The document discusses human population growth and urbanization. It notes that:
- The human population has grown exponentially in the past 200 years due to factors like improved agriculture and health care.
- Population growth is unevenly distributed, with 99% of new arrivals between 2011-2050 expected in middle- and low-income countries.
- Most of the world's population now lives in urban areas, and urbanization is bringing problems like pollution, poverty, and unsustainable resource use.
- Cities can work to become more sustainable by reducing sprawl, promoting alternatives to cars, and using approaches like smart growth and new urbanism.
The world’s population is more than three times larger than it was in the mid-twentieth century. The global human population reached 8.0 billion in mid-November 2022 from an estimated 2.5 billion people in 1950, adding 1 billion people since 2010 and 2 billion since 1998. The world’s population is expected to increase by nearly 2 billion persons in the next 30 years, from the current 8 billion to 9.7 billion in 2050 and could peak at nearly 10.4 billion in the mid-2080s.
The world’s population is more than three times larger than it was in the mid-twentieth century. The global human population reached 8.0 billion in mid-November 2022 from an estimated 2.5 billion people in 1950, adding 1 billion people since 2010 and 2 billion since 1998. The world’s population is expected to increase by nearly 2 billion persons in the next 30 years, from the current 8 billion to 9.7 billion in 2050 and could peak at nearly 10.4 billion in the mid-2080s.
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Demographic transition in India and its effectsSarinkumar P S
Population expansion around the world has shown a pattern of rapid increase, again stabilization and very small increase or decline after that. This trend is conceptualized as demographic transition. In the following presentation we will look at:
1. PopulationDynamics
2. Demographictransitiontheory
3. PatternofDemographictransitionacrosstheworld
4. DemographictransitioninIndia
5. EffectsofdemographictransitioninIndia
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DYNAMICS. It contains: increase in the world's population, over and under population, anti and pro-natalist policies, China's one child policy, France population strategies, Bristol case study.
In this unit we will find about about we study population (indicators), the evolution of the world population, the population ageing, the pyramid population, and the migration.
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What Is Demography? Introduction to DemographyVaibhav verma
What Is Demography?
Demography is the scientific study of human populations.
The term itself was coined in 1855 by Achille Guillard, who used it in the title of his book Éléments de Statistique Humaine ou Démographie Comparée.
The word he invented is a combination of two Greek words: demos, which means people, and graphein, which means to write about a particular subject (in this instance, population).
Modern demography is the study of the determinants and consequences of population change and is concerned with virtually everything that influences or can be influenced by these following factors.
Importance Of Population Growth
The Problem Of Population And Growth Essay
Population Growth And Economic Development
Population Growth Essay
The Impacts Of Population Growth
Causes Of Population Growth
Human Population Growth
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Population Growth
Reflection Paper On Population Growth
Population Growth in Perspective Essays
Effects Of Exponential Population Growth
Cause Of Population Growth In The United States
Factors Affecting Human Population Growth
The Impacts Of Population Growth
Urbanization Of Urban Population Growth Essay
Us Population Essay example
Population Growth And The Population Essay
Population Growth Essay
Demographic transition in India and its effectsSarinkumar P S
Population expansion around the world has shown a pattern of rapid increase, again stabilization and very small increase or decline after that. This trend is conceptualized as demographic transition. In the following presentation we will look at:
1. PopulationDynamics
2. Demographictransitiontheory
3. PatternofDemographictransitionacrosstheworld
4. DemographictransitioninIndia
5. EffectsofdemographictransitioninIndia
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DYNAMICS. It contains: increase in the world's population, over and under population, anti and pro-natalist policies, China's one child policy, France population strategies, Bristol case study.
In this unit we will find about about we study population (indicators), the evolution of the world population, the population ageing, the pyramid population, and the migration.
