131.pdf
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
Department of Electrical Engineering
EE Power Electronics Project
Design of a DC Chopper
I. Design of an AC/DC converter with the following the specifications:
AC supply voltage VS = 230 V (rms), 60 Hz.
The DC output voltage V01(dc) = 48 V.
The ripple factor of the output voltage RFV 5%.
II. Design of step-down DC chopper with the following specifications:
Switching (or chopping) frequency, fs = 20 kHz.
Dc input supply voltage VS = 48 V dc, where as the source available is an ac with 230 V
(rms).
Load resistance R = 5 .
The DC output voltage V02(dc) = 12 V.
The peak-to-peak output ripple voltage, VC 2.5%.
The peak-to-peak inductor ripples current, IL 5%.
III. Calculation for both circuits:
(a) Determine the values of Le and Ce for the output LC-filter.
(b) Determine the (peak and rms) voltage ratings and the (average, rms, and the peak) current for
all components and devices.
(c) Verify your design calculation by using Pspice simulation.
Design AC/DC
Circuit
Design DC-DC
Chopper Circuit
AC 5
Output Load
The project will be due on Sunday December 22, 2013.
reference notes/455647_2_DC-20Converters-Design (1).pdf
....-ju"ncv
O.
214 Chapter 5 Dc-Dc Converters
Example 5.10
A buck converter is shown in Figure 5.29. The input voltage is V, == 110 V, the average load
age is Va == 60 V, and the average load current is la == 20 A. The chopping u
1 == 20 kHz. The peak-to-peak ripples are 2.5% for load voltage, 5% for load current, and
for filter Le current. (a) Determine the values of L" L, and Ceo Use PSpice (b) to verify the
suits by plotting the instantaneous capacitor voltage vc, and instantaneous load current iL ;
(c) to calculate the Fourier coefficients and the input current is. The SPICE model pax'ameters
the transistor are IS == 6.734f, BF = 416.4, BR == 0.7371, CJC == 3.638P, CJE::
TR == 239.5N, TF = 30L2P, and that ofthe diode are IS :: 2.2E-15, BV = 1800V, IT ==
Solution
V, = 110 V, va = 60 V, I. == 20 A.
ay: == 0.025 x Va = 0.025 x 60 = 1.5 V
Va 60
R==-=-=311
10 20
From Eq. (5.48),
Va 60
k = - = - = 05455
V, 110 .
From Eq. (5.49),
Is = kla = 0.5455 x 20 == 10.91 A
alL = 0.05 x I. :: 0.05 x 20 == 1 A
M = 0.1 x 10 == 0.1 x 20 == 2 A
8. From Eq. (5.51), we get the value of L.:
VaWs - Va) 60 X (110 - 60)
Le = MIV, = 2 x 20 kHz x 110 = 681.82 ~H
From Eq. (5.53) we get the value of Ce:
2c == ,11
e ,lV, X 81 1.5 x 8 X 20 kHz == 8.33 ~F
L4
+
+
Vs 110 V
FIGURE 5.29
o~-----------+----------~--------~Buck converter.
5.12 Chopper Circuit Design 215
Vs
L
8
v, OV
O~----------------------------*-------~~------~
(a) Circuit
Vgj
2ov~______________1~________-L____--'
o 27.28 IlS SOIlS
(b) Control voltage
FIGURE 5.30
Buck chopper for PSpice simulation.
Assuming a linear rise of load current i ...
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water Industry Process Automation and Control Monthly - May 2024.pdf
ECE 468 Lab Project 1
1. Experiment 1
NAME: Lakshmi Yasaswi Kamireddy
UIN: 651771619
Part I – Full wave Rectifier
Hspice code:
Netlist is created according to the node numbers as in Figure 1. Values for output voltage are obtained by changing
the parameters as required. Model of diode is taken as specified.
*FullwaveRectifier.sp
*---------------------------------
*Parameters
*---------------------------------
.temp 20
.option post
*---------------------------------
*Simulation netlist
*---------------------------------
Vin 1 0 SIN(0V 5V 50)
D1 0 1 diode
D3 0 2 diode
D4 1 3 diode
D2 2 3 diode
R1 3 0 50
*---------------------------------
*Model
*---------------------------------
.Model diode D(IS=18.8n RS=0 BV=400 IBV=5.00u CJO=30 M=0.333N=2.0 TT=0)
*---------------------------------
Stimulus
*---------------------------------
.op
.tran .01m 1m
.print V(3,0)
.end
Figure 1
3
2. Observations:
Figure 2 shows the output and input when temperature = 20 degree, Frequency = 50 Hz, Ideality Factor =2. Red
shows the Input and blue shows the output. The maximum Output voltage obtained with an ideality factor of 2 is
2.6212 which is very less than 3.6 (Vin-1.4). As the ideality factor decreases to 1 the output voltage increases as seen
in Figure 3. The maximum value obtained is 3.823V when the idealityfactor is 1. Also we can see that the output
voltage increases with each cycle.
