The document provides an overview of 11 cases for studying English including parts of speech, tenses, clauses, and other grammatical structures. It then examines the parts of speech in more detail, defining nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. The document also covers tense and voice, defining active and passive forms for the present, past, and future tenses. Examples of converting sentences between active and passive voice are provided.

1. MAN 1 KOTA MOJOKERTO
WELCOME TO THE NICE ENGLISH
By:
ARIS SAMUDRA RIZAL,SS

2. 11 CASES IN STUDYING ENGLISH
1. PART OF SPEECH AND DERRIVATIVES
2. TENSES AND PASSIVE VOICE
3. CLAUSES
4. ELLIPTICAL STRUCTURES
5. GERUND
6. INFINITIVES
7. CAUSATIVES
8. PARTICIPLES
9. SUBJUNCTIVES
10.CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
11. PARALELLISM

3. There are 8 Part of Speech should be known as :
1. NOUNS.............................................. as Subject and Object
2. PRONOUNS....................................... as Subject and Object
3. ADJECTIVES.......................................as Modifier of Nouns
4. VERBS.................................................as Predicate
5. ADVERBS............................................as Adverbs
6. PREPOSITIONS
7. CONJUNCTIONS
8. INTERJECTIONS / EXCLAMATION WORDS

4. A. NOUNS BASED ON THE FORMS
CAN BE DIVIDED INTO :
 ABSTRACT NOUNS :
 1. Gerunds : reading
 listening, etc
 2. - ty : reality
 society,etc
 3. - ion : organisation
 reunion,etc
 4. - ment : government
 treatment,etc
 5. -ence : performance
 audience,etc
 REAL NOUNS :
 Book
 Pencil
 White board
 Magazine
 Home
 Bag
 Etc



5. S O POSESSIVE
ADJECTIVE
POSSESSIVE
PRO NOUN
REFLEXIVE
PRONOUN
SINGULAR 1 I ME MY....... MINE MYSELF
2 YOU YOU YOUR..... YOURS YOURSELF
3 HE
SHE
IT
HIM
HER
IT
HIS......
HER.....
IT........
HIS
HERS
ITS
HIMSELF
HERSELF
ITSELF
PLURAL 1 WE US OUR..... OURS OURSELVES
2 YOU YOU YOUR.... YOURS YOURSELVES
3 THEY THEM THEIR... THEIRS THEMSELVES

6. C. ADJECTIVES BASED ON THE SYLLABLES CAN BE DIVIDED INTO
:
1 SYLLABLE 2 SYLLABLES 3 0R MORE SYLLABLES
OTHER
FORMATIONS
BIG
SMALL
LONG
SHORT
HIGH
TALL
THIN
THICK
FAST
SLOW
-OW :
Narrow,sorrow,etc
DIFFICULT
IMPORTANT
EXPENSIVE
CAREFUL
INTERESTING
CARELESS
- FUL :
Beautiful,colorful,
useful, etc
-LE : Simple,
triple,humble,etc
- ABLE :
readable,listenable
, detectable,etc
- ER : Clever
- Y : Crazy,easy, - AL :
Colonial,industrial
, international,etcHandsome,stupi
d,modern, etc - IVE : Creative,
positive,
educative

7. THE CHARACTERIZATION OF
ADJECTIVES
 The Articles + Adjectives + Nouns
The interesting Man
A bad Boy
An easy Problem
 Noun Phrase
D O
E
O Th
DE Si A T Sha Co
EXPLANATION :
 D : DETERMINER
1. Article : The, A, An
2. Possessive : My, Your, His, etc
3. Demonstrative : this,that,these,those
4. Quantity : some,any,much