The Population Problem Essay
Essay on Population Demographics
Population Education
World Hunger Essay
Population Growth Essay
The Human Population Essay
Essay on World Population
World Population Essay
Essay about Stabilizing Population
Community Population Study Essay
Essay On American Population
Us Population Essay example
Population Growth Essay
Human Geography: Overpopulation Essay
Essay on Overpopulation
Overpopulation Essay
Causes of Overpopulation Essay
Essay On Overpopulation
Overpopulation Research Paper
Speech On Overpopulation
What Are The Effects Of Overpopulation
Arguments Against Human Overpopulation
Overpopulation Satire
Overpopulation : The Problem Of Overpopulation
The Negative Effects Of Overpopulation
Effects Of Overpopulation Essay
Essay on The Problems of Over Population
Overpopulation Essay
Cause And Effect Essay On Overpopulation
Overpopulation’s Effect on Environment Essay
Overpopulation Essay
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Overpopulation And Family Planning
What Is Demography? Introduction to DemographyVaibhav verma
What Is Demography?
Demography is the scientific study of human populations.
The term itself was coined in 1855 by Achille Guillard, who used it in the title of his book Éléments de Statistique Humaine ou Démographie Comparée.
The word he invented is a combination of two Greek words: demos, which means people, and graphein, which means to write about a particular subject (in this instance, population).
Modern demography is the study of the determinants and consequences of population change and is concerned with virtually everything that influences or can be influenced by these following factors.
Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
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• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
• Scope: Provide business support support and training to women-owned businesses, promoting economic inclusion.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Thohoyandou, Musina, Burgersfort, and Louis Trichardt.
We will also prioritize Industrial Economic Zone areas and their priorities.
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To be eligible:
1. You must have a registered business and operate in Limpopo
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3. Sectors : Agriculture ( primary and secondary) and Automative
Women and Youth are encouraged to apply even if you don't fall in those sectors.
Things to remember while upgrading the brakes of your carjennifermiller8137
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Core technology of Hyundai Motor Group's EV platform 'E-GMP'Hyundai Motor Group
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Maximized driving performance and quick charging time through high-density battery pack and fast charging technology and applicable to various vehicle types!
Discover more about Hyundai Motor Group’s EV platform ‘E-GMP’!
In this presentation, we have discussed a very important feature of BMW X5 cars… the Comfort Access. Things that can significantly limit its functionality. And things that you can try to restore the functionality of such a convenient feature of your vehicle.
"Trans Failsafe Prog" on your BMW X5 indicates potential transmission issues requiring immediate action. This safety feature activates in response to abnormalities like low fluid levels, leaks, faulty sensors, electrical or mechanical failures, and overheating.
𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙨. 𝙒𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙪𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙪𝙨.
Over the 10 years, we have gained a strong foothold in the market due to our range's high quality, competitive prices, and time-lined delivery schedules.
Why Is Your BMW X3 Hood Not Responding To Release CommandsDart Auto
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3. Human Population Growth
Continues But it is Unevenly
Distributed
For most of history, the human population grew
slowly, but has been growing exponentially for the
past 200 years. Reasons for this increase in growth
rate include:
Humans have expanded into almost all of the
planet’s climate zones and habitats.
The emergence of early and modern agriculture
allowed us to grow more food for each unit of land
area farmed.
Death rates dropped sharply because of improved
sanitation and health care.
3
4. Human Population Growth
Continues But it is Unevenly
Distributed
The rate of population growth has slowed, but the world’s population
is still growing at a rate that added about 83 million people during
2011.
Geographically, growth is unevenly distributed.
About 1% of the 83 million new arrivals on the planet in 2011 were
added to the world’s more-developed countries
The other 99% were added to the world’s middle- and low-income,
less-developed countries. At least 95% of the 2.6 billion people likely
to be added to the world’s population between 2011 and 2050 will
end up in the least-developed countries.
4
6. Human Population Growth
Continues but it is Unevenly
Distributed
Cultural carrying capacity is the maximum number of people who could live in
reasonable freedom and comfort indefinitely, without decreasing the ability of
the earth to sustain future generations.
