Nowadays, the exhaustion of electricity power in rural areas is becoming an important issue for many African Nations. Moreover, challenges include the high cost of extending the power grid to these locations, the economic health of the utilities and lack of revenue in impoverished villages. Numerous new initiatives are being implemented in the countries some of them co-financed by international organizations. In this paper, the hybrid microgrid is carried out as a feasible solution for a small rural village. A model of hybrid microgrid consisting of combination of photovoltaic (PV) panels and battery energy storage (BES) and a control system for managing the components of entire system to feed the village as local load is proposed. The control system must avoid the interruptions of power delivered to the consumers (village) and, therefore, good quality and reliability of the system is required. The PI controllers are used to regulate the voltage and current using three-phase dq transformation, while the parameters are determined using Ziegler-Nichols tuning method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulation results given by Matlab / Sim Power Systems R environment.
Grid Connected PV System with Power Quality Improvement Using Intelligent Con...IJMTST Journal
The depletion of the fossil fuel resources and the global warming effects has led the world to think
seriously of other alternative sources of energy. So renewable energy resources (RES) are being connected to
the distribution systems, mostly done by using power electronic converters. But use of power electronic
converters and non-linear loads like at distribution level injects harmonics, which intern cause power quality
problems. Distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) is very popular in compensating power problems for
nonlinear and unbalanced loads. Any change in the load affects the DC-link voltage (DCLV) directly.
Conventionally, a PI controller is used to maintain the DCLV to the reference value, but its transient response
is poor. So, fuzzy logic controller is proposed which shows better dynamic response. To trigger inverter HCC
is used. The proposed inverter with the control when connected to wind energy, helps the 3-phase 4-wire
linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appear as balanced linear load to the grid.
With MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies, the proposed control technique is demonstrated and evaluated
here.
Renewable microgrid operational results and economic evaluation using RETScre...IJECEIAES
This article describes the performance results of the first renewable microgrid of Chocó, Colombia, monitored over two years (2016-2017) adding an economic approach. A virtual platform is used to analyze, in real time, the microgrid power production, while a meteorological station measures the solar irradiance and the ambient temperature. The results indicated that the generation of AC PV energy was 21,817 kWh/year on 2016 and 23,301 kWh/year on 2017. The photovoltaic system’s average efficiency was 10.3 % on 2016 and 11.09 % on 2017. An economical analysis of the renewable microgrid is also presented using RETScreenTM software. The results show a net present value of $237,028 USD for an evaluation period of 25 years with annual energy savings of $4,622 USD. A calculation on greenhouse gas emissions show that 22.9 tCO2 per year are avoided when using the solar energy tech.
Fuzzy logic control of hybrid systems including renewable energy in microgrids IJECEIAES
With a growing demand for more energy from subscribers, a traditional electric grid is unable to meet new challenges, in the remote areas remains the extension of the conventional electric network very hard to do make prohibitively expensive. Therefore, a new advanced generation of traditional electrical is inevitable and indispensable to move toward an effective, economical, green, clean and self-correcting power system. The most well-known term used to define this next generation power system is micro grid (MG) based on renewable energy sources (RES). Since, the energy produced by RES are not constant at all times, a wide range of energy control techniques must be involved to provide a reliable power to consumers. To solve this problem in this paper we present a fuzzy logic control of isolated hybrid systems (HRES) including renewable energy in micro-grids to maintain a stability in voltage and frequency output especially in the standalone application. The considered HRES combine a wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) panels as primary energy sources and an energy storage system (ESS) based on battery as a backup solution. Simulation results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink environment demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in decreasing the electricity bill of customer.
Operation and Control of Grid Connected Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid using Various RESIAES-IJPEDS
This paper proposes a Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid in alliance with Photo Voltaic (PV) energy, Wind Energy and Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel cells. Microgrids are becoming increasingly attractive to the researchers because of the less greenhouse gases, low running cost, and flexibility to operate in connection with utility grid. The Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid constitutes independent AC and DC subgrids, where all the corresponding sources and loads are connected to their respective buses and these buses are interfaced using an interfacing converter. The Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid increases system efficiency by reducing the multiple reverse conversions involved in conventional RES integration to grid. A Small Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid in grid connected mode was modeled and simulated in MATLAB- SIMULINK environment. The simulation results prove the stable operation considering the uncertainty of generations and loads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Grid Connected PV System with Power Quality Improvement Using Intelligent Con...IJMTST Journal
The depletion of the fossil fuel resources and the global warming effects has led the world to think
seriously of other alternative sources of energy. So renewable energy resources (RES) are being connected to
the distribution systems, mostly done by using power electronic converters. But use of power electronic
converters and non-linear loads like at distribution level injects harmonics, which intern cause power quality
problems. Distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) is very popular in compensating power problems for
nonlinear and unbalanced loads. Any change in the load affects the DC-link voltage (DCLV) directly.
Conventionally, a PI controller is used to maintain the DCLV to the reference value, but its transient response
is poor. So, fuzzy logic controller is proposed which shows better dynamic response. To trigger inverter HCC
is used. The proposed inverter with the control when connected to wind energy, helps the 3-phase 4-wire
linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appear as balanced linear load to the grid.
With MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies, the proposed control technique is demonstrated and evaluated
here.
Renewable microgrid operational results and economic evaluation using RETScre...IJECEIAES
This article describes the performance results of the first renewable microgrid of Chocó, Colombia, monitored over two years (2016-2017) adding an economic approach. A virtual platform is used to analyze, in real time, the microgrid power production, while a meteorological station measures the solar irradiance and the ambient temperature. The results indicated that the generation of AC PV energy was 21,817 kWh/year on 2016 and 23,301 kWh/year on 2017. The photovoltaic system’s average efficiency was 10.3 % on 2016 and 11.09 % on 2017. An economical analysis of the renewable microgrid is also presented using RETScreenTM software. The results show a net present value of $237,028 USD for an evaluation period of 25 years with annual energy savings of $4,622 USD. A calculation on greenhouse gas emissions show that 22.9 tCO2 per year are avoided when using the solar energy tech.
Fuzzy logic control of hybrid systems including renewable energy in microgrids IJECEIAES
With a growing demand for more energy from subscribers, a traditional electric grid is unable to meet new challenges, in the remote areas remains the extension of the conventional electric network very hard to do make prohibitively expensive. Therefore, a new advanced generation of traditional electrical is inevitable and indispensable to move toward an effective, economical, green, clean and self-correcting power system. The most well-known term used to define this next generation power system is micro grid (MG) based on renewable energy sources (RES). Since, the energy produced by RES are not constant at all times, a wide range of energy control techniques must be involved to provide a reliable power to consumers. To solve this problem in this paper we present a fuzzy logic control of isolated hybrid systems (HRES) including renewable energy in micro-grids to maintain a stability in voltage and frequency output especially in the standalone application. The considered HRES combine a wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) panels as primary energy sources and an energy storage system (ESS) based on battery as a backup solution. Simulation results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink environment demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in decreasing the electricity bill of customer.
Operation and Control of Grid Connected Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid using Various RESIAES-IJPEDS
This paper proposes a Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid in alliance with Photo Voltaic (PV) energy, Wind Energy and Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel cells. Microgrids are becoming increasingly attractive to the researchers because of the less greenhouse gases, low running cost, and flexibility to operate in connection with utility grid. The Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid constitutes independent AC and DC subgrids, where all the corresponding sources and loads are connected to their respective buses and these buses are interfaced using an interfacing converter. The Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid increases system efficiency by reducing the multiple reverse conversions involved in conventional RES integration to grid. A Small Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid in grid connected mode was modeled and simulated in MATLAB- SIMULINK environment. The simulation results prove the stable operation considering the uncertainty of generations and loads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
GA Based Controller for Autonomous Wind-DG Micro gridIOSRJEEE
A single renewable source of energy when integrated with other sources of energy it is termed as hybrid system. In this paper an active power control strategy has been developed such that when the wind alone is not able to meet the energy demand, without compromising the frequency a transition occurs to wind diesel mode so that the energy demand is met. This work proposes the coordination of WDG(Wind DG), VSC’s are used for two purposes one is frequency control and another is voltage control. PMBLDC generator is used as a wind power generator and the Incremental conductance method is used as MPPT along with boost converter. This output is stored into battery system (BS) and surplus is supplied to the consumer loads. Back propagation feed forward (BPFF) control scheme is used for VF control of VSC. This controller provides harmonics elimination, load leveling and reactive power compensation and also regulates the voltage at PCC. Genetic algorithm is used for the purpose of tuning PI controller of BPFF. The performance and the analysis is done in a user friendly MATLAB/Simulink environment.
This paper describes the Grid connected solar photovoltaique system using DC-DC boost converter and the DC/AC inverter (VSC) to supplies electric power to the utility grid. The model contains a representation of the main components of the system that are two solar arrays of 100 kW, boost converter and the grid side inverter. The paper starts with a system description, in this part we have given a definition and a short overview of every component used in this system and they are taken separately. The PV cell model is easy, accurate, and takes external temperature and solar radiation into consideration. It also proposes a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The algorithm incorporated in a DC/DC converter is used to track the maximum power of PV cell. Finally, the DC/AC inverter (VSC) of three- level is used to regulate the ouput voltage of DC/DC converter and connects the PV cell to the grid. Simulation results show how a solar radiation’s change can affect the power output of any PV system, also they show the control performance and dynamic behavior of the grid connected photovoltaic system.
Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Gen...ijtsrd
As the demand for more reliable and secure power system with greater power quality increases, the concept of distributed generation DG have become more popular. This popularity of DG concept has developed simultaneously with the decrease in manufacturing costs associated with clean and alternative technologies like fuel cells, biomass, micro turbine and solar cell systems. Intentional islanding is the purposeful sectionalisation of the utility system during widespread disturbances to create power “islandâ€. This island can be designed to maintain a continuous supply of power during disturbances of the main distribution system. Ruchali Borkute | Nikita Malwar ""Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Generation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23679.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23679/control-for-grid-connected-and-intentional-islanding-of-distributed-power-generation/ruchali-borkute
Performance analysis of grid-tied photovoltaic system under varying weather c...IJECEIAES
Model and simulation of the impact of the distribution grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) system feeding a variable load with its control system have been investigated in this study. Incremental Conductance (IncCond) algorithm based on maximum power point tracking (MPPT) was implemented for the PV system to extract maximum power under different weather conditions when solar irradiation varies between 250 W/m 2 and 1000 W/m 2 . The proposed system is modelled and simulated with MATLAB/Simulink tools. Under different weather conditions, the dynamic performance of the PV system is evaluated. The results obtained show the efficacy of the proposed MPPT method in response to rapid daytime weather variations. The results also show that the surplus power generated is injected into the grid when the injected power from the PV system is higher than the load demand; otherwise, the grid supplies the load.
Electric Vehicle as an Energy Storage for Grid Connected Solar Power SystemIAES-IJPEDS
In the past few years the growing demand for electricity and serious concern
for the environment have given rise to the growth of sustainable sources like
wind, solar, tidal, biomass etc. The technological advancement in power
electronics has led to the extensive usage of solar power. Solar power output
varies with the weather conditions and under shading conditions. With the
increasing concerns of the impacts of the high penetration of Photovoltaic
(PV) systems, a technical study about their effects on the power quality of
the utility grid is required. This paper investigates the functioning of a gridtied
PV system along with maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
algorithm. The effects of varying atmospheric conditions like solar irradiance
and temperature are also taken into account. It is proposed in this work that
an Electric Vehicle (EV) can be used as an energy storage to stabilize the
power supplied to the grid from the photovoltaic resources. A coordinated
control is necessary for the EV to obtain desired outcome. The modeling of
the PV and EV system is carried out in PSCAD and the proposed idea is
verified through simulation results utilizing real field data for solar irradiance
and temperature.
Integrated arrangement of advanced power electronics through hybrid smart gri...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
As an enabler component for renewable energy integration, power electronics (PE) technology in smart grid system is one of the most important issues of development the electrification, decentralization and information-technology/operation-technology (IT/OT) digitization within the electrical energy transmission and distribution systems. The arrangement of PE may different along the feeder either for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine, fuel cells, wave energy system and battery storage unit, respectively.This is due to the electric voltage that might need to be converted from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) and vice versa. For that reason, this paper proposed a concept of advanced PE as an integrated arrangement of several AC/DC/AC-and DC/AC- converters in such ways that support thepreviously mentioned grid-connected hybrid renewable energy sources and distributed generators (DGs) along the distribution feeder. Additionally, for the system that supported by battery storage unit, then this hybrid smart grid concept might become the answer for future utility needs.
Attempting to reduce the existing electricity consumption bill, as well as the stability and non-outage grid recharge with the lowest possible cost and suitable quality, is one of the most important goals for those interested in energy around the world. This paper study the circumstances surrounding the Egyptian society to find the best solutions to a achieved this goals, and it was found that solar energy is one of the best alternatives available for energy. Firstly will be study the electricity consumption bill, slice prices and a program was made to calculate the consumption invoice moreover another program for quick estimation to the proposed solar system.The proposed system provides a smart integration between the solar system and grid, where the supply sustainability and the optimal cost are considered. This configuration allows the two sources separately or simultaneously supply the loads depending on photovoltaic extracted energy. Operational analysis of the proposed system will discussed in this paper. The proposed system consists of solar cells, charge controller, batteries and inverter plugged to automatic transfer switches (ATS) using Programmable Logic Control (PLC). The system grantee a safe and reliable load feeding independently on the grid status. The system durability is the most depicted feature through the modelling and experimentally results. A typical case studies for about four years of non-outages photovoltaic-grid hybrid supply (the implemented system) will be presented and discussed.
Intelligent controller based power quality improvement of microgrid integrati...IJECEIAES
Now a day the power demand has a major problem for developing countries due to the growth of population, industries, IT companies and other needs. In this present situation the fossil fuel-based power generation alone does not support the consumer needs, poor power quality due to nonlinear function and very harmful for environment. The main objective of this paper is improving the power quality of grid connected photovoltaic power system through a new cascade H-bridge multilevel inverter. The proposed research work has been modelled and controlled by ANFIS intelligence in MATLAB simulation environment. The simulation results are analysed under various operating conditions for improve the performance of proposed system. Finally, the proposed system THD value of simulation results is compared with IEEE 1547 standard for prove the effectiveness of proposed research work.
Implementation of a Voltage Multiplier based on High Step-up Converter using FLCIJMTST Journal
A Front end of the Photovoltaic Solar Panel is been proposed based on Step-Up Converter. The use of
distributed energy resources is increasingly being pursued as a supplement and an alternative to large
conventional central power stations. The specification of a power electronic interface is subject to
requirements related not only to the renewable energy source itself but also to its effects on the power-system
operation, especially where the intermittent energy source constitutes a significant part of the total system
capacity. Implementing a voltage multiplier module, an asymmetrical interleaved high step-up converter
obtains high step-up gain without operating at an extreme duty ratio. The voltage multiplier module is
composed of a conventional boost converter and coupled inductors. An extra conventional boost converter is
integrated into the first phase to achieve a considerably higher voltage conversion ratio. The two-phase
configuration not only reduces the current stress through each power switch, but also constrains the input
current ripple, which decreases the conduction losses of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors.
In addition, the proposed converter functions as an active clamp circuit, which alleviates large voltage spikes
across the power switches. Finally, the simulation circuitry with a 40V input voltage and 230V output voltage
is operated to verify its performance analysis with respect to the Fuzzy Logic Controller. The highest
efficiency is 97.75%.
Proposed PV Transformer-Less Inverter Topology Technique for Leakage Current ...IJPEDS-IAES
Importance and demand of using renewable energy is dramatically escalated globally. Hence, the use of renewable energy is going to touch in peak. This demand is varying according to the site choosing. For instance, Wind is preferable where air is following highly as well as solar recommended place is high sun ray reducing places. Especially, the renewable system is highly recommended for electrification issues where it’s possible to produce the electricity for fulfilling rural and remote areas electricity problem. The photovoltaic (PV) panel of connecting with transformer based system is popular where some limitations are occurred especially cost and weight. In contrast, in this paper is focusing these issues where the transformer-less inverter system is used. Here will discuss some transformer-based and transformer-less inverter topologies and the leakage current issue which is occurred when transformer-less inverter system is used. Moreover, here is proposed a topology for reducing the leakage current after doing switching technique in both 50% and 75% duty cycle where output voltage remains quite same.
A non-isolated tri-port converter is a fully compact and functional system by the integration of basic converters. This can be used for renewable energy applications. This converter is capable of achieving different switching patterns of power flow between the source and load, interfaced sources of various voltage and current levels with the dc grid. This tri-port converter has to be used for continuous power distribution of rechargeable battery, photovoltaic panels and load. Due to the implementation of this dc-dc converter some operations like buck, boost and buck-boost operations became easy. Use of this converter helps in easy implementation of the system. The solar PV panel implementation boosts the system to a high level and bidirectional flow became easy from source to load and vice versa.
GA Based Controller for Autonomous Wind-DG Micro gridIOSRJEEE
A single renewable source of energy when integrated with other sources of energy it is termed as hybrid system. In this paper an active power control strategy has been developed such that when the wind alone is not able to meet the energy demand, without compromising the frequency a transition occurs to wind diesel mode so that the energy demand is met. This work proposes the coordination of WDG(Wind DG), VSC’s are used for two purposes one is frequency control and another is voltage control. PMBLDC generator is used as a wind power generator and the Incremental conductance method is used as MPPT along with boost converter. This output is stored into battery system (BS) and surplus is supplied to the consumer loads. Back propagation feed forward (BPFF) control scheme is used for VF control of VSC. This controller provides harmonics elimination, load leveling and reactive power compensation and also regulates the voltage at PCC. Genetic algorithm is used for the purpose of tuning PI controller of BPFF. The performance and the analysis is done in a user friendly MATLAB/Simulink environment.
This paper describes the Grid connected solar photovoltaique system using DC-DC boost converter and the DC/AC inverter (VSC) to supplies electric power to the utility grid. The model contains a representation of the main components of the system that are two solar arrays of 100 kW, boost converter and the grid side inverter. The paper starts with a system description, in this part we have given a definition and a short overview of every component used in this system and they are taken separately. The PV cell model is easy, accurate, and takes external temperature and solar radiation into consideration. It also proposes a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The algorithm incorporated in a DC/DC converter is used to track the maximum power of PV cell. Finally, the DC/AC inverter (VSC) of three- level is used to regulate the ouput voltage of DC/DC converter and connects the PV cell to the grid. Simulation results show how a solar radiation’s change can affect the power output of any PV system, also they show the control performance and dynamic behavior of the grid connected photovoltaic system.
Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Gen...ijtsrd
As the demand for more reliable and secure power system with greater power quality increases, the concept of distributed generation DG have become more popular. This popularity of DG concept has developed simultaneously with the decrease in manufacturing costs associated with clean and alternative technologies like fuel cells, biomass, micro turbine and solar cell systems. Intentional islanding is the purposeful sectionalisation of the utility system during widespread disturbances to create power “islandâ€. This island can be designed to maintain a continuous supply of power during disturbances of the main distribution system. Ruchali Borkute | Nikita Malwar ""Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Generation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23679.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23679/control-for-grid-connected-and-intentional-islanding-of-distributed-power-generation/ruchali-borkute
Performance analysis of grid-tied photovoltaic system under varying weather c...IJECEIAES
Model and simulation of the impact of the distribution grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) system feeding a variable load with its control system have been investigated in this study. Incremental Conductance (IncCond) algorithm based on maximum power point tracking (MPPT) was implemented for the PV system to extract maximum power under different weather conditions when solar irradiation varies between 250 W/m 2 and 1000 W/m 2 . The proposed system is modelled and simulated with MATLAB/Simulink tools. Under different weather conditions, the dynamic performance of the PV system is evaluated. The results obtained show the efficacy of the proposed MPPT method in response to rapid daytime weather variations. The results also show that the surplus power generated is injected into the grid when the injected power from the PV system is higher than the load demand; otherwise, the grid supplies the load.