8.  O : ORDINATIVE
1. Numerals : one,two,third,fourth
2. Adjectives with comparative and superlative degree
 E : EPHITET ( ADJECTIVES )
1. DE : Descriptive Enumerator : bad,good,beautiful,etc
2. Si : Size : small,big,wide,long,etc
3. A : Age : young,old,new,etc
4. T : Temperature : cold,hot,warm,etc
5. Sha : Shape : round, oval, square,etc
6. C : Color : white,black,blue,etc
 O : ORIGINAL : wood,stone,etc
 Th : THING : home,school,etc
EXAMPLE :
1. The two nice wide old warm square brown wooden houses.
D O DE Si A T Sha C O M
2. Those longer good black iron sticks
D O DE C O M

9. VERBS
AUXILIARY VERBS BS MAIN/FULL VERRBS
TOBE MODALS REGULAR VERBS IRREGULAR VERBS
D.

10. TOBE :
MODALS :
REGULAR :
IRREGULAR :
V1 V2 V3
AM – WAS - BEEN
IS - WAS - BEEN
ARE- WERE - BEEN
V1 V2 V3
CAN – COULD – COULD HAVE
MAY – MIGHT – MIGHT HAVE
MUST – HAD TO – HAD TO HAVE
SHALL - SHOULD – SHOULD HAVE
WILL – WOULD – WOULD HAVE
V1 V2 V3
OPEN – OPENED – OPENED
CLOSE – CLOSED – CLOSED
ADMIT – ADMITTED – ADMITTED
ORDER – ORDERED – ORDERED
TRY – TRIED – TRIED
PLAY – PLAYED – PLAYED
V1 V2 V3
CUT - CUT - CUT
HIT - HIT - HIT
PUT - PUT - PUT
BUY - BOUGHT - BOUGHT
THINK - THOUGHT – THOUGHT
BRING - BROUGHT - BROUGHT
SWIM - SWAM - SWUM
SING - SANG - SUNG

11. 1. NOMINAL SENTENCE is the Predicate of the verbs are using TOBE
2. VERBAL SENTENCE is the Predicate of the verbs are using
MAIN/FULL VERBS
EXAMPLE : She is a student ( Nominal Sentence )
S P O
She is studying English ( Verbal Sentence )
S P O

12. ADVERBS
ADVERB OF TIME :
NOW,YESTERDAY,
TOMORROW, ETC
ADVERB OF PLACE :
HERE,THERE,CLASS,ETC
ADBERB OF MANNER :
ADJ ECTIVE + LY ADVERB
-BEAUTIFULLY,CALMLY,HARD
ADVERB OF FREQUENCY:
OFTEN, NEVER,EVER, ONLY,
USUALLY,SELDOM,RARELY,ETC
D.

13. THE EXAMPLE OF SENTENCES
 The beauty beautifies her beautiful face beautifully
S/Pro N P/V O/N ADV of Man
 Those kids are playing the ball at the yard now
S/Pro N P/V O/N ADV of place ADV of time
 They often make the unforgetable mistakes
S/Pro N ADV of freq P/V O/N

14. TENSES AND PASSIVE VOICE
TENSES
PRESENT FORMS
( reality )
PAST FORMS
( telling )
FUTURE FORMS
( plan / idea )
1. SIMPLE PAST TENSE
2. PAST CONTINUOUS
TENSE
3. PAST PERFECT TENSE
4. PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
1. SIMPLE PRESENT
TENSE
2. PRESENT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
3. PRESENT PERFECT
TENSE
4. PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
1. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
2. FUTURE CONTINUOUS
TENSE
3. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
4. FUTURE PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE

15. PRESENT FORMS
(+) S + V1(s/es) + O + ADV
(-) S + do/doesn’t + V1 + O + ADV
(+) S + TOBE (am,is,are) + V3 + by + O+ ADV
(-) S + TOBE(am,is,are) not + V3 + by + O+ ADV
(+) S + TOBE (am,is,are ) + V-ing + O+ADV
( - ) S + TOBE (am,is,are) not + V-ing + O+ADV
( ? ) TOBE ( Am,Is,Are ) + S + V-ing + O + ADV ?
(+) S + TOBE (am,is,are) + being + V3 + by + O + ADV
(-) S + TOBE (am,is,are) not + being + V3 + by + O + ADV
(-) S + has/have not + V3 + O + ADV
(?) Has/Have + S + V3 + O + ADV
(+) S + HAVE/HAS + been + V3 + by + O + ADV
(+) S + HAS/HAVE + been being + V3 + by + O +
FOR.../SINCE + S+V2
(-) S + HAS/HAVE not + been being + V3 + by + O +
FOR.../SINCE + S + V2
(?) S + HAS/HAVE + been being + V3 + by + O +
FOR.../SINCE + S + V2 ?
FORMS ACTIVE PASSIVE
SIMPLE
PRESENT
TENSE
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
TENSE
PRESENT
PERFECT
TENSE
PRESENT
PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
TENSE
(?) Do / Does + S + V1 + O + ADV ? (?) TOBE ( Am,Is,Are ) + S + V3 + by + O+ ADV ?
(?) TOBE (Am,Is,Are) + S + being + V3 + by + O + ADV ?
(+) S + has/have + V3 + O + ADV
(-) S + HAVE/HAS not + been + V3 + by + O + ADV
(?) HAVE/HAS + S + been + V3 + by + O + ADV ?
(+) S + HAS/HAVE + been + V-ing + O + FOR.../SINCE + S +
V2
(-) S + HAS/HAVE not + been + V-ing + O + FOR.../SINCE +
S + V2
(?) HAS/HAVE + S + been + V-ing + O + FOR.../SINCE + S +
V2 ?

16. PAST FORMS
FORMS ACTIVE PASSIVE
SIMPLE PAST
TENSE
(+) S + V2 + O + ADV
( - ) S + didn’t + V1 + ADV
( ? ) Did + S + V1 + ADV ?
(+) S + TOBE(was/were) + V3 + by + O + ADV
(-) S + TOBE(was/were) not + V3 + by + O + ADV
(?) TOBE(was/were) + S + V3 + by + O + ADV ?
PAST
CONTINUOUS
TENSE
(+) S + TOBE(was/were) + V-ing + O + WHEN/WHILE + S
+ V2
(-) S + TOBE(was/were) not + V-ing + O + WHEN/WHILE
+ S + V2
(?) + TOBE(was/were) + S + V-ing + O + WHEN/WHILE +
S + V2 ?
(+) S + TOBE(was/were) being + V3 + by + O + WHEN/WHILE +
S + V2
(-) S + TOBE(was/were) not being + V3 + by + O + WHEN /
WHILE + S + V2
(?) TOBE(was/were) + S + being + V3 + by + O + WHEN/WHILE
+ S + V2 ?
PAST PERFECT
TENSE
(+) S + Had+ V3 + WHEN/WHILE + S + V2
(-) S + Hadn’t + V3 + WHEN/WHILE + S + V2
(?) Had + S + V3 + WHEN/WHILE + S + V2 ?
(+) S + HAD + been + V3 + by + O + WHEN/WHILE + S + V2
(-) S + HADn”t + been + V3 + by + O + WHEN/WHILE + S + V2
(?) HAD + S + been + V3 + by + O + WHEN/WHILE + S + V2 ?
PRESENT
PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
TENSE
(+) S + had + been + V-ing + O + for.... + WHEN / WHILE /
BEFORE / AFTER + S + V2
(-) S + hadn’t + been + V-ing + O + for.... + WHEN /
WHILE / BEFORE / AFTER + S + V2
(?) Had + S + been + V-ing + O + for.... + WHEN / WHILE
/ BEFORE / AFTER + S + V2
(+) S + had + been + being + V3 + by + O + for.... + WHEN / WHILE /
BEFORE / AFTER + S + V2
(-) S + hadn’t + been + being + V3 + by + O + for.... + WHEN /
WHILE / BEFORE / AFTER + S + V2
(+) Had + S + been + being + V3 + by + O + for.... + WHEN / WHILE /
BEFORE / AFTER + S + V2

