While creating an industrial system which has an electric motor, the designers should to be think over not
only control method but also motor type to create successful and efficiency system. If created system is an
electric vehicle, designers have two powerful candidates as traction motor: Brushless AC (BLAC) or
Brushless DC (BLDC) motors. In this study, a comparative performance investigation and evaluation are
presented between direct torque controlled (DTC) Brushless AC and Brushless DC motors which have
been considered as traction motor on electric vehicles. In addition, a short review to BLAC and BLDC
motor technology is also included. The basics of the DTC method are presented and small-scale pure
electric vehicle model is created and integrated to the motor control model. The BLAC and BLDC motors
modeled as having the same electrical parameters and simulated with same control model parameters in
order to make fair comparison. The simulation studies have proved that DTC controlled BLAC and BLDC
motors have closer performances as vehicle traction motor, and both motor types can be allowed as a good
candidate for pure electric vehicles applications.
A COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW TO DTC FOR PMSM DRIVEN PURE ELECTRIC VEHICLES cscpconf
For many industrial applications that including electric motor, selecting of the appropriate motor type is keypoint for the application success and efficiency. This paper presents a comparative performance evaluation between direct torque controlled Brushless AC and Brushless DC motors which have been considered as traction motor on electric vehicles. Moreover, a short review to brushless AC and brushless DC motor technology and vector driver systems are also included. The main structure of the direct torque control method is presented and small-scale pure electric vehicle model is integrated to the motor control model. To make a fair comparison, the brushless AC and brushless DC motors modeled as having the same electrical parameters and simulated with same control model parameters. The simulation studies have shown that direct torque controlled brushless AC and brushless DC motors have similar performance as vehicle traction motor, and both motor types can be considered as a good candidate for electric vehicles applications.
Brushless DC motor Drive during Speed regulation with Current ControllerIJERA Editor
Brushless DC Motor (BLDC) is one of the best electrical drives that have increasing popularity, due to their
high efficiency, reliability, good dynamic response and very low maintenance. Due to the increasing demand for
compact & reliable motors and the evolution of low cost power semiconductor switches and permanent magnet
(PM) materials, brushless DC motors become popular in every application from home appliances to aerospace
industry. The conventional techniques for controlling the stator phase current in a brushless DC drive are
practically effective in low speed and cannot reduce the commutation torque ripple in high speed range. This
paper presents the PI controller for speed control of BLDC motor. The output of the PI controllers is summed
and is given as the input to the current controller. The BLDC motor is fed from the inverter where the rotor
position and current controller is the input. The complete model of the proposed drive system is developed and
simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software. The operation principle of using component is analysed and the
simulation results are presented in this to verify the theoretical analysis.
Smfir technology based transportation system and applicability of mppteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Levitating Rails - A modern day transportationSanjana Vakkund
The trains that are ridden above highly engineered rails and carefully embedded with magnets, strong enough to hold the train and the passengers. In view of growing transportation, its energy requirements and its impacts on the global environment, maglev technology has emerged as a sustainable, faster and clean and alternative amongst the various levitation, guidance and propulsion technologies. Magnetic levitation is a highly advanced technology. The common point in all applications is the lack of contact and thus no wear and friction.
Speed Torque Characteristics of BLDC Motor with Load Variationsijtsrd
Nowadays, Brushless DC motors are in high demand due to its high efficiency and other significant features. As there is no use of brushes, this type of motor is having many advantages like high torque to inertia ratio, high speed, and power density and low cost compared to conventional brushed motors. This paper determines speed torque characteristics of brushless dc motor with different load variation by using the proposed method and the developed controller. The variation in motor speed torque characteristics for half load, full load, and overloading condition is analyzed. This research has been conducted to analyze the model and compared with the simulation results which are very useful in studying the performance of motor system. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB Simulink environment. Ishita Gupta | Akash Varshney "Speed-Torque Characteristics of BLDC Motor with Load Variations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31197.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/31197/speedtorque-characteristics-of-bldc-motor-with-load-variations/ishita-gupta
A COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW TO DTC FOR PMSM DRIVEN PURE ELECTRIC VEHICLES cscpconf
For many industrial applications that including electric motor, selecting of the appropriate motor type is keypoint for the application success and efficiency. This paper presents a comparative performance evaluation between direct torque controlled Brushless AC and Brushless DC motors which have been considered as traction motor on electric vehicles. Moreover, a short review to brushless AC and brushless DC motor technology and vector driver systems are also included. The main structure of the direct torque control method is presented and small-scale pure electric vehicle model is integrated to the motor control model. To make a fair comparison, the brushless AC and brushless DC motors modeled as having the same electrical parameters and simulated with same control model parameters. The simulation studies have shown that direct torque controlled brushless AC and brushless DC motors have similar performance as vehicle traction motor, and both motor types can be considered as a good candidate for electric vehicles applications.