Figure 25 shows that with increase in temperature the output voltage decreases.
Results:
Q: 3, 4, 5
Figure 2
Figure 3
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
VOLTAGE()V
Temp-20,Frequency-50,N=2
N=2 INPUT VOLTAGE
0
1
2
3
4
5
1
6
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
56
61
66
71
76
81
86
91
96
101
Voltage
Time(ms)
Temp-20,Frequency-50
N=2 N=1.75 N=1.5 N=1.25 N=1
11. *Model
*---------------------------------------------
.model nmos1 nmos (LEVEL=3 RSH=0 TOX=300E-10 LD=0.21E-6 XJ=0.3E-6
+VMAX=15E4 ETA=0.18 GAMMA=0.4 KAPPA=0.5 NSUB=35E14 UO=700
+THETA=0.095 VTO=0.781 CGSO=2.8E-10 CGDO=2.8E-10
+CJ=5.75E-5 CJSW=2.48E-10 PB=0.7 MJ=0.5 MJSW=0.3 NFS=1E10)
*----------------------------------------------
*Stimulus
*----------------------------------------------
.DC Vgs 0V 5V 100mV
.print DC I(M1)
.end
*Mosfetidvds.sp
*NMOS Id - Vds Characteristics---------------
*--------------------------------------------
*Paramters
*--------------------------------------------
.option post
*--------------------------------------------
*Simulation netlist
*--------------------------------------------
Vds 1 0 DC 5V
Vgs 2 0 DC 2V
M1 1 2 0 0 nmos1 L=2.5u W=2.5u
*---------------------------------------------
*Model
*---------------------------------------------
.model nmos1 nmos (LEVEL=3 RSH=0 TOX=300E-10 LD=0.21E-6 XJ=0.3E-6
+VMAX=15E4 ETA=0.18 GAMMA=0.4 KAPPA=0.5 NSUB=35E14 UO=700
+THETA=0.095 VTO=0.781 CGSO=2.8E-10 CGDO=2.8E-10
+CJ=5.75E-5 CJSW=2.48E-10 PB=0.7 MJ=0.5 MJSW=0.3 NFS=1E10)
*----------------------------------------------
*Stimulus
*----------------------------------------------
.DC Vds 0V 5V 100mV
.print DC I(M1)
.end
Changing value of Vgs and resimulating. An alternate way is to put Vgs also to DC sweep.
Observations:
Q : 4, 5, 6, 7 and Question 1,2
From Figure 26:
When Vgs=0V the Id value is almost 0. That means the mosfet is in cutoff region.
When Vgs>Vth say Vgs=5V until Vgs-Vth>Vds i.e approximately until Vds=4.3 the mosfet is in linear region and
hence Id is proportional to Vds^2.
When Vgs-Vth<Vds the mosfet enters to saturation and the current becomes constant with respect to Vds.
This can be supported by the equations below:
12. From Figure 27:
When Vgs<Vth value of Id is almost 0
When Vgs > Vth say 0.7 V value of Id increases with Vgs.
From Figure 28:
The region below Vgs=0.7(threshold volatge) is the cutoff region.
The first half of the intersection of the Id-Vgs and Id-Vds curve is the linear region and the second half is the
saturation region.
Figure 26
Figure 27
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 0.20.40.60.8 1 1.21.41.61.8 2 2.22.42.62.8 3 3.23.43.63.8 4 4.24.44.64.8 5
Id(uA)
Vds(V)
Id vs Vds for differentVgs
Vgs=0V Vgs=1V Vgs=2V Vgs=3V Vgs=4V Vgs=5V
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 0.20.40.60.8 1 1.21.41.61.8 2 2.22.42.62.8 3 3.23.43.63.8 4 4.24.44.64.8 5
Id(uA)
Vgs(V)
Id vs Vgs for Vds=5V
13. Figure 28
Conclusions:
The experiment was performed successfully and it is found that the values obtained from the simulations match
with the theoretical values.
Appendix:
Sample Data for Full Wave Rectifier – each column represents the output voltage for the value of ideality factor.
