The document summarizes the functions of 16 tenses in English, organized into simple, continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous forms for present, past, and future times. It provides examples of when each tense is used, such as to describe habits, scheduled events, recent completion of an action, planned or predicted events, and relationships between actions that have occurred or will occur at different times. The tenses are used to focus on the time an action or event takes place or to emphasize its duration.

1. RUMUS 16 TENSES
SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
To Be + Ving Have/Has + V3 Have + Been + Ving
PRESENT Simple Present Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous
Verbal (+) S + V1 + s/es
(-) S + (do/does) + not + V1
(?) (do/does) + S + V1
(+) S + (is/am/are) + Ving
(-) S + (is/am/are) + not + Ving
(?) (is/am/are) + S + Ving
(+) S + (have/has) + V3
(-) S + (have/has) + not + V3
(?) (have/has) + S + V3
(+) S + (have/has) + been + Ving
(-) S + (have/has) + not + been + Ving
(?) (have/has) + S + been + Ving
Nominal (+) S + (is/am/are) + 3C
(-) S + (is/am/are) + not + 3C
(?) (is/am/are) + S + 3C
(+) S + (is/am/are) + 3C
(-) S + (is/am/are) + not + 3C
(?) (is/am/are) + S + 3C
(+) S + (have/has) + been + 3C
(-) S + (have/has) + not + been + 3C
(?) (have/has) + S + been + 3C
(+) S + (have/has) + been + 3C
(-) S + (have/has) + not + been + 3C
(?) (have/has) + S + been + 3C
PAST Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous
Verbal (+) S + V2
(-) S + did + not + V1
(?) Did + S + V1
(+) S + (was/were) + Ving
(-)S + (was/were) + not + Ving
(?) (was/were) + S + Ving
(+) S + had + V3
(-)S + had + not + V3
(?) had + S + V3
(+) S + had + been + Ving
(-) S + had + not + been + Ving
(?) Had + S + been + Ving
Nominal (+) S + (was/were) + 3C
(-) S + (was/were) + not +3C
(?) (was/were) S + 3C
(+) S + (was/were) + 3C
(-) S + (was/were) + not + 3C
(?) (was/were) S + 3C
(+) S + had + been + 3C
(-) S + had + not + been + 3C
(?) Had + S + been + 3C
(+) S + had + been + 3C
(-) S + had + not + been + 3C
(?) Had + S + been + 3C
FUTURE Simple Future Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous
Verbal (+) S + (shall/will) + V1
(-) S + (shall/will) + not + V1
(?) (shall/will) + S + V1
(/) S + (is/am/are) + going to + V1
(+) S + (shall/will) + be + Ving
(-) S + (shall/will) + not + be + Ving
(?) (shall/will) + S + be + Ving
(/) S + (is/am/are) + going to + V1
(+) S + (shall/will) + have + V3
(-) S + (shall/will) + not + have + V3
(?) (shall/will) + S + have + V3
(+) S + (shall/will) + have + been + Ving
(-) S + (shall/will) + not + have + been + Ving
(?) (shall/will) + S + have + been + Ving
Nominal (+) S + (shall/will) + be + 3C
(-) S + (shall/will) + not + be + 3C
(?) (shall/will) + S + be + 3C
(+) S + (shall/will) + be + 3C
(-) S + (shall/will) + not + be + 3C
(?) (shall/will) + S + be + 3C
(+) S + (shall/will) + have + been + 3C
(-) S + (shall/will) + not + have + been + 3C
(?) (shall/will) + S + have + been + 3C
(+) S + (shall/will) + have + been + 3C
(-) S + (shall/will) + not + have + been + 3C
(?) (shall/will) + S + have + been + 3C
PAST
FUTURE
Simple Past Future Past Future Continuous Past Future Perfect Past Future Perfect Continuous
Verbal (+) S + (should/would) + V1
(-) S + (should/would) + not + V1
(?) (should/would) + S + V1
(/) S + (was/were) + going to + V1
(+) S + (should/would) + be + Ving
(-) S + (should/would) + not + be +
Ving
(?) (should/would) + S + be + Ving
(/) S + (was/were) + going to + V1
(+) S + (should/would) + have + V3
(-) S + (should/would) + not + have + V3
(?) (should/would) + S + have + V3