17. FUTURE FORMS
FORMS ACTIVE PASSIVE
SIMPLE FUTURE
TENSE (+) S + SHALL / WILL + V1 + O + ADV
(-) S + SHALL / WILL not + V1 + O + ADV
(?) SHALL / WILL + S + V1 + O + ADV ?
(+) S + SHALL/WILL be + V3 + by + O + ADV
(-) S + SHALL / WILL be + V3 + by + O + ADV
(?) SHALL / WILL + S + be + V3 + by + O + ADV
?
FUTURE
CONTINUOUS
TENSE
(+) S + WILL be+ V-ing + O + WHEN/WHILE + S + V1
(-) S + WILL not be + V-ing + O + WHEN /WHILE + S + V1
(?) WILL + S + be + V-ing + O + WHEN/WHILE + S + V1 ?
(+) S + WILL be being + V3 + by + O +
WHEN/WHILE + S + V1
(-) S + WILL not be being + V3 + by + O +
WHEN/WHILE + S + V1
(?) WILL + S + be being + V3 + by + O +
WHEN/WHILE + S + V1 ?
FUTURE
PERFECT TENSE
(+) S + WILL HAVE + V3 + WHEN/WHILE + S + V1 + by....
(-) S + WILL not HAVE + V3 + WHEN / WHILE + S + V1 +
by ......
(?) WILL + S + HAVE + V3 + WHEN / WHILE + S + V1 + by
..... ?
(+) S + WILL HAVE + been + V3 + by + O +
WHEN/WHILE + S + V1 + by .....
(-) S + WILL not HAVE + been + V3 + by + O +
WHEN/WHILE + S + V1 + by .....
(?) WILL + S + HAVE + been + V3 + by + O +
WHEN/WHILE + S + V1 + by ....... ?
FUTURE
PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
TENSE
(+) S + WILL HAVE + been + V-ing + O + FOR... + by ......
(-) S + WILL not HAVE + been + V-ing + O + FOR....+ by ....
(?) WILL + S + HAVE + been + V – ing + O + FOR....+ by...?
(+) S + WILL HAVE + been + being V3 + by + O +
FOR... + by...
(-) S + WILL not HAVE + been + being V3 + by + O
+ FOR... + by...
(?) WILL+ S + HAVE been + being V3 + by + O +
FOR... + by... ?

18. EXAMPLE :
 Andrew makes some mistakes every day ( Active )
Some mistakes are made by Andrew everyday ( Passive)
 They aren’t riding their motors right now ( Active )
Their motors aren’t being ridden by them right now ( Passive )
 Has mother learned Chinese with her friends this Afternoon ? ( Active )
Has Chinese been learned by mother with her friends this Afernoon ? ( Passive )
 We have been studying English since our teacher came home from England. ( Active )
English has been being studied by us since our teacher came home from England (Passive )
 The students did the exam seriously. ( Active )
The exam was done by the students seriously. ( Passive )
 My son wasn’t playing his ball while his mother washed his clothes ( Active )
My son’s ball wasn’t being played by him while his mother washed his clothes ( Passive )
 Had you met her when I visited her parents ? ( Active )
Had she been met by you when I visited her parents ? ( Passive )
 They had been calling me for a while before my mother slept ( Active )
I had been being called by them for a while before my mother slept ( Passive )
 He will not be waiting for us after school tomorrow ( Active )
We will not be being waited by him after school tomorrow ( Passive )
 She will have watched that show by 07.00 pm tonight ( Active )
The Show will have been watched by her by 07.00 pm tonight ( Passive )

19. CLAUSES
Before studying about Clauses let’s get the definitions about :
 SENTENCE is an arrangement of words which has a meaning
 SIMPLE SENTENCE is a sentence with a minimum 1 Subject and 1 Predicate
COMPOUND SENTENCE is a combination of two or more Simple Sentences with the
conjunction words
 MAIN CLAUSE is a simple sentence with the unchanged of it’s parts
 SUB CLAUSE / CLAUSE is a developing part of MAIN CLAUSE with minimum has 1 Subject
and 1 Predicate
 COMPLETE SENTENCE is a sentence with includes the Main Clause and Clause
CLAUSE
ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE NON ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE

20. To make a COMPLETE SENTENCES we need the helping words of WH-Questions
WH - QUESTIONS AS POSITIONS
WHO PRONOUNS SUBJECT
WHOSE POSESSIVE SUBJECT/OBJECT
WHOM PRONOUNS OBJECT
WHICH NOUNS SUBJECT/OBJECT
WHERE ADVERBS ADV OF PLACE
WHEN ADVERBS ADV OF TIME
THAT ALL ALL

21. EXAMPLE :
1. MAIN CLAUSE : She rides a big motor everyday
CLAUSE : We never see her again
COMP. SENTENCE : She whom we never see again rides a big motor
everyday
2. MAIN CLAUSE : They like playing a basket ball
CLAUSE : Their friends are only watching it
COMP. SENTENCE : - They whose friends are only watching a basket
ball like playing it.
- They like playing a basket ball which their
friends are only watching.
3. MAIN CLAUSE : Jakarta is a big City
CLAUSE : Our family have been living there for 15 years.
COMP.SENTENCE : Jakarta where our family have been living there
for 15 years is a big City

22. ELLIPTICAL STRUCTURE
THE DEFINITION
Elliptical structure is a combination
of two simple sentences which have
the same parts and elimante them
by using the auxiliary verbs and
conjunction words.
Based on the auxiliary and conjuncton
Elipptical structure can be divided into :
1. (+) and (+)
a. .......and......too
b. .......and so......
c. .....either....or....
d. ...not only...but also....
2. (-) and (-)
a. .......and.....either
b. .......and neither ......
c. ....neither...nor.....
d. ....not only...but also...
3. (+) and (-) / contrary
a. ...but....
b. ...whether...or not
4. Both...and.....

23. EXAMPLE
1. (+) We stayed in Bali Last year
(+) He stayed in Bali Last year
a. We stayed in Bali Last year and he did too
b. We stayed in Bali Last year and so did he
c. Either we or he stayed in Bali Last year
d. Not only we but also he stayed in Bali Last year
2. (+) He is coming from America
(+) Anita is coming from America
a. He is coming from America and Anita is too.
b. He is coming from America and so is Anita
c. Either he or Anita is coming from America
d. Not only he but also Anita is coming from America
3. (+) He swalows some candies
(+) Jacky swallows some candies
a. He swallows some candies and Jacky does too
b. He swallows some canies and so does Jacky
c. Either he and Jacky swallows some candies
d. Not only he but also Jacky swallows some candies
4. (+) Anton can speak Japanese well
(+) Andrew can speak Japanese well
a. Anton can speak Japanese well and Andrew can
too
b. Anton can speak Japanese well and so can
Andrew
c. Either Anton and Andrew can speak Japanese
well
d. Not only Anton but also Andrew can speak
Japanese well
5. (+) They had had a lot of money
(+) We had had a lot of money
a. They had had a lot of money and we had too
b. They had had a lot of money and so had we
c. Either they or we had had a lot of money
d. Not only they but also we had had a lot of money
6. (+) I open the door
(+) I open the window
a. I open the door and the window too
b. I open the door and so the window
c. I open either the door and the window
d. I open not only the door but also the window

24. 1.(-) He doesn’t know that problem
(-) I don’t know that problem
a. He doesn’t know that problem and I don’t either
b. He doesn’t know that problem and neither do I
c. Neither he nor I know that problem
d. Not only he but also I know that problem
2. (-) We wouldn’t come’ to her party
(-) He wouldn’t come to her party
a. We wouldn’t come to her party and he wouldn’t either
b. We wouldn’t come to her party and neither would I
c . Neither we nor he would come to her party
d. Not only we but also he wouldn’t come to her party
3. (-) Jhony can’t sing dangdut
(-) Jhony can”t sing pop
a. Jhony can’t sing dangdut and pop either
b. Jhony can’t sing dangdut and neither pop
c. Jhony can sing neither dangdut and pop
d. Jhony can’t sing not only dangdut but also pop