Electric Vehicle as an Energy Storage for Grid Connected Solar Power SystemIAES-IJPEDS
In the past few years the growing demand for electricity and serious concern
for the environment have given rise to the growth of sustainable sources like
wind, solar, tidal, biomass etc. The technological advancement in power
electronics has led to the extensive usage of solar power. Solar power output
varies with the weather conditions and under shading conditions. With the
increasing concerns of the impacts of the high penetration of Photovoltaic
(PV) systems, a technical study about their effects on the power quality of
the utility grid is required. This paper investigates the functioning of a gridtied
PV system along with maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
algorithm. The effects of varying atmospheric conditions like solar irradiance
and temperature are also taken into account. It is proposed in this work that
an Electric Vehicle (EV) can be used as an energy storage to stabilize the
power supplied to the grid from the photovoltaic resources. A coordinated
control is necessary for the EV to obtain desired outcome. The modeling of
the PV and EV system is carried out in PSCAD and the proposed idea is
verified through simulation results utilizing real field data for solar irradiance
and temperature.
Integrated arrangement of advanced power electronics through hybrid smart gri...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
As an enabler component for renewable energy integration, power electronics (PE) technology in smart grid system is one of the most important issues of development the electrification, decentralization and information-technology/operation-technology (IT/OT) digitization within the electrical energy transmission and distribution systems. The arrangement of PE may different along the feeder either for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine, fuel cells, wave energy system and battery storage unit, respectively.This is due to the electric voltage that might need to be converted from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) and vice versa. For that reason, this paper proposed a concept of advanced PE as an integrated arrangement of several AC/DC/AC-and DC/AC- converters in such ways that support thepreviously mentioned grid-connected hybrid renewable energy sources and distributed generators (DGs) along the distribution feeder. Additionally, for the system that supported by battery storage unit, then this hybrid smart grid concept might become the answer for future utility needs.
Attempting to reduce the existing electricity consumption bill, as well as the stability and non-outage grid recharge with the lowest possible cost and suitable quality, is one of the most important goals for those interested in energy around the world. This paper study the circumstances surrounding the Egyptian society to find the best solutions to a achieved this goals, and it was found that solar energy is one of the best alternatives available for energy. Firstly will be study the electricity consumption bill, slice prices and a program was made to calculate the consumption invoice moreover another program for quick estimation to the proposed solar system.The proposed system provides a smart integration between the solar system and grid, where the supply sustainability and the optimal cost are considered. This configuration allows the two sources separately or simultaneously supply the loads depending on photovoltaic extracted energy. Operational analysis of the proposed system will discussed in this paper. The proposed system consists of solar cells, charge controller, batteries and inverter plugged to automatic transfer switches (ATS) using Programmable Logic Control (PLC). The system grantee a safe and reliable load feeding independently on the grid status. The system durability is the most depicted feature through the modelling and experimentally results. A typical case studies for about four years of non-outages photovoltaic-grid hybrid supply (the implemented system) will be presented and discussed.
Intelligent controller based power quality improvement of microgrid integrati...IJECEIAES
Now a day the power demand has a major problem for developing countries due to the growth of population, industries, IT companies and other needs. In this present situation the fossil fuel-based power generation alone does not support the consumer needs, poor power quality due to nonlinear function and very harmful for environment. The main objective of this paper is improving the power quality of grid connected photovoltaic power system through a new cascade H-bridge multilevel inverter. The proposed research work has been modelled and controlled by ANFIS intelligence in MATLAB simulation environment. The simulation results are analysed under various operating conditions for improve the performance of proposed system. Finally, the proposed system THD value of simulation results is compared with IEEE 1547 standard for prove the effectiveness of proposed research work.
Implementation of a Voltage Multiplier based on High Step-up Converter using FLCIJMTST Journal
A Front end of the Photovoltaic Solar Panel is been proposed based on Step-Up Converter. The use of
distributed energy resources is increasingly being pursued as a supplement and an alternative to large
conventional central power stations. The specification of a power electronic interface is subject to
requirements related not only to the renewable energy source itself but also to its effects on the power-system
operation, especially where the intermittent energy source constitutes a significant part of the total system
capacity. Implementing a voltage multiplier module, an asymmetrical interleaved high step-up converter
obtains high step-up gain without operating at an extreme duty ratio. The voltage multiplier module is
composed of a conventional boost converter and coupled inductors. An extra conventional boost converter is
integrated into the first phase to achieve a considerably higher voltage conversion ratio. The two-phase
configuration not only reduces the current stress through each power switch, but also constrains the input
current ripple, which decreases the conduction losses of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors.
In addition, the proposed converter functions as an active clamp circuit, which alleviates large voltage spikes
across the power switches. Finally, the simulation circuitry with a 40V input voltage and 230V output voltage
is operated to verify its performance analysis with respect to the Fuzzy Logic Controller. The highest
efficiency is 97.75%.
Proposed PV Transformer-Less Inverter Topology Technique for Leakage Current ...IJPEDS-IAES
Importance and demand of using renewable energy is dramatically escalated globally. Hence, the use of renewable energy is going to touch in peak. This demand is varying according to the site choosing. For instance, Wind is preferable where air is following highly as well as solar recommended place is high sun ray reducing places. Especially, the renewable system is highly recommended for electrification issues where it’s possible to produce the electricity for fulfilling rural and remote areas electricity problem. The photovoltaic (PV) panel of connecting with transformer based system is popular where some limitations are occurred especially cost and weight. In contrast, in this paper is focusing these issues where the transformer-less inverter system is used. Here will discuss some transformer-based and transformer-less inverter topologies and the leakage current issue which is occurred when transformer-less inverter system is used. Moreover, here is proposed a topology for reducing the leakage current after doing switching technique in both 50% and 75% duty cycle where output voltage remains quite same.
A non-isolated tri-port converter is a fully compact and functional system by the integration of basic converters. This can be used for renewable energy applications. This converter is capable of achieving different switching patterns of power flow between the source and load, interfaced sources of various voltage and current levels with the dc grid. This tri-port converter has to be used for continuous power distribution of rechargeable battery, photovoltaic panels and load. Due to the implementation of this dc-dc converter some operations like buck, boost and buck-boost operations became easy. Use of this converter helps in easy implementation of the system. The solar PV panel implementation boosts the system to a high level and bidirectional flow became easy from source to load and vice versa.
Power Quality Improvement with Multilevel Inverter Based IPQC for MicrogridIJMTST Journal
A micro grid is a hybrid power system consists of several distributed resources and local loads .Now a
days with increasing on a day to day life micro grid plays a vital role in power generation using Renewable
Energy Sources. Usage of power electronic devices in a micro grid results in harmonic generation and leads to
various power quality issues. Inorder to overcome voltage fluctuations and over current a magnetic flux
control based variable reactor is proposed. The performance of IPQC can be verified by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK`
Open-Switch Fault-Tolerant Control of Power Converters in a Grid-Connected Ph...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents the study of an open switch fault tolerant control of a
grid-connected photovoltaic system. The studied system is based on the
classical DC-DC boost converter and a bidirectional 6-pulse DC-AC
converter. The objective is to provide an open-switch fault detection method
and fault-tolerant control for both of boost converter and grid-side converter
(GSC) in a grid-connected photovoltaic system. A fast fault detection method
and a reliable fault-tolerant topology are required to ensure continuity of
service, and achieve a faster corrective maintenance. In this work, the mean
value of the error voltages is used as fault indicator for the GSC, while, for
the boost converter the inductor current form is used as fault indicator. The
fault-tolerant topology was achieved by adding one redundant switch to the
boost converter, and by adding one redundant leg to the GSC. The results of
the fault tolerant control are presented and discussed to validate the proposed
approach under different scenarios and different solar irradiances.
Droop control method for parallel dc converters used in standalone pv wind po...eSAT Journals
Abstract The rising rate of consumption and price of fossil fuel along with environmental pollution by conventional power generation draw global attention to renewable energy sources and technology. Paper gives analysis study on current sharing issues of parallel DC converters in standalone photovoltaic (PV) WIND system. Solar wind power generating system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique – incremental conductance method is used for the simulation analysis. The main drawbacks of parallel converters used in system are poor power sharing and voltage drop. The paper describes about instantaneous droop calculation considering effect of cable resistance using droop index to improve the power sharing performance. The control technique is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in PV- wind power generating system with MPPT and case study has been done on the control strategy and verifies the effectiveness of adaptive droop control on output converter voltage. Key Words: Microgrid; droop method; incremental conductance (Incond); maximum power point tracking (MPPT).
PHYSICAL DESIGN AND MODELING OF 25V DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER FOR STAND ALONE SOL...ecij
As per the present development the shortage in power all over the world seems to be abundance. Renewable energy sources are the capable energy source along with the accessible resources of energy. Among all the renewable resources of energy, solar PV technology is most acceptable due to its
considerable advantage over other form of renewable sources. Calculating the output of PV system is a key aspect. The main principle of this paper is to present physical modeling and simulation of solar PV system and DC-DC boost converter in SIMSCAPE library of MATLAB. The benefit by SIMSCAPE library is that it models the system physically and the outcome obtains from it will be considering all the physical result. In
this paper the output of solar cell has been interfaced with the boost converter. The system model in SIMSCAPE can be directly converted into hardware for implement for actual time application.