(+) S + (should/would) + have + been + Ving
(-) S + (should/would) + not + have + been +
Ving
(?) (should/would) + S + have + been + Ving
Nominal (+) S + (should/would) + be + 3C
(-) S + (should/would) + not + be
+ 3C
(?) (should/would) + S + be + 3C
(+) S + (should/would) + be + 3C
(-) S + (should/would) + not + be +
3C
(?) (should/would) + S + be + 3C
(+) S + (should/would) + have + been + 3C
(-) S + (should/would) + not + have + been
+ 3C
(?) (should/would) + S + have + been + 3C
(+) S + (should/would) + have + been + 3C
(-) S + (should/would) + not + have + been +
3C
(?) (should/would) + S + have + been + 3C

2. FUNGSI 16 TENSES
SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
PRESENT Simple Present Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous
- Kebiasaan / sering dilakukan
- Kebenaran umum
- Jadwal umum
- Judul berita
- Perintah / permintaan singkat
- Menyatakan sifat / karakter
- Deskripsi suatu prosedur
- Sedang berlangsung / dilakukan
- Pasti / segera akan dilakukan
- Kejadian yg masih berlangsung walau
tidak sedang dilakukan
- Aktivitas yg sudah terjadwal
- Akt. durasi lama tapi sementara
- Kebiasaan buruk yg berulang
- Selesai / baru saja dilakukan, tanpa
menyebutkan waktu
- Menghubungkan lampau – sekarang
- Sudah dilakukan pada waktu lampau
tapi masih terjadi sampai sekarang
- Sudah dilakukan tetapi masih
dilakukan / belum selesai
- Sudah dilakukan pada waktu lampau
tapi masih terjadi sampai sekarang
- Sudah dilakukan tetapi masih
dilakukan / belum selesai
- Lebih fokus terhadap waktu kejadian
AoT
Always, never, every, usually,
seldom, often, sometime, on …
Now, right now, at present, soon,
today, tonight, this morning, etc.
Just, already, once, twice, since, for a
month, for a year
Since, all day, a long day, for, the whole
day, all afternoon, etc
PAST Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous
- Kejadian di masa lampau
- Kebenaran umum masa lampau
- Kebiasaan di masa lampau
- Kejadian yg sedang berlangsung di
masa lampau
- 2 kejadian yg sedang berlangsung
bersamaan di masa lampau
- Kejadian bertahap
- Sudah selesai dilakukan
- 2 kejadian yg telah terjadi di masa
lampau
- Indirect speech
- Kejadian yg berlangsung di masa
lampau dan masih terus berlanjut
- Suatu kejadian yg berlangsung
sebelum kejadian lain terjadi di masa
lampau
AoT
Yesterday, last night, the day
before, two days ago
As, when, while Before, just, already, after, as soon as,
until
When, since, for, before, after
FUTURE Simple Future Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous
- Suatu kejadian yg akan
dilakukan/terjadi di masa depan
- Pendapat, prediksi, dugaan
- Permintaan
- Ajakan, saran
- Suatu kejadian yg akan sedang
dilakukan/terjadi di masa depan
- Suatu kejadian yg akan sudah
dilakukan/terjadi di masa depan
- Suatu kejadian yg akan sudah
dilakukan/terjadi di masa depan tetapi
masih berlangsung
- (Penekanan pada durasi waktu)
AoT Tomorrow, later, soon, if, next … When, if, while, at this time 2morrow By tomorrow, by sunday, in two days By the end of …
PAST
FUTURE
Simple Past Future Past Future Continuous Past Future Perfect Past Future Perfect Continuous
- Kejadian yg telah diprediksi di
masa lampau
- Pengandaian
- Perintah/permintaan scra halus
- Menyatakan suatu rencana /
kejadian yg akan berlangsung, tapi
pada waktu spesifik di masa lampau
- Menyatakan suatu kejadian
(pengandaian) yang tidak mungkin
terjadi, karena peristiwanya sudah
lewat
- Menyatakan suatu kejadian yg akan
berlangsung, tapi pada waktu spesifik di
masa lampau dan masih terus berlanjut
AoT Yesterday, last … Tomorrow, on … , next … On/in … last … , at … yesterday By last … , by the end of …