6
8. The Human Population Can
Grow, Decline, Or Remain
Fairly Stable
Birth rate, or crude birth rate, is the number of live
births per 1,000 people in a population in a given
year.
Death rate, or crude death rate, is the number of
deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given
year.
Population change of an area = (births +
immigration) - (deaths + emigration)
8
9. Women are Having Fewer Babies
but not Few Enough to Stabilize
the World’s Population
The total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number
of children born to women in a population during
their reproductive years.
Between 1955 and 2011, the average global lifetime
number of births of live babies per woman dropped
from 5 to 2.5.
A TFR of 2.1 will eventually halt the world’s
population growth.
9
10. Several Factors Affect Birth Rates
and Fertility Rates
A particular country’s average birth rate and TFR
can be affected by:
The importance of children as a part of the labor
force.
The cost of raising and educating children.
The availability of, or lack of, private and public
pension systems.
Urbanization.
10
11. Several Factors Affect Birth Rates
and Fertility Rates
The educational and employment opportunities
available for women.
The average age at marriage.
The availability of legal abortions.
The availability of reliable birth control methods.
Religious beliefs, traditions, and cultural norms.
11
12. Migration Affects an Area’s
Population Size
Migration is the movement of people into
(immigration) and out of (emigration) specific
geographic areas.
Most people who migrate from one country to
another are seeking jobs.
Religious persecution, ethnic conflicts, political
oppression, wars, and certain types of
environmental degradation are also factors.
Environmental refugees are people who migrate
due to environmental degradation such as soil
erosion and water and food shortages. One UN
study estimated that a million people are added to
this category every year.
12
13. How Does a Population’s Age
Structure Affect Its Growth or
Decline?
13
14. A Population’s Age Structure
Helps Us to Make Projections
Age structure is the numbers or percentages of males and females in
young, middle, and older age groups in a given population.
Population age-structure diagrams are made by plotting the
percentages or numbers of males and females in the total population in
each of three age categories:
Prereproductive (0–14): normally too young to have children.
Reproductive (15–44): normally able to have children.
Postreproductive (45+): normally too old to have children.
14
15. A Population’s Age Structure
Helps Us to Make Projections
Demographic momentum is rapid population growth in a country that
has a large percentage of people younger than 15, and happens when
a large number of girls enter their prime reproductive years.
1.8 billion people will move into their reproductive years by 2025.
Most future human population growth will take place in less-
developed countries due to their population age structure.
The global population of seniors (age 65 and older) is increasing due
to declining birth rates and medical advances that have extended life
spans.
15
17. There are Three Effective Ways to
Slow Population Growth
The three most effective ways to slow or stop
population growth are:
Reduce poverty
Elevate the status of women
Encourage family planning and reproductive health
care.
17
18. Stage 1
Preindustrial
Stage 2
Transitional
Stage 3
Industrial
Stage 4
Postindustrial
Population
grows very
slowly
because of
a high birth
rate (to
compensate
for high
infant
mortality)
and a high
death rate
Population grows rapidly because
birth rates are high and death
rates drop because of improved
food production and health
Population
growth
slows as
both birth
and death
rates drop
because of
improved
Population growth
levels off and then
declines as birth rates
equal and then fall
below death rates
80
70
60
Total population
50 Birth rate
40
30
20 Death rate
Birth
rate
and
death
rate
(number
per
1,000
per
year)
10
0
Low Increasing Very high Decreasing Low Zero Negative
Growth rate
over time
food
production,
health, and
education
18
19. Promote Economic Development
As countries become industrialized and
economically developed, their populations tend to
grow more slowly. This demographic transition has
four phases:
Preindustrial
Transitional
Industrial
Postindustrial
19
20. Promote Economic Development
Less-developed countries may transition to slower
growth if modern technology can raise per capita
incomes by bringing economic development and
family planning.
Rapid population growth, extreme poverty, and
increasing environmental degradation in some low-
income less-developed countries—especially in
Africa—could leave these countries stuck in stage 2
of the demographic transition.