temp= 20
freq=50
time voltage N=2
INPUT
VOLTAGE N=1.75 N=1.5 N=1.25 N=1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 202.7935 0.2027935 2.1289 0.2027936 0.2027947 0.202827 0.20743
2 635.566 0.635566 3.8441 0.6507013 0.7899721 1.1339 1.4831
3 1.2419 1.2419 4.8339 1.5664 1.9165 2.2663 2.6154
4 1.9714 1.9714 4.9114 2.3229 2.6602 3.0028 3.353
5 2.3216 2.3216 4.0451 2.6602 2.9967 3.3328 3.6648
6 2.2739 2.2739 2.4082 2.6085 2.9412 3.2726 3.6013
7 1.9734 1.9734 0.3136172 2.3166 2.6586 3.0012 3.3429
8 1.5601 1.5601 -1.8384 1.9216 2.2852 2.6499 3.0176
9 1.1849 1.1849 -3.6428 1.5755 1.9694 2.368 2.7649
10 1.0307 1.0307 -4.7546 1.4417 1.8532 2.2643 2.6709
11 1.1852 1.1852 -4.9604 1.5768 1.9718 2.371 2.765
12 1.5602 1.5602 -4.2171 1.9218 2.2842 2.6507 3.0215
13 1.9735 1.9735 -2.6783 2.3166 2.6586 3.0012 3.3429
14 2.2847 2.2847 -0.6197 2.616 2.9454 3.2741 3.6022
15 2.4325 2.4325 1.5439 2.757 3.0791 3.3998 3.7191
16 2.3464 2.3464 3.4225 2.6727 2.9953 3.3169 3.637
17 2.0467 2.0467 4.6482 2.3806 2.7138 3.0468 3.3799
18 1.6375 1.6375 4.9901 1.9892 2.3429 2.6998 3.0575
19 1.2941 1.2941 4.3701 1.648 2.0338 2.421 2.8074
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 0.20.40.60.8 1 1.21.41.61.8 2 2.22.42.62.8 3 3.23.43.63.8 4 4.24.44.64.8 5
Id(uA)
Volt(V)
Id for Vgs and Vds varying from0 to 5V
Vgs=0V Vgs=1V Vgs=2V Vgs=3V
Vgs=4V Vgs=5V Vds=5V
21. 3.5 7.035E-06 3.9275 56.798 146.3347 254.697 373.2375
3.6 7.236E-06 3.9647 57.0037 146.7989 255.4654 374.3214
3.7 7.437E-06 4.002 57.2101 147.2646 256.236 375.408
3.8 7.638E-06 4.0396 57.4172 147.7318 257.0089 376.4976
3.9 7.839E-06 4.0774 57.6251 148.2005 257.784 377.5901
4 0.00000804 4.1153 57.8339 148.6709 258.5615 378.6856
4.1 8.241E-06 4.1535 58.0434 149.1427 259.3412 379.784
4.2 8.442E-06 4.1919 58.2536 149.6162 260.1233 380.8854
4.3 8.643E-06 4.2305 58.4647 150.0912 260.9076 381.9898
4.4 8.844E-06 4.2693 58.6766 150.5677 261.6944 383.0972
4.5 9.045E-06 4.3084 58.8892 151.0459 262.4834 384.2077
4.6 9.246E-06 4.3476 59.1027 151.5257 263.2749 385.3212
4.7 9.447E-06 4.3871 59.317 152.0071 264.0687 386.4378
4.8 9.648E-06 4.4267 59.532 152.49 264.8649 387.5575
4.9 9.849E-06 4.4666 59.7479 152.9746 265.6636 388.6803
5 0.00001005 4.5067 59.9646 153.4609 266.4646 389.8063
Data for Id vs Vgs for Vds=5V
Vgs current Vds=5V
0 10.05 p 0.00001005
0.1 10.0502 p 1.005E-05
0.2 10.0559 p 1.0056E-05
0.3 10.1882 p 1.0188E-05
0.4 13.3162 p 1.3316E-05
0.5 87.2253 p 8.7225E-05
0.6 1.8336 n 0.0018336
0.7 43.0984 n 0.0430984
0.8 735.79 n 0.73579
0.9 2.2395 u 2.2395
1 4.5067 u 4.5067
1.1 7.4914 u 7.4914
1.2 11.149 u 11.149
1.3 15.437 u 15.437
1.4 20.3145 u 20.3145
1.5 25.7434 u 25.7434
1.6 31.6872 u 31.6872
1.7 38.1121 u 38.1121
1.8 44.9861 u 44.9861
1.9 52.2795 u 52.2795
2 59.9646 u 59.9646
2.1 68.0155 u 68.0155
2.2 76.408 u 76.408
2.3 85.1198 u 85.1198
2.4 94.13 u 94.13
2.5 103.4192 u 103.4192
2.6 112.9694 u 112.9694
22. 2.7 122.7637 u 122.7637
2.8 132.7866 u 132.7866
2.9 143.0235 u 143.0235
3 153.4609 u 153.4609
3.1 164.0861 u 164.0861
3.2 174.8874 u 174.8874
3.3 185.8539 u 185.8539
3.4 196.9752 u 196.9752
3.5 208.242 u 208.242
3.6 219.6452 u 219.6452
3.7 231.1766 u 231.1766
3.8 242.8284 u 242.8284
3.9 254.5934 u 254.5934
4 266.4646 u 266.4646
4.1 278.4359 u 278.4359
4.2 290.5011 u 290.5011
4.3 302.6548 u 302.6548
4.4 314.8917 u 314.8917
4.5 327.2069 u 327.2069
4.6 339.5958 u 339.5958
4.7 352.0542 u 352.0542
4.8 364.5778 u 364.5778
4.9 377.1631 u 377.1631
5 389.8063 u 389.8063