Improved Power Quality by using STATCOM Under Various Loading ConditionsIJMTST Journal
A Power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that
results in a failure or a mis-operation of end user equipment’s. Utility distribution networks, sensitive
industrial loads and critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service
interruptions which can cost significant financial losses. With the restructuring of power systems and with
shifting trend towards distributed and dispersed generation, the issue of power quality is going to take
newer dimensions. Injection of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The
performance of the wind turbine and thereby power quality are determined on the basis of measurements
and the norms followed according to the guideline specified in International Electro-technical Commission
standard, IEC-61400. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality
measurements are-the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical
behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to national/international guidelines.
Static Compensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy storage
system (BESS) to mitigate the power quality issues. The battery energy storage is integrated to sustain the
real power source under fluctuating wind power. Here two control schemes for STATCOM are Fuzzy logic
controller and hybrid Fuzzy logic controller. We can better response for hybrid fuzzy compare to fuzzy logic
controller. The STATCOM control scheme for the grid connected wind energy generation system for power
quality improvement is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set. Finally the proposed
scheme is applied for both balanced and unbalanced linear nonlinear loads.
Distributed energy resources (DER) based micro grid and Nano-grid framework is most technically viable bottom-top approach to sustainably meet ever-increasing demand of rural and urban communities. Recently the growth of DC operative home appliances like mobile and lap top chargers, ovens and hair dryer’s etc. are increasing and therefore a DC/DC converter is an efficient way to meet the electricity need from the local DER and helps in improving the system efficiency. This paper presents simulation results of a buck boost converter, MPPT algorithm (P & O method) for solar PV module and closed loop PI control system for obtaining constant 12 V and 24 V DC output voltage at DC bus. The proposed methodology is to extract maximum DC power from solar PV system and it is directly fed to DC load or DC Nano grid.
Improving the Proactive Routing Protocol using Depth First Iterative Deepenin...Yayah Zakaria
Owing to the wireless and mobility nature, nodes in a mobile ad hoc network are not within the transmission range. It needs to transfer data through the multi-intermediate nodes. Opportunistic data forwarding is an assuring solution to make use of the broadcast environment of wireless communication links. Due to absence of source routing capability with efficient proactive routing protocol, it is not widely used. To rectify the
problem, we proposed memory and routing efficient proactive routing protocol using Depth-First Iterative-Deepening and hello messaging scheme. This protocol can conserve the topology information in every node in the network. In experimental analysis and discussion, we implemented the proposed work using NS2 simulator tool and proved that the proposed technique is performed well in terms of average delay, buffer and throughput.
Improvement at Network Planning using Heuristic Algorithm to Minimize Cost of...Yayah Zakaria
Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) consists of wireless stations that are connected with each other in a semi-static configuration. Depending on the configuration of a WMN, different paths between nodes offer different levels of efficiency. One areas of research with regard to WMN is cost minimization. A Modified Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (MBPSO) approach was used to optimize cost. However, minimized cost does not
guarantee network performance. This paper thus, modified the minimization function to take into consideration the distance between the different nodes so as to enable better performance while maintaining cost balance. The results were positive with the PDR showing an approximate increase of 17.83% whereas the E2E delay saw an approximate decrease of 8.33%.
A Vertical Handover Algorithm in Integrated Macrocell Femtocell Networks Yayah Zakaria
The explosion in wireless telecommunication technologies has lead to a huge increase in the number of mobile users. The greater dependency on the mobile devices has raised the user’s expectations to always remain best connected. In the process, the user is always desiringgood signal strength even at certain black spots and indoors. Moreover, the exponential growth of
the number of mobile devices has overloaded macrocells. Femtocells have emerged out as a good promising solution for complete coverage indoors and for offloading macrocell. Therefore, a new handover strategy between femtocells and macrocell is proposed in this paper. The proposed handover
algorithm is mainly based on calculating equivalent received signal strength along with dynamic margin for performing handover. The simulation results of proposed algorithm are compared with the traditional algorithm. The proposed strategy shows improvement in two major performance parameters
namely reduction in unnecessary handovers and Packet Loss Ratio. The quantitative analysis further shows 55.27% and 23.03% reduction in packet loss ratio and 61.85% and 36.78% reduction in unnecessary handovers at a speed of 120kmph and 30kmph respectively. Moreover, the proposed algorithm proves to be an efficient solution for both slow and fast moving vehicles.
Symmetric Key based Encryption and Decryption using Lissajous Curve EquationsYayah Zakaria
Sender and receiver both uses two large similar prime numbers and uses parametric equations for swapping values of kx and by product of kx and ky is the common secret key. Generated secret key is used for encryption and decryption using ASCII key matrix of order 16X16. Applying playfair rules for encryption and decryption. Playfair is a digraph substitution cipher. Playfair makes use of pairs of letters for encryption and decryption. This
application makes use of all ASCII characters which makes brute force attack impossible.
Gain Flatness and Noise Figure Optimization of C-Band EDFA in 16-channels WDM...Yayah Zakaria
In this paper, Gain Flatness and Noise Figure of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) have been investigated in 16-channels Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) is used in C-band with the aim to achieve flat EDFA output gain. The proposed model has been studied in detail to evaluate and to enhance the performance of the transmission system in terms of gain, noise figure and eye diagram of the
received signals. To that end, various design parameters have been investigated and optimized, such as frequency spacing, EDF length and temperature. To enhance the transmission system performance in terms of gain flatness, the Gain Flattening Filter (GFF) has been introduced in the design. To prove the efficiency of the new design, the optical transmission
system with optimized design parameters has been compared with a previous works in the literature. The simulation results show satisfactory performance with quasi-equalized gain for each channel of the WDM transmission system.
In this paper partial H-plane band-pass waveguide filter, utilizing a novel resonant structure comprising a metal window along with metal posts has been proposed to compactthe filter size. The metal windows and postshave been implemented transversely in a partial H-plane waveguides, which have
one-quarter cross section size compared to the conventional waveguides in the same frequency range. Partial H-plane band-pass waveguide filter with novel proposed resonant structures has considerably shorter longitudinal length compared to the conventional partial H-plane filters, so that they reduce both cross section size and the total length of the filter compared to
conventional H-plane filters, in the same frequency range. In the presented design procedure, the size and shape of each metal window and metal posts has been determined by fitting the transfer function of the proposed resonant structure to that of a desiredone, which is obtained from a suitable equivalent
circuit model. The design process is based on optimization using
electromagnetic simulator software, HFSS. A proposed partial H-plane bandpass
filter has been designed and simulated to verify usefulness and
performanceof the design method.
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: Growth and Survey for Three Layers Yayah Zakaria
A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a mobile ad hoc network that allows wireless communication between vehicles, as well as between vehicles and roadside equipment. Communication between vehicles promotes safety and reliability, and can be a source of entertainment. We investigated the historical development, characteristics, and application fields of VANET and briefly introduced them in this study. Advantages and disadvantages were discussed based on our analysis and comparison of various classes of MAC and routing protocols applied to VANET. Ideas and breakthrough directions for inter-vehicle communication designs were proposed based on the
characteristics of VANET. This article also illustrates physical, MAC, and network layer in details which represent the three layers of VANET. The main works of the active research institute on VANET were introduced to help researchers track related advanced research achievements on the subject.
Barriers and Challenges to Telecardiology Adoption in Malaysia Context Yayah Zakaria
Mainly in infrastructure deficient communities, telecardiology is considered as a complement to insufficient cardiac care. Telecardiology can reduce travelling and waiting time, enables information sharing in shorter time and facilitate care in rural and remote areas. A qualitative study examined the perspectives of health care providers: cardiologist and general physician and
health care service receivers: patient and public towards telecardiology adoption. The barriers in telecardiology adoption were identified in this paper. It includes practicality of telecardiology, the need of education for staffs and administrators, ease of use, preferred face-to-face consultation,
cost and confidentiality. Improvements can be done by the implementers based on this study in order to promote telecardiology successfully in Malaysia.
Novel High-Gain Narrowband Waveguide-Fed Filtenna using Genetic Algorithm Yayah Zakaria
Filtenna is an antenna with filtering feature. There are many ways to design a filtenna. In this paper, a high-gain narrowband waveguide-fed aperture filtenna has been proposed and designed. A patterned plane, which is designed using genetic algorithm has been used at the open end of the waveguide fed, mounted on a conducting ground plane. To design the patterned pattern, magnetic field integral equation of the structure has been derived, so it has been solved using method of moments. The proposed filtenna has been simulated with HFSS that confirms the results obtained by method of moments. Finally, an unprinted dielectric as a superstrate has been used to enhance the gain of the filtenna. The filtenna bandwidth is 1.76% (160 MHz) which has the gain of 15.91 dB at the central frequency
of 9.45 GHz.
Improved Algorithm for Pathological and Normal Voices Identification Yayah Zakaria
There are a lot of papers on automatic classification between normal and pathological voices, but they have the lack in the degree of severity estimation of the identified voice disorders. Building a model of pathological and normal voices identification, that can also evaluate the degree of severity
of the identified voice disorders among students. In the present work, we present an automatic classifier using acoustical measurements on registered sustained vowels /a/ and pattern recognition tools based on neural networks. The training set was done by classifying students’ recorded voices based on threshold from the literature. We retrieve the pitch, jitter, shimmer and harmonic-to-noise ratio values of the speech utterance /a/, which constitute the input vector of the neural network. The degree of severity is estimated to evaluate how the parameters are far from the standard values based on the percent of normal and pathological values. In this work, the base data used for testing the proposed algorithm of the neural network is formed by healthy
and pathological voices from German database of voice disorders. The
performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated in a term of the accuracy
(97.9%), sensitivity (1.6%), and specificity (95.1%). The classification rate is
90% for normal class and 95% for pathological class.