25. 1. (+) Andy made some toys
(-) Andy didn’t make bubbles
 Andy made some toys but didn,t make bubbles
 Andy didn’t make bubbles but some toys
2. (+) He is a student
(-) She isn’t a student
 He is a student but she isn’t
 She isn’t a student but he is
3. I will visit my grandfather although my parents allow me or do not allow me
 I will vist my grand father whether my parents allow me or not
4. Although you like it or you don’t like it, we are still your friends
 Whether you like it or not, we are still your friends
4. (+) Emilia studies English well
(+) Erma studies English well
 Both Emilia and Erna study English well
5. (-) She doesn’t say the word
(-) She doesn’t say the name
 She doesn’t say both the word and the name

26. GERUNDS,
INFINITIVES AND
PARTICIPLES
 GERUND is the NOUN made of VERB + ING
 INFINITIVE is the 2nd , 3rd, 4th VERBS into a
simple sentence
 PARTIPLE is the the VERB’S MODIFIER

27. THE EXAMPLE OF GERUNDS
 STUDYING ENGLISH MAKES ME BORED
S P O ADJ
 WE LIKE DRINKING MILK
S P O O
Now differ them with these
 WE ARE STUDYING ENGLISH NOW
S P O ADV
 WE ARE DRINKING TEN GLASSES OF MILK NOW
S P O ADV

28. INFINITIVES
 INFITIVES with ‘to’
1. AS A Subject
2. AS Modifier
a. Modifier of NOUNS
b. Modifier of ADJECTIVES
c. Modifier of VERBS
d. Modifier of WH - QUESTIONS
To – V1
 BARE INFINITIVES without ‘to’
1. After Modals
2. If there are the words like : a. Dare not
b. Would rather
c. Had better
d. Would sooner
3. If there is the word ‘ LET ’
4. CAUSATIVES

29. THE EXAMPLE OF TO –
INFINITIVES
( TO – V1 )
 AS A SUBJECT
a) To solve this problem needs a lot of ways
S / Inf P O
b) To listen this news makes me sick
S / Inf P O Adj
 AS MODIFIER
 MODIFIER OF NOUNS :
a) She buys this story book to read
S P O Inf
b) They give their money to donate the poor widow
S P O Inf O
 MODIFIER OF ADJECTIVES
a) English is difficult to study
S P Adj Inf
b) She is too young to be married
S P Adj Inf V3
 MODIFIER OF VERBS
a) I speak to influence the people
S P/V Inf O
b) He reads to have a new experience
S P/V Inf O
 MODIFIER OF WH-QUESTIONS
a) We didn’t know what to do
S P/V wh-q Inf
b) Andrew will decide where to stay
S P/V wh-q Inf

30. THE EXAMPLE OF BARE
INFINITIVES
( INFINITIVES WITHOUT
TO )
 AFTER MODALS
a) She can speak English fluently
S M V1 O Adv
b) You must study hard
S M V1 Adv
 She dares not go alone
S V1 Adv
 We would rather try to study more
S V1 Inf Adv
 You had better prepare yourself to face the final examination
S V1 Pro N Inf O/N phrase
 They would sooner hand in their task
S P/V O
 Let me be alone
O P Adv

31. ACTIVE
S
HAS/HAVE
MAKE
LET
GET
+ O1 + V1 + O2
+ O1 + TO-V1 + O2
PASSIVE
S
HAS/HAVE
MAKE
LET
GET
+ O1 + V3

32. EXAMPLE :
 He has me study English hard
 They got him to say that word
 I had had her write this letter
 Joan let him make this chair
 Marry is making me eat this meal
ACTIVE
 He has the English studied hard
 They got that word said by him
 I had this letter written
 Joan let this chair made
 Marry is making this meal eaten
PASSIVE

33. PARTICIPLE
S
V3 + N
V-ing + N
PASSIVE
ACTIVE
EXAMPLE :
 We saw the standing man overthere
Active Participle
 The signed agreement has been sent to Jakarta by Mr Georgipe
Passive Participle

