The document discusses disasters, earthquakes, and the 2001 Gujarat earthquake in India. It defines disasters and earthquakes, describing how they occur due to forces within the Earth's crust. Causes of earthquakes include volcanic eruptions, tectonic plate movements, and geological faults. The document outlines actions to take before, during, and after an earthquake to mitigate risks and damage. It then summarizes the 2001 Gujarat earthquake in India, which occurred on January 26, 2001 and was one of India's worst disasters, killing over 19,000 people.

2. Diaster word come from the Italian word Disastro.
The meaning Disaster is Dis:- bad & Aster :- star.
It means it is an astrological senses of a calamity
blame on the position of planet.

3. Earthquake

4. An earthquake is also known as a quake, tremor or
temblor.
Earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the
Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy
in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic
waves.

5. Epicenter-The point on the Earth's surface located
directly above the focus of an earthquake.
Focus-The location where the earthquake begins.
The ground ruptures at this spot, then seismic
waves radiate outward in all directions.

7. 1. Volcanic Eruptions
2.Tectonic Movements
3.Geological Faults
4.Man Made
5.Minor Causes
•Volcanic eruption:- The main cause of earthquake is volcanic
eruptions. Such type of earthquakes occurs in areas, with frequent
volcanic activities. When boiling lava tries to break through the surface of
the earth, with the increased pressure of gases, certain movements are
caused in earth’s crust.

8. •Tectonic Movements :-The surface of the earth consists of
some plates, comprising of the upper mantle. These plates are
always moving, thus effecting earth’s crust. These movements are
categorized into three types: constructive, destructive and
conservative. Constructive is when two plates move away from each
other, they correspond to mild earthquakes.
•Geological Faults:- A geological fault is known as the
displacement of plates of their original plane. The plane can be
horizontal or vertical. These planes are not formed suddenly but
slowly develop over a long period. The movement of rocks along
these planes brings about tectonic earthquakes.

9. •Man Made:- The interference of man with nature can also
become a cause of the earthquake. The disturbance of crustal balance
due to heavy clubbing of water in dams can cause earthquakes.
•Minor Causes:- Some minor causes such as landslides,
avalanches, the collapse of heavy rocks, etc. can also cause minor
shockwaves. The gases beneath the surface of earth contract and
expand, giving rise to movements in plates beneath the crust.

10. Effects of Earthquake
The effects of an earthquake are terrible and devastating. Many
building, hospitals, schools, etc are destroyed due to it. A lot of
people get killed and injured. Many people lose their money
and property. It affects the mental health and emotional health
of people.
The environmental effects of it are that including
surface faulting, tectonic uplift and subsidence, tsunamis, soil
liquefaction, ground resonance, landslides and ground failure,
either directly linked to a quake source or provoked by the
ground shaking.

11. Earthquakes – Mitigation
(Actions Before, During, After)
•Action to be taken before Earthquake:-
1. Make sure you have a fire extinguisher, first aid kit, a battery-powered
radio, a flashlight, and extra batteries at home.
2. Learn first aid.
3. Learn how to turn off the gas, water, and electricity.
4. Make up a plan of where to meet your family after an earthquake.
5. Don't leave heavy objects on shelves (they'll fall during a quake).

12. •Action to be taken during Earthquake:-
1. Stay calm!
2. If you're indoors, stand against a wall near the center of
the building, stand in a doorway, or crawl under heavy
furniture (a desk or table). Stay away from windows and
outside doors.
3. If you're outdoors, stay in the open away from power
lines or anything that might fall. Stay away from
buildings (stuff might fall off the building or the building
could fall on you).
4. Don't use matches, candles, or any flame. Broken gas
lines and fire don't mix
5. If you're in a car, stop the car and stay inside the car until
the earthquake stops.
6. Don't use elevators (they'll probably get stuck anyway)

13. •Action to be taken after Earthquake:-
1. Check yourself and others for injuries. Provide first aid for anyone
who needs it.
2. Check water, gas, and electric lines for damage. If any are
damaged, shut off the valves. Check for the smell of gas. If you
smell it, open all the windows and doors, leave immediately, and
report it to the authorities
3. Turn on the radio. Don't use the phone unless it's an emergency.
4. Stay out of damaged buildings.
5. Stay away from beaches. Tsunamis and seiches sometimes hit after
the ground has stopped shaking.
6. Stay away from damaged areas.

17. 2001 Gujarat Earthquake
India Faced One of its Worst
Disasters in 2001
The 2001 Gujarat earthquake, also known as the Bhuj earthquake,
occurred on 26 January, India's 51st Republic Day, at 08:46 AM
IST and lasted for over 2 minutes. The epicentre was about 9 km
south-southwest of the village
of Chobari in Bhachau Taluka of Kutch District of Gujarat, India.
More than 19,727people were killed while 166,000 were injured and
nearly millions were left homeless.
When India was celebrating its Republic Day on 26 January 2001,
the western part of the country faced one of the worst earthquakes in
history.