Brushless DC motor Drive during Speed regulation with Current ControllerIJERA Editor
Brushless DC Motor (BLDC) is one of the best electrical drives that have increasing popularity, due to their
high efficiency, reliability, good dynamic response and very low maintenance. Due to the increasing demand for
compact & reliable motors and the evolution of low cost power semiconductor switches and permanent magnet
(PM) materials, brushless DC motors become popular in every application from home appliances to aerospace
industry. The conventional techniques for controlling the stator phase current in a brushless DC drive are
practically effective in low speed and cannot reduce the commutation torque ripple in high speed range. This
paper presents the PI controller for speed control of BLDC motor. The output of the PI controllers is summed
and is given as the input to the current controller. The BLDC motor is fed from the inverter where the rotor
position and current controller is the input. The complete model of the proposed drive system is developed and
simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software. The operation principle of using component is analysed and the
simulation results are presented in this to verify the theoretical analysis.
Smfir technology based transportation system and applicability of mppteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Levitating Rails - A modern day transportationSanjana Vakkund
The trains that are ridden above highly engineered rails and carefully embedded with magnets, strong enough to hold the train and the passengers. In view of growing transportation, its energy requirements and its impacts on the global environment, maglev technology has emerged as a sustainable, faster and clean and alternative amongst the various levitation, guidance and propulsion technologies. Magnetic levitation is a highly advanced technology. The common point in all applications is the lack of contact and thus no wear and friction.
Speed Torque Characteristics of BLDC Motor with Load Variationsijtsrd
Nowadays, Brushless DC motors are in high demand due to its high efficiency and other significant features. As there is no use of brushes, this type of motor is having many advantages like high torque to inertia ratio, high speed, and power density and low cost compared to conventional brushed motors. This paper determines speed torque characteristics of brushless dc motor with different load variation by using the proposed method and the developed controller. The variation in motor speed torque characteristics for half load, full load, and overloading condition is analyzed. This research has been conducted to analyze the model and compared with the simulation results which are very useful in studying the performance of motor system. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB Simulink environment. Ishita Gupta | Akash Varshney "Speed-Torque Characteristics of BLDC Motor with Load Variations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31197.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/31197/speedtorque-characteristics-of-bldc-motor-with-load-variations/ishita-gupta
The main objective of aerospace industry is to produce all electric aircraft (AEA) equipped by electrical devices in coming developments. Electrical machines that provide higher torque densities are gaining more interest for researchers to obtain sustainable direct-drive electrical propulsion system for aircraft applications. In addition to lesser weight and higher torque density, a machine should be “fault tolerant” to applied in aerospace applications. A novel machine for high starting torque, identified as flux switching machine (FSM) was established over the last decade. FSMs comprise all effective sources on stator including robust rotor structure. These machines exhibited higher “torque-to-weight ratios” and reliability. Nonetheless, the challenge of developing a machine suitable for aircraft applications goes far beyond electromagnetic design and much deeper into the field of mechanical systems than traditional ones. Thus, a new double stator (DS) hybrid excitation (HE) FSM design employing segmented rotor is proposed and analyzed in this research work. The suggested design for DS HE-FSM comprises of six field excitation coils (FECs) and six permanent magnets (PMs) as their excitation sources. In this research, investigation of DS HE-FSM is accomplished with respect to flux linkage, back EMF, cogging torque and torque analysis based on 2D FEA.
Investigation and Comparison of the Effect of Facts Devices, Capacitors and L...IJAPEJOURNAL
This paper studies the important power system phenomenon and voltage stability by using continuation power flow method. Voltage collapse scenario is presented which can be a serious result of voltage instability and also the parameters that affected by voltage collapse are discussed. In analyzing power system voltage stability, continuation power flow method is utilized which consists of successive load flows. In this paper steady-state modeling of Static VAR Compensator (SVC) and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) and effect of compensator and variation of line reactance on the voltage stability have been studied and Comparison between performance of UPFC and SVC and installation shunt capacitor and variation of line reactance for improve voltage