Uncertain Systems Order Reduction by Aggregation Method Yayah Zakaria
In the field of control engineering, approximating the higher-order system with its reduced model copes with more intricateproblems. These complex problems are addressed due to the usage of computing technologies and advanced algorithms. Reduction techniques enable the system from higherorder to lower-order form retaining the properties of former even after reduction. This document renders a method for demotion of uncertain systems based on State Space Analysis. Numerical examples are illustrated to show the accuracy of the proposed method.
A Three-Point Directional Search Block Matching Algorithm Yayah Zakaria
This paper proposes compact directional asymmetric search patterns, which we have named as three-point directional search (TDS). In most fast search motion estimation algorithms, a symmetric search pattern is usually set at the minimum block distortion point at each step of the search. The design of the
symmetrical pattern in these algorithms relies primarily on the assumption that the direction of convergence is equally alike in each direction with respect to the search center. Therefore, the monotonic property of real -world video sequences is not properly used by these algorithms. The strategy of TDS is to keep searching for the minimum block distortion point in the most probable directions, unlike the previous fast search motion estimation algorithms where all the directions are checked. Therefore, the proposed method significantly reduces the number of search points for locating a motion vector. Compared to conventional fast algorithms, the proposed method has the fastest search speed and most satisfactory PSNR values for
all test sequences.
Human Data Acquisition through Biometrics using LabVIEW Yayah Zakaria
Human Data Acquisition is an innovative work done based on fingerprints of a particular person. Using the fingerprints we can get each and every detail of any individual. Through this, the data acquired can be used in many applications such as Airport Security System, Voting System, and Employee login System, in finding the thieves etc. We in our project have implemented
in Voting System. In this we use the components such as MyDAQ which is data acquisition device. The coding here is in done in a Graphical Programming language named LabVIEW where the execution of any program is done in a sequential way or step by step according to the data received.
A Survey on Block Matching Algorithms for Video Coding Yayah Zakaria
Block matching algorithm (BMA) for motion estimation (ME) is the heart to many motion-compensated video-coding techniques/standards, such as ISO MPEG-1/2/4 and ITU-T H.261/262/263/264/265, to reduce the temporal redundancy between different frames. During the last three decades,
hundreds of fast block matching algorithms have been proposed. The shape and size of search patterns in motion estimation will influence more on the searching speed and quality of performance. This article provides an overview of the famous block matching algorithms and compares their computational complexity and motion prediction quality.
An Accurate Scheme for Distance Measurement using an Ordinary Webcam Yayah Zakaria
Nowadays, image processing has become one of the widely used computer aided science. Two major branches of this scientific field are image enhancement and machine vision. Machine vision has many applications and demands in robotic and defense industries. Detecting distance of objects is
one of the extensive research in the defense industry and robotic industries that a lot of annual projects have been involved in this issue both inside and outside the country. So, in this paper, an accurate algorithm is presented for measuring the distance of the objects from a camera. In this method, a laser
transmitter is used alongside a regular webcam. The laser light is transmitted to the desired object and then the distance of the object is calculated using image processing methods and mathematical and geometric relations. The performance of the proposed algorithm was evaluated using MATLAB software. The accuracy rate of distance detection is up to 99.62%. The results
also has shown that the presented algorithms make the obstacle distance measurement more reliable. Finally, the performance of the proposed algorithm was compared with other methods from different literatures.
Identity Analysis of Egg Based on Digital and Thermal Imaging: Image Processi...Yayah Zakaria
This research was conducted to analyze the identification of eggs. The research processes use two tools, namely thermal imaging camera and smartphone camera. The identification process was done by using Matlab prototype tools. The image has been acquired by means of proficiency level, then analyzed and applied several methods. Image acquisition results of thermal imaging camera are processed using morphological dilation and do the complement in black and white (BW). While the digital image uses the merger method of morphological dilation and opening, and it doesn't need to be complemented. Labeling process is done, and the process of determining centroid and bounding box. The process has been done and it can be applied for identifying of chicken eggs with the accuracy rate of 100%. There are different methods of both images is obtained area (pixels) which is equivalent to the difference is very small as 6 x 10-3.
.
Recognition of Tomato Late Blight by using DWT and Component Analysis Yayah Zakaria
Plant disease recognition concept is one of the successful and important applications of image processing and able to provide accurate and useful information to timely prediction and control of plant diseases. In the study, the wavelet based features computed from RGB images of late blight infected images and healthy images. The extracted features submitted to Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) and Independent Component Analysis performed (ICA) for reducing dimensions in feature data processing and classification. To recognize and classify late blight from healthy plant images are classified into two classes i.e. late blight infected or healthy. The Euclidean Distance measure is used to compute the distance by these two classes of training and testing dataset for tomato late blight recognition and classification. Finally, the three-component analysis is compared for late blight recognition accuracy. The Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) yielded overall recognition accuracy with 96.4%.
Fuel Cell Impedance Model Parameters Optimization using a Genetic Algorithm Yayah Zakaria
The objective of this paper is the PEM fuel cell impedance model parameters identification. This work is a part of a larger work which is the diagnosis of the fuel cell which deals with the optimization and the parameters identification of the impedance complex model of the Nexa Ballard 1200 PEM fuel cell. The method used for the identification is a sample genetic algorithm and the proposed impedance model is based on electric parameters, which will be found from a sweeping of well determined frequency bands. In fact, the frequency spectrum is divided into bands according to the behavior of the fuel cell. So, this work is considered a first in the field of impedance spectroscopy So, this work is considered a first in the field of impedance spectroscopy. Indeed, the identification using genetic algorithm requires experimental measures of the fuel cell impedance to optimize and identify the impedance model parameters values. This method is characterized by a good precision compared to the numeric methods. The obtained results prove the effectiveness of this approach.
Noise Characterization in InAlAs/InGaAs/InP pHEMTs for Low Noise Applications Yayah Zakaria
In this paper, a noise revision of an InAlAs/InGaAs/InP psoeudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (pHEMT) in presented. The noise performances of the device were predicted over a range of frequencies from 1GHz to 100GHz. The minimum noise figure (NFmin), the noise resistance (Rn) and optimum source impedance (Zopt) were extracted using two
approaches. A physical model that includes diffusion noise and G-R noise models and an analytical model based on an improved PRC noise model that considers the feedback capacitance Cgd. The two approaches presented matched results allowing a good prediction of the noise behaviour. The
pHEMT was used to design a single stage S-band low noise amplifier (LNA). The LNA demonstrated a gain of 12.6dB with a return loss coefficient of 2.6dB at the input and greater than -7dB in the output and an overall noise figure less than 1dB.
Effect of Mobility on (I-V) Characteristics of Gaas MESFET Yayah Zakaria
We present in this paper an analytical model of the current–voltage (I-V) characteristics for submicron GaAs MESFET transistors. This model takes into account the analysis of the charge distribution in the active region and incorporate a field depended electron mobility, velocity saturation and charge
build-up in the channel. We propose in this frame work an algorithm of simulation based on mathematical expressions obtained previously. We propose a new mobility model describing the electric field-dependent. predictions of the simulator are compared with the experimental data [1] and
have been shown to be good.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Control of an Autonomous Hybrid Microgrid as Energy Source for a Small Rural Village
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 7, No. 1, February 2017, pp. 86 – 99
ISSN: 2088-8708 86
Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
w w w . i a e s j o u r n a l . c o m
Control of an Autonomous Hybrid Microgrid as Energy
Source for a Small Rural Village
Am´erico Joaquim Lampi˜ao*
, Tomonobu Senjyu*
, and Atsushi Yona*
*
Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
*
University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Nakagami, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
Article Info
Article history:
Received Oct 7, 2016
Revised Dec 11, 2016
Accepted Dec 24, 2016
Keyword:
Microgrid
Utility grid
Photovoltaic system
Battery energy system
Power balance
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, the exhaustion of electricity power in rural areas is becoming an important
issue for many African Nations. Moreover, challenges include the high cost of extend-
ing the power grid to these locations, the economic health of the utilities and lack of
revenue in impoverished villages. Numerous new initiatives are being implemented in
the countries some of them co-financed by international organizations. In this paper,
the hybrid microgrid is carried out as a feasible solution for a small rural village. A
model of hybrid microgrid consisting of combination of photovoltaic (PV) panels and
battery energy storage (BES) and a control system for managing the components of en-
tire system to feed the village as local load is proposed. The control system must avoid
the interruptions of power delivered to the consumers (village) and, therefore, good
quality and reliability of the system is required. The PI controllers are used to regu-
late the voltage and current using three-phase dq transformation, while the parameters
are determined using Ziegler-Nichols tuning method. The effectiveness of the pro-
posed method is verified by simulation results given by Matlab/SimPowerSystems R
environment.
Copyright c 2017 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Am´erico Joaquim Lampi˜ao
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
University of the Ryukyus
1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
Tel: +81-98-895-8686, +258-84-438-3831
Email: americo.lampiao@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Over 620 million people in Africa still do not have access to the electricity [1]. As known, electricity
is an essential contributor to the well-being of people and a key point of economic betterment for any country in
the world. In 2001, the US National Academy of Engineers (NAE) voted ”electrification” as the most significant
engineering achievement of the past century. According the worldwide calculation of electric consumption at
present, approximately 1.4 billion people more than 20 percent population all over the world does not have
access to electric connection and mostly live in rural areas in Africa [2]. The biggest challenges surrounding
energy in this locations is the high cost to extend the power grid from main to these locations. New initiatives
are being implemented using renewable energy source, but improvements are still required [3]. In this paper, a
model of autonomous hybrid microgrid supplying a small rural village as local load and the respective controller
is proposed to demonstrate their feasibility solution in rural villages. The hybrid source is a combined PV
panels and Battery storage, connected to the load through voltage source inverter (VSI), filter and isolating
transformer. The loads are typically rural such as mills, water pumps for irrigation, and small houses with one
or two compartments. The households mainly use the firewood for cooking, therefore, small power for each
house is expected. The use of PV panels as renewable energy has advantages due the environmental regulation
protection, but the generated power changes according the temperature and solar radiation [4]-[6]. This fact
Journal Homepage: http://iaesjournal.com/online/index.php/IJECE
Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
w w w . i a e s j o u r n a l . c o m
, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v7i1.12900
2. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 87
generates stability, reliability and power quality problems at the consumers [7]-[11].
