Between 1450 and 1750, Europe became more "modern" through significant social, political, economic, and intellectual changes. The Renaissance and Reformation led to new ideas in science, politics, and religion that challenged traditional authority. Politically, powerful monarchies centralized rule and asserted divine right, while some nations developed constitutional rule and parliament. Economically, international trade increased under mercantilism and eventually capitalism emerged, driven by new ideas about free markets and specialization.

1. Early Modern Europe: What made Europe more “modern” between 1450 and 1750? AP World History Richard Smart Oakland Mills High School