34. Verbs are always followed by the INFINITIVE :
 agree
 desire
 intend
 prepare
 tend
 attempt
 fail
 learn
 pretend
 try
 claim
 forget
 need
 refuse
 want
 decide
 hesitate
 offer
 seem
 wish
 demand
 hope
 plan
 strive
Verbs that are always followed by GERUND :
 admit
 delay
 miss
 regret
 risk
 recall
 appreciate
 deny
 postpone
 report
 suggest
 resume
 avoid
 enjoy
 practise
 resent
 can’t help
 finish
 quit
 resist
 consider
 mind
Verbs that are followed by either the INFINITIVE or GERUND :
 begin
 like
 can’t stand
 love
 continue
 prefer
 dread
 start
 hate

35. EXAMPLE :
 John expected to begin studying law next semester
 Mary admiited stealing the jewels
 We enjoyed seeing them again after so many years
 Mary learned to swim when she was very young
 He started to study after dinner
 He started studying after dinner
 Joan hates to ride her bicycle to school
 Joan hates riding her bicycle to school

36. SUBJUNCTIVE
MAIN CLAUSE SUBJUNCTIVE CLAUSE FACT
S + V1 WISH S + V2 S + V1
S + V2 AS IF / AS THOUGH S + M3 /HAD + V3 S + V2
S + HAD + V3 WOULD RATHER S + M3 /HAD + V3 S + V2
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
MAIN CLAUSE CLAUSE FACT
IF S + V1 S + M1 + V1 S + V1
S + V2 S + M2 + V1 S + V1
S + HAD + V3 S + M3 + V3 S + V2
TOBE
V2 = WERE

37. EXAMPLE :
 If I were rich, I would travel around the world
Fact : I am poor / I never go abroad
 If he has the time, he will go to jakarta
Fact : He is so busy / He doesn’t have any time
 If she had seen the movie, she would have told you
Fact : She stayed at home / She went nowhere
 If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter
Fact : We didn’t know that you were there so that we didn’t write you a letter
 The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer
Fact : It is not winter
 I wish that I had enough time to finish my work
Fact : I don’t have enough time
 He looked as though he had been leaving
Fact : Perhaps he was leaving

38. PARALELLISM
DEFINITION : When information in a sentence is given in the form of a list or series, all components
must be grammatically parallel or equal. There may be only two components or there may be many
components in a list; how ever, if the first is, for example, an infinitive, the rest must also be infinitives.
Consider these following ciorrect and incorrect sentences :
Not parrallel : Peter is rich,handsome, and many people like him
Parrallel : Peter is rich, handsome, and populer
Not parrallel : Mr. Henry is a lawyer, a politician and he teaches
Parrallel : Mr. Henry is a lawyer, a politician and a teacher
Not parrallel : She likes to fish, swim, and surfing
Parrallel : She likes fishing,swimming and surfing
She likes to fish, to swim and to surf

39. REPORTED AND UNREPORTED SPEECH
( DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH )
IMPERATIVE SENTENCE
ACTIVE : DS : S + V2, “ V1 + O !”
IS : S + V2 to + V1
PASSIVE : DS : S + V2, “ Don’t + V1 !”
IS : S + V2 not to + V1
WH- QUESTIONS

40. EXAMPLE :
 DS : Susi says , “ I have some reading books.”
IS : Susi says that she has some reading books
 DS : Susi said, “ I had some reading books last year.”
IS : Susi said that she had had some reading books the year before
 DS : Susi said, “ I have some reading books now.”
IS : Susi said that she had some reading books then
 DS : Andrew asked,“ Take my book on that desk,please!”
IS : Andrew asked to take his book on the desk.
 DS : Andrew asked, “ Don’t take my book on that desk!”
IS : Andrew asked not to take his booh on the desk
 DS : Mary asked, “ What are you doing now ?”
IS : Mary asked what I was doing then
 DS : Andy asked, “ Where did she stay last night ?”
IS : Andy asked where she had stayed the night before

41. THANK YOU