The battery is used to overcome the intermittent and uncertain of the photovoltaic (PV) generation
[13]. The PV system is composed by PV panels and DC/DC boost converter. In order to maximize the efficiency
of the PVs and maintain the voltage at the DC-link, a combination of MPPT (maximum power point tracking)
and DC/DC boost converter is used. The MPPT uses an algorithm to maintain the generated power at maximum
point [11-13].
Depending on the PV generation and load demand, the battery may operate at either charging or
discharging mode. In discharging mode, the battery works as power source and injects power to the inverter
and, therefore makes balance between generation and load power demand. In charge mode, the battery receives
the power from PV system. These achievements are possible by using a DC/DC bidirectional converter. The
VSI is used to interface the DC-side with AC-side and, therefore, to convert DC current to AC with appropriate
natural frequency. The inverter operates in high frequency (around 5-20 kHz), and causes harmonic distortions
in output current [17]-[21], therefore, in this study a filter harmonics will be taken into account. In this paper,
an isolating transformer rated at 100 kVA, to step-up the line voltage from 230 V to 380 V, is used. In addition,
power supply companies demand this for the elimination of possible zero sequence or DC components in the
generated voltages and for increased protection it affords [9]. This fact can be used as an advantage since the
transformer can form part of a filter impedance and may, therefore, reduce the undesired harmonic content of
the output current. Power quality standards for connection of an inverter to the load are still under development,
since previously there have been few similar high power electronic applications. In this study the important
aspect of power quality is harmonic distortion. General requirements for harmonic distortion can be found in
standards IEEE [1547.1-1547.8].
The control solution proposed, provides high quality of current delivered to the consumers and, there-
fore, high power quality. In addition, active and reactive power control is provided. The choice of control
variables are based on standards, regulations and procedures presented in scientific publications. PLL (phase
locked loop) and PI controllers was used to accomplish the power management of the system using dq syn-
chronous reference. The parameters was determined using Ziegler-Nichols tuning method. Over the years,
considerable research has been conducted on current and voltage regulation in microgrids, and various ap-
proaches have been proposed. In this paper a review of the latest journal and conference papers related to
the control in microgrids are carried out to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method, performed using
MATLAB/ SimPowerSystems R
. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed controller and,
therefore, can be used to analyse microgrids connections.
The rest of the section in this paper is organized as follows: In Section II, the proposed model is
presented and the main components including control methodology are described. In Section III the discussion
of the simulation results to show the effectiveness of the proposed system is presented. Finally, conclusions are
drawn in Section IV.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
The methodology adopted in this study, is proposing the schematic configuration of the model to
be implemented and simulated using Matlab/Simulink environment. The components are described and the
simulation results are presented. The conclusion is based on the presented results. Figure 1, shows the proposed
model, and the description are presented below.
2.1. PV System
The PV array used in this paper acts as an input source for charging the battery as well as supplying to
the AC load during normal conditions. The basic equation of a PV panel is presented in [12]. Table 2, shows the
constant values for the standard state of each PV panel as used in the present study. As mentioned in preview
chapters, the PV generates intermittent power due the variation of sun’s radiation and cell temperature. In order
to maximize the power and maintain the voltage in DC-link at required level (400 V), a combined MPPT and
DC/DC boost converter are used. The MPPT aims at using an algorithm to ensure the array to operate at the
maximum power point [6]. There are many different MPPT methods. Perturbation and Observation (P&O)
method is used most widely since it is much simpler and needs fewer measured variables as input. In this study
P&O was used and performed according [4].
Control of an Autonomous Hybrid Microgrid as Energy Source for a Small ... (Am´erico J. Lampi˜ao)
3. 88 ISSN: 2088-8708
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
R1 L1
PV_array
BESS
CBm
DC
MPPT
Boost converter 3-Phase VSI
RD
Cf
Clink
230 / 380V
DC
Rural Village
Ch = Chopper circuit
DC
AC
DC
DC
Bidirection DC/DC converter
Ch
House1 House3
House2 House4
House5
House6
50Hz, 380V, ±100kVA
Scan:
Voltage
Current
Fig. 1. Proposed system topology.
2.2. Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
The battery is required to improve the system performance of microgrid and make the balance between
the generated power and load power demand through charge/discharge energy to or from this storage [8]. In
this paper, the battery model is Lithium-Ion taken from the MATLAB/Simulink tools with a nominal voltage
of 310 V. The initial state of charge (SOC) of the model can be set according to the need of the simulation.
The simulation parameters are shown in Table 1. The battery is connected at the DC-link through a DC/DC
bidirectional converter. The objective of this converter is to maintain the voltage on DC-link (400 V) and to
operate the system in order to charge/discharge the battery according the different situations. In charge mode the
PV generates more than required power and, therefore, the extra power must stored in the battery. In discharge
mode, the PV generates less than required power, then the battery injects power to balance the generated
power with load power demand. Figure 2, shows the schematic configuration of bidirectional converter and the
parameters are achieved according [11], and [15].
Table 1. Parameters of the Battery model.
Parameter Value
Nominal Voltage [V] 310
Rated Capacity [Ah] 8.2
Fully Charged Voltage [V] 360.836
Nominal current [A] 7.4157
Initial State-of-Charge [%] 80
2.3. DC-bus dynamics and protection
A chopper circuit is used in DC-link to dissipate excess power during fault condition or over voltage. If
the DC-link voltage exceeds the maximum limit (425 V), the DC-link will be short-circuited through the resistor
rc and the excess of power will be dissipated in this resistor, then the DC-link voltage will be maintained. A
common capacitor Clink is installed in parallel with chopper circuit as shown in Figure 2. In this study, the
value of rc is 300 Ω.
2.4. Inverter characteristics
The role of power electronics converter is very important in renewable energy systems [11]. In this
study, the inverter is set-up in accordance with the circuit shown in Figure 2. An IGBT six pack is modelled and
controlled in order to achieve the required objectives. The space-vector (SV) power width modulation (PWM)
technique is used to produce the switching control signals to be applied at three-phase inverter.
IJECE Vol. 7, No. 1, February 2017: 86 – 99
4. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 89
D1
Qp
Clink
Ip=Ipv
PV_array
PWM
MPPT
IpvVpv
Vdc*
Vpv
Lp
Boost controller
Ih
Ic
Ie
Lb
Ib
Ib
PWM
Vdc*
Battery controller
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
Vdc Ib
Ib*
AND
Qb2
Qb1
b1 b2
BESS
Q6Q2
Q1 Q5
Q4
Q3
a
b
c
PI1
Ird
Qc
rc
R1 L1 R2 L2
Cf
RD
LCL Filter
Winding Tr.
Chopper
Vdc
PI2
Vdc
PI3
Icf
ON/OFF
O
O
O
O
n
Vcf
<
AND
NOT
SOC
85%
CB
p
I1 I2
Load
(Village)
Fig. 2. Detailed system configuration.
2.5. Harmonics filter and isolating transformer
In this study, a LC filter combined with equivalent impedance of isolating transformer is used to reduce
the harmonics distortions in output inverter. The final configuration is a LCL filter which the components are
determined based on [17]. The primary objective of isolating transformer is to step-up the line voltage from
230 V to 380 V (nominal load voltage). The parameters are presented in Table 3.
2.6. Load characteristics
The main use of electricity is expected to be for lights, mills, bars, water pump for irrigation, and
office in village center. The load varies according the season and time. For example, during the rain season
the use of water pumps are not required for irrigation, and therefore the load power is small. In this study, the
estimated maximum load power is assumed 100 kVA and the line voltage and natural frequency is 380 V and
50 Hz, respectively.
Table 2. PV panel constants.
Parameters Value Parameters Value
Short-circuit current Isc 8.36 A Number of cells per module Ncells 54
Open circuit voltage Voc 33.20 V Number of panels in series Ns 14
Voltage at maximum power point Vmpp 26.3 V Number of panels in parallel Np 80
Current at maximum power point Impp 7.61 A Diode quality factor A 1.5
Temperature coefficient of Isc 0.00502 Series resistance Rs 0.16 Ω
Elementary charge q 1.6×10−19
C Parallel resistance Rp 1010.60 Ω
Boltzmanns constant B 1.38×10−23
Energy gap Eg 1.2 V
3. CONTROL OF THE SYSTEM
The overall control structure consists of a DC-link voltage controller and a line current controller. To
supply a line current with low distortion, the connection to the grid is made by an AC filter [17] which consists
of combination of LC and equivalent impedance of isolating transformer used to boost the line voltage from
Control of an Autonomous Hybrid Microgrid as Energy Source for a Small ... (Am´erico J. Lampi˜ao)
5. 90 ISSN: 2088-8708
230 V to 380 V. The final configuration is LCL filter, as shown in Figure 2. The control is made in dq reference
and PLL is used to regulate the system frequency. In order to achieve good performance of control parameters,
the poles and zeros of transfer function was verified.