20
21. Empowering Women Can Slow
Population Growth
Women tend to have fewer children if they are
educated, have the ability to control their own
fertility, hold a paying job outside the home, and
live in societies that do not suppress their rights.
Women account for 66% of all hours worked but
receive only 10% of the world’s income and own
just 2% of the world’s land.
Women make up 70% of the world’s poor and 64%
of its 800 million illiterate adults.
Poor women who cannot read often have an
average of 5–7 children, compared to 2 or fewer
children in societies where almost all women can
read.
21
22. Promote Family Planning
Family planning provides educational and clinical
services that help couples choose how many
children to have and when to have them.
Successes of family planning:
Without family planning programs that began in
the 1970s, the world’s population would be about
8.5 billion instead of the current 7 billion.
Family planning has reduced the number of
abortions performed each year and decreased the
numbers of mothers and fetuses dying during
pregnancy.
22
23. Promote Family Planning
Problems that have hindered success in some
countries:
42% of all pregnancies in less-developed countries
are unplanned and 26% end with abortion.
An estimated 201 million couples in less-developed
countries want to limit their number of children,
but lack access to family planning services.
23
24. What are the Major Urban
Resource and Environmental
Problems?
24
25. Scientists See Three Important
Urban Trends
An increasing percentage of the world’s people live in urban areas.
Urban areas grow in two ways—by natural increase due to births and
by immigration, mostly from rural areas.
Three major trends in urban population dynamics have emerged:
The proportion of the global population living in urban areas
increased from 2% in 1850 to 50% today, and is projected to be 70%
by 2050.
25
26. Scientists See Three Important
Urban Trends
The numbers and sizes of urban areas are mushrooming. We now
have cities with 10 million or more people (megacities or
megalopolises) and will soon have hypercities with more than 20
million people. Megacities and hypercities are merging into
megaregions that can stretch across entire countries.
Poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized, mostly in less-
developed countries. An estimated 1 billion people in less-
developed countries live in urban slums and shantytowns.
26
27. Urban Sprawl Gobbles Up the
Countryside
Urban sprawl, or the growth of low-density
development on the edges of cities and towns, is
eliminating surrounding agricultural and wild lands.
Urban sprawl is the product of affordable land,
automobiles, relatively cheap gasoline, and poor
urban planning.
27
28. Urban Sprawl Gobbles Up the
Countryside
Urban sprawl has caused or contributed to a
number of environmental problems.
People are forced to drive everywhere, resulting in
more emission of greenhouse gases and air
pollution.
Sprawl has decreased energy efficiency, increased
traffic congestion, and destroyed prime cropland,
forests, and wetlands.
Sprawl has led to the economic deaths of many
central cities as people and businesses move out.
28
30. Urbanization Has Advantages
Cities are centers of industry, commerce, transportation, innovation,
education, technological advances, and jobs.
Urban residents in many parts of the world tend to live longer than do
rural residents, and have lower infant mortality and fertility rates.
Cities provide better access to medical care, family planning, education,
and social services.
Recycling is more economically feasible.
Concentrating people in cities helps to preserve biodiversity.
Central cities can save energy if residents rely more on energy efficient
mass transportation, walking, and bicycling.
30
31. Urbanization Has Disadvantages
Most urban areas are unsustainable systems.
The typical city depends on large non-urban areas for huge inputs of
matter and energy resources, while it generates large outputs of waste
matter and heat.
Most cities lack vegetation.
Destroyed vegetation could have absorbed air pollutants, given off
oxygen, provided shade, reduced soil erosion, provided wildlife habitats,
and offered aesthetic pleasure.
Many cities have water problems.
Providing water to cities can deprive rural and wild areas of surface
water and can deplete underground water supplies.
31
32. Urbanization Has Disadvantages
Cities in arid areas that depend on water withdrawn from rivers and
reservoirs behind dams will face increasing problems.
Cities can have flooding problems for several reasons:
Being built on floodplains or near low-lying coastlines.
Covering land with buildings, asphalt, and concrete causes
precipitation to run off quickly and overload storm drains.