3.1. Control of Boost and Bidirectional DC/DC converters
The linearisation of boost and bidirectional DC/DC converters are analysed and presented in [8] and
[15]. From this analysis, the voltage and current transfer functions are given by:
G(v) =
Vout
d
=
− L
(1−D)2 Vins + RVin
RLCs2 + Ls + R(1 − D)2
(1)
G(i) =
Iin
d
=
Vin
(1−D) (2 + RCs)
RLCs2 + Ls + R(1 − D)2
(2)
where Vout is reference output voltage (400 V), Vin is input voltage, Iin is the inductor current, L is inductor, C
is common capacitor in DC-link, D is the duty cycle and R is the equivalent load resistor. The details about this
task is presented in [11]. In this paper, the equation (1) and (2) was used to design the DC/DC boost controller
and DC/DC bidirectional converter. As mentioned in above chapters, Ziegler-Nichols tuning method was used
to achieve the control parameters. Figures 4(b) and -(d), show the tuning block diagrams of voltage and current.
The inductances of boost and bidirectional converters used in this study are 3 mH and 1 mH, respectively.
3.2. DC-link voltage regulator
The purpose of the DC-link voltage controller is to preserve the DC-link voltage at its reference
value (V dc∗
) and to provide the reference power (Pe). To design the DC-link voltage regulator, the following
assumptions are considered.
• The grid voltage amplitude is constant;
• Using rotary axes dq, the grid voltage V g coincides with d-axis;
• The unity power factor is required, then the displacement between the grid voltage and current is zero.
Their q-axis components are also zeros.
For an accurate control model, it was made a linearisation in DC-side. Figure 2, shows the schematic config-
uration. In normal condition the gate of IGBT (Qc) receives the signal zero, meaning that the chopper circuit
is opened and no current is flowing through dump-resistor. Neglecting the chopper circuit, the DC side of the
inverter can be described as follows:
ih = ie + ic
ie = γaia + γbib + γcic
ic = Clink
vdc
dt
Ph = ihvdc
(3)
where ic is current through the DC-link capacitor, Ph is available hybrid active power at specific solar radiation
and SOC, Clink is DC-link capacitor, ih is the hybrid current, Vdc is voltage in DC-link, ie is the current
delivered to the inverter (which is a function of the line currents ia, ib, ic, and the states of the power-poles
γa, γb, γc (1: ’on’, 0:’off’, γi + upper pole,γi − lower pole in the 3-phase VSI).
To achieve steady state operation the supplied DC power of the Ph and the AC power for load must
be balanced. The DC voltage controller gives the set point of the AC power. Assuming, in this paper, that there
is no power losses in the inverter, if only active power is to be injected into the grid (load):
Pe ≈ Pg = 3 · Vg · Ig = 3
2 · Vgd · Igd
Qe ≈ 0
(4)
The generated hybrid power and the link capacitor power are expressed by equations (3) and (4), respectively:
Phybrid = Ih · Vdc (5)
IJECE Vol. 7, No. 1, February 2017: 86 – 99
6. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 91
vid
ωL
id,ref
PI4
Id,max
Id,min
Vdc*
ωL
Viq,max
Viq,min vq
iq,ref
Isq,max
Isq,min
Q,ref
vd
∆id
∆iq
id
iq
Vdc
Q
viq∆Q
∆v
SVPWM
dq
abc
abc
dq
abc
dq
vd
vq
id
iq
Dump load
Controller
Vdc(max)
Vid,max
Vid,min
VdcVdc
rd
IGBT
Clink
PLL
ie
φ
Pcc
PI6
PI7PI5
~380V
50Hz
Fig. 3. Control scheme of the grid-side inverter.
Pcapacitor = Clink · Vdc ·
dVdc
dt
(6)
The VSI losses are neglected, then the following relationship is verified:
Pgrid = Phybrid · Pcapacitor (7)
Following equations (3) to (7), the relation between DC-link voltage and the grid current expressed in rotary
axis is obtained:
Vdc =
1
Clink · s
(Ih −
3
2
Vgd
Vdc
· Igd) (8)
where Vg or Vs is the reference phase voltage in output inverter (132.8 V). The DC-link voltage is regulated
imposing a reference in the active current component (Igd). A voltage variation in the DC-link is compensated
by changing the AC line active currents, in such a way that the DC-link is kept at the established value (400 V).
The PIs are used as regulators and their parameters are achieved by using Ziegler-Nichols tuning method. The
DC-link voltage control loop is presented in Figure 4(b).
3.3. VSI and Grid current controller
The output current controller consists of a model based on LCL filter configuration, as shown in Figure
2. According Kirchhoff’s rules, we obtain the equations:
−→vi −
−→
i1 R1 − L1
d
−→
i1
dt
−
−→
ic Rd − −→vcf = 0 (9)
−→vs +
−→
i2 R2 + L2
d
−→
i2
dt
−
−→
ic Rd − −→vcf = 0 (10)
−→
ic =
−→
i1 −
−→
i2 (11)
The equivalent equations of (9), (10) and (11) can be described as:
d
dt
−→
i1 = −
(Rd + R1)
(L1)
−→
i1 +
Rd
L1
−→
i2 +
1
L1
−→vcf +
1
L1
−→vi (12)
d
dt
−→
i2 = −
(Rd + R2)
(L2)
−→
i2 +
Rd
L2
−→
i1 +
1
L2
−→vcf −
1
L2
−→vs (13)
Control of an Autonomous Hybrid Microgrid as Energy Source for a Small ... (Am´erico J. Lampi˜ao)
7. 92 ISSN: 2088-8708
d
dt
−→vcf =
1
Cf
(
−→
i1 −
−→
i2 ) (14)
where,
−→
i1 = [i1a
i1b
i1c
]t
is the output current at filter,
−→
i2 = [i2a
i2b
i2c
]t
is the current injected to the grid;
−→vcf = [vcfa vcfb
vcfc ]t
is the voltage in capacitor Cf .
The control system is made by using voltage and current measurements. In order to reduce the number
of measurement sensors, and therefore, minimizing the cost of project, we consider only two sensors to detect
voltage and current. The basic control principles used in this paper are generally based on the decoupled current
control presented in [17], and [18]. The three-phase voltage on load bus is measured and transformed into a dq
reference frame (vd and vq). The three-phase current flowing between the loads and the inverter is measured
and transformed to id and iq. With the comparisons of the dq components to their respective references, the
resulting errors are sent to the PI controllers to generate the required output voltage of the inverter.
In order to facilitate the equation analysis, many researches make approximations such that the output
current inverter is assumed equal with the output current at the filter (i1≈i2), because the current ic is very small
[20]-[21]. Considering this approximations, the filter is analysed as RL and the parameters are the summation
of filter impedance and equivalent internal impedance of the transformer (Rt = R1 + R2, and Lt = L1 + L2).
In this paper, this assumptions are used to achieve the decoupled equations:
d
dt
−−→
i1dq
=
−Rt
Lt
ω
−ω −Rt
Lt
−−→
i1dq
−
1
L1
−−→vsdq
+
1
L1
−−→vidq
(15)
where, ω is the system frequency in rad/s. From (15) is obtained:
Vid
= (Rt + Lts)I1d
+ Vsd
− ωLtI1q (16)
Viq
= (Rt + Lts)I1q
+ Vsq
+ ωLtI1d
(17)
In equation (16) and (17), considering:
V ”
d = (Rt + Lts)I1d
(18)
V ”
q = (Rt + Lts)I1q
(19)
The equivalent equation become:
Vid
= V ”
d + Vsd
− ωLtI1q (20)
Viq = V ”
q + Vsq + ωLtI1q (21)
The plant is a first order system with transfer function
G(s) =
I1dq
(s)
Vidq
(s)
=
1
Rt + sLt
(22)
The PI transfer function without derivative action is given by:
Ts = Kp +
Ki
s
= Kp(1 +
1
Tis
) (23)
Where Ti =
Kp
Ki
is integral time constant or reset time, Kp and Ki is proportional and integral gains, respec-
tively. The goal of tuning method is to find the proper gains in order to achieve the required reference values.
The block diagrams of control loops are shown in Figure 4(a) and -(c).
4. RESULT AND ANALYSIS
In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, a combined PV and BESS
(hybrid) connected to the load through three-phase VSI was set up and simulated under three different scenarios
using sampling time 20 µs and time domain from 0 to 0.55 s. The temperature is assumed constant 25 o
C and
sudden changes of solar radiation was implemented as input of PV panels. The initial SOC is 80 % in all
scenarios.
a) Case Study 1: This scenario aims to confirm the functionalities of PV and BESS under solar
variations to supply the load rated with power 100 kW. The simulation is carried out in sequence as follows:
IJECE Vol. 7, No. 1, February 2017: 86 – 99
8. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 93
System transfer function
1
idref /
iqref
1
1/Rt
Lt
RtsKp
1+Ti S
Ti
id /
iq
PI-Controller
Vd’ /Vq’ Vd /Vq
Vdcref
1
1
Clink.SKp
1+Ti S
Ti
PI-Controller
System transfer function
Vdcref
1
Gv(s)
Equation (7)
Kp
1+Ti S
Ti
Vdc
PI-Controller PWM + converter
System transfer function
ILref
1
Gi(s)
Equation (8)
Kp
1+Ti S
Ti
IL
PI-Controller PWM + converter
2
3Vgd
Vdc
IhPWM
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
PWM + converter
Fig. 4. Block diagrams of control loops.
Table 3. Grid parameters and control gains
Parameters Value Parameters Value
Filter inductance L1 265 µH Switching frequency fs 20 kHz
Filter resistance R1 40 mΩ Natural frequency f 50 Hz
Filter resistance Rd 100 mΩ Frequency modulation PWM 10 kHz
Filter capacitor Cf 300 µC PI4 = PI5 [Kp, Ki] [2.1, 253]
Transformer inductance L2 185 µH PI6 = PI7 [Kp, Ki] [0.004, 0.21]
Transformer resistance R2 25 mΩ PI1 [Kp, Ki] [0.0006, 0.13]
Dc-link capacitor Clink 470 µC PI2 [Kp, Ki] [0.0002, 0.18]
Peak load power Pload 100 kW PI3 [Kp, Ki] [0.0004, 0.21]
At t=0.0 s, the simulation starts when the solar radiation is maximum (1 kW/m2
), therefore, the PV panels are
generating more than required load power. In this case, the excess power is stored in battery. The maximum
power injected to the inverter is 115.15 kW, means that 100.0 kW is for load and 15.15 kW is total loss in
inverter, filter, transformer and lines. In that period the battery is receiving power and therefore, the SOC rises
gradually (charging mode). At t=0.2 s, the solar radiation drops suddenly until 0.5 kW/m2
and the PV panels
start to generate less than required power. In that moment, the battery detects the problem and starts to inject
the power to the inverter in order to balance the generation with the load demand. Therefore, the battery starts
to discharge and the SOC decreases gradually. At t=0.4 s, the solar radiation suddenly rises until (1 kW/m2
)
and the PV panels starts again to generate more than required power, then the battery changes from discharge
to charge mode. During this process, the DC-link voltage, power injected in inverter, voltage, and load current
are maintained at 400 V, 115.15 kW, 380 V and 300 A, respectively as the graphics shown in Figure 5.
b) Case Study 2: This scenario aims to confirm the functionalities of PV and BESS under load
variation and solar radiation at 0.5 kW/m2
. The simulation is carried out in sequence as follows: At t=0.0 s, the
simulation starts when the load is 70.0 kW solar radiation at 0.5 kW/m2
, therefore, the PV panels are generating
more than required load power. In this case, the excess power is stored in battery. The system is injecting in
inverter 80.0 kW, meaning that an amount of power is to compensate the losses. In that period the battery is
receiving power and therefore, the SOC is increasing gradually. At t=0.2 s, the load increases until 100 kW,
then in that time the load power becomes more than generated power. In order to compensate the generation,
the battery starts to inject the power to make balance. While the battery is injecting power, the battery is being
discharged and therefore, the SOC is gradually decreasing. At t=0.4 s, the load power suddenly drops then the
battery changes from discharge to charge mode in order to store the excess generated power. Figure 6(a), shows
the behaviour of solar radiation, -(b) shows the voltage on DC-link, -(c) shows the battery current, -(d) shows
the SOC, -(e) shows the active power injected in inverter, -(e) and -(f) show the voltage and current in load bus.
c) Case Study 3: This scenario aims to confirm the functionalities of PV and BESS under faults, load
and solar variations. The simulation is carried out in sequence as follows: At t=0.0 s, the simulation starts when
the all load is connected 100.0 kW and the solar radiation is maximum. The PV panels are generating more
than required power. Therefore the excess power is stored in battery. At t=0.1 s, an instantaneous fault occur
on load bus and transients are observed. When the fault is removed, the system becomes stable. At t=0.15 s,
some loads are disconnected from the grid and, therefore, the power injected in inverter reduces until 70 kW. At
t=0.2 s, a similar fault occur in load bus and the transients are observed again. When the fault is removed the
system becomes stable. At t=0.25 s, all load is connected (100 kW) and therefore the injected power increases
Control of an Autonomous Hybrid Microgrid as Energy Source for a Small ... (Am´erico J. Lampi˜ao)
9. 94 ISSN: 2088-8708
too. At t=0.28 s, the solar radiation drops until 0.5 kW/m2
and the battery starts to inject power to compensate
the generated power according the load demand. At t=0.38 s and 0.48 s, instantaneous faults occur on load
bus and transients are verified. When the voltage on DC-link exceeds 425 V, the chopper circuit detects and an
amount of power is suppressed by dump-load resistor in order to rapidly balance the voltage. Figure 7, shows
the graphics under study. This results demonstrate that the system is controllable and the voltage and current
delivered to the consumers have good quality. Figure 7(f), shows the total harmonic distortion (THD=3.94 %).
5. CONCLUSION
This paper has proposed a model of autonomous hybrid microgrid powering through inverter a small
rural village and the design of respective controller to regulate the instantaneous output voltage. The graphs
obtained during the simulations, explain in detail the system’s versatility in different operating condition. The
system proves how a renewable source of energy such as PV panels can work together with battery in microgrid
to power local loads. Battery storage improves the reliability of the system by overcoming the PV generation
in order to balance with the load demand. The battery storage acts as DC load during charge mode, and as DC
source during discharge mode. The system was accurately modelled using Matlab/simulink and the parameters
have been chosen according the standards and methodologies presented in literatures. The simulation results
demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and respective control methodology.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are really expressing their gratitude to the Senjyu’s Lab. members at the Department of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, for their contributions.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Am´erico Joaquim Lampi˜ao received his B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Universidade
Eduardo Mondlane at Mozambique in 2009. Currently, he is pursuing Master degree in electrical
engineering at Graduate School of Engineering and Science at University of the Ryukyus, Japan.
Besides, he is a junior Engineer at the Electricidade de Moc¸ambique (EDM), the national electricity
utility in Mozambique. His researches interests include power electronics, smart grid, microgrids,
voltage stability, power protection and electricity markets. He is affiliated with Order of Engineers
of Mozambique, and with IEEE as student member.
Tomonobu Senjyu received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from University of
the Ryukyus Japan and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Nagoya University, Japan.
Since 1988, he has been with the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, where he is currently working as a Professor. His current
research interests include stability of ac machines, advanced control of electrical machines, power
electronics, renewable energy and smart grid.
Atsushi Yona received the B.S., M.S. and the Ph.D. degree from the University of the Ryukyus,
Okinawa, Japan, in 2006, 2008 and 2010, respectively, all in electrical engineering. In 2008, he
joined the University of the Ryukyus, where he is now a Assistant Professor at the Department of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering. His research interests include the renewable energy, fore-
casting techniques and optimal planning. Dr. Yona is a member of the Institution of Electrical
Engineers of Japan.
Control of an Autonomous Hybrid Microgrid as Energy Source for a Small ... (Am´erico J. Lampi˜ao)
11. 96 ISSN: 2088-8708
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
0.5
1
Time [s]
Solarradiation[kW/m2
]
(a) Solar radiation.
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
200
400
Time [s]
Voltage[V]
Vdcref Vdc
(b) Voltage on Dc-link (V dc − link).
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
-100
-50
0
50
100
Time [s]
Current[A]
(c) Battery current (ib).
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
79.98
80
80.02
80.04
Time [s]
SOC[%]
(d) State-of-Charge (SOC).
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
0
50
100
Time [s]
Activepower[kW]
(e) Active power injected into inverter (Pe).
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
-380
0
380
Time [s]
Voltage[V]
(f) Three-phase load voltage (V abc).
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
-300
-150
0
150
300
Time [s]
Current[A]
(g) Load current (Iabc).
Fig. 5. Simulation results (Scenario - 1)
IJECE Vol. 7, No. 1, February 2017: 86 – 99
12. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 97
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
0.5
1
Time [s]
Solarradiation[kW/m2
]
(a) Solar radiation.
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
200
400
Time [s]
Voltage[V]
Vdcref Vdc
(b) Voltage on Dc-link (V dc − link).
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
-100
-50
0
50
100
Time [s]
Batterycurrent[A]
(c) Battery current (ib).
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
79.98
80
80.02
80.04
Time [s]
SOC[%]
(d) State-of-Charge (SOC).
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
50
100
Time [s]
Activepower[kW]
(e) Active power injected into inverter (Pe).
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
-380
0
380
Time [s]
Voltage[V]
(f) Three-phase load voltage (V abc).
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
-300
-150
0
150
300
Time [s]
Current[A]
(g) Load current (Iabc).
Fig. 6. Simulation results (Scenario - 2)
Control of an Autonomous Hybrid Microgrid as Energy Source for a Small ... (Am´erico J. Lampi˜ao)
13. 98 ISSN: 2088-8708
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
0.5
1
Time [s]
Solarradiation[kW/m2
]
(a) Solar radiation.
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
200
400
600
Time [s]
Voltage[V]
Vdcref
Vdc
(b) Voltage on Dc-link (V dc − link).
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
-100
0
100
200
300
Time [s]
Batterycurrent[A]
(c) Battery current (ib).
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
79.98
80
80.02
80.04
80.06
Time [s]
SOC[%]
(d) State-of-Charge (SOC).
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
50
100
150
Time [s]
Activepower[kW]
(e) Active power injected into inverter (Pe).
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
-380
0
380
Time [s]
Voltage[V]
(f) Three-phase load voltage (V abc).
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
Time [s]
Current[A]
(g) Load current (Iabc).
IJECE Vol. 7, No. 1, February 2017: 86 – 99
14. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 99
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
0
0.5
1
1.5
Time [s]
Dump-loadcurrent[A]
(a) Overvoltage detection on Dc-link.
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
0
0.5
1
1.5
Time [s]
Dump-loadcurrent[A]
(b) Dump-load current (irc).
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
0
0.5
1
Time [s]
Vd,Vq[pu]
(c) Load voltage in dq reference (V dq).
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
-2
-1
0
1
2
Time [s]
Id,Iq[pu]
(d) Load current in dq reference (Idq).
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
0
50
Time [s]
Frequency[Hz]
(e) Grid frequency f.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
0.5
1
1.5
Harmonic order
Mag(%ofFundamental)
Fundamental (50Hz) = 377.2 , THD= 3.94%
(f) Total Harmonic Distortion (THD).
Fig. 7. Simulation results (Scenario - 3)
Control of an Autonomous Hybrid Microgrid as Energy Source for a Small ... (Am´erico J. Lampi˜ao)