32
33. Urbanization Has Disadvantages
Destroying or degraded large areas of wetlands that have served as
natural sponges to help absorb excess storm water.
Flooding as sea levels rise because of projected climate.
Cities in arid areas that depend on water bodies fed by mountaintop
glaciers will face water shortages if global warming melts the
glaciers.
33
35. Fig. 6-18, p. 110
Inputs Outputs
Energy Solid wastes
Food Waste heat
Water pollutants
Water
Air pollutants
Raw materials Greenhouse gases
Money Wealth
Noise
Manufactured
goods
Manufactured
goods
Information Ideas
35
36. Cities Tend to Concentrate Pollution And Health
Problems
Cities produce most of the world’s air pollution,
water pollution, and solid and hazardous wastes.
High population densities can increase the spread
of infectious diseases, especially if adequate
drinking water and sewage systems are not
available.
36
37. Cities Affect Local Climates
Cities tend to be warmer, rainier, foggier, and
cloudier.
Heat generated by cars, factories, furnaces, lights,
air conditioners, and heat-absorbing dark roofs and
streets creates an urban heat island surrounded by
cooler suburban and rural areas.
The artificial light created by cities affects some
plant and animal species.
37
38. Life is a Desperate Struggle For
the Urban Poor in Less-Developed
Countries
At least 1 billion people live under crowded and
unsanitary conditions in cities in less-developed
countries.
Slums are areas dominated by tenements and
rooming houses where several people might live in
a single room.
Squatter settlements and shantytowns are on the
outskirts of cities, and usually lack clean water
supplies, sewers, electricity, and roads, and are
subject to severe air and water pollution and
hazardous wastes from nearby factories.
38
40. Motor Vehicles Have Advantages And
Disadvantages
They provide mobility and offer convenient and
comfortable transportation.
They can be symbols of power, sex appeal, social
status, and success.
Much of the world’s economy is built on producing
motor vehicles and supplying fuel, roads, services,
and repairs for them.
Globally, automobile accidents kill approximately
1.2 million people a year and injure another 15
million people.
40
41. Reducing Automobile Use is not Easy, But
it Can Be Done
Raise parking fees and charge tolls on roads, tunnels, and bridges
leading into cities, especially during peak traffic times.
Some cities promote car-sharing networks, which bill members
monthly for the time they use a car and the distance they travel, and
can decrease car ownership.
41
42. Some Cities Promote Alternatives To
Cars
The following are alternatives to cars, each with its
own advantages and disadvantages:
Bicycles
Mass-transit rail systems in urban areas
Bus systems in urban areas
High-speed rail systems between urban areas
(bullet trains)
42
44. We Can Make Urban Areas More
Environmentally Sustainable and
Enjoyable Places To Live
Smart growth encourages environmentally
sustainable development requiring less
dependence on cars, controls and directs sprawl,
and reduces wasteful resource use, by using zoning
laws and other tools to channel growth into areas
where it can cause less harm.
New urbanism involves less-developed villages
within cities, so that people can live within walking
distance of where the work, shop, and go for
entertainment
44
45. Three Big Ideas
The human population is increasing rapidly and may soon bump up
against environmental limits.
We can slow human population growth by reducing poverty,
encouraging family planning, and elevating the status of women.
Most urban areas are unsustainable, but they can be made more
sustainable and livable within your lifetime.
45
Figure 6.2: This graph tracks the annual growth rate of world population, 1950–2010, with projections to 2050. (Data from United Nations Population Division and U.S. Census Bureau)
Figure 6.11: The demographic transition, which a country can experience as it becomes industrialized and more economically developed, can take place in four stages. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: At what stage is the country where you live?
Figure 6.8 natural capital degradation: Urban areas are rarely sustainable systems. The typical city depends on large nonurban areas for huge inputs of matter and energy resources, while it generates large outputs of waste matter and heat. Question: How would you apply the three principles of sustainability (see back cover) to lessen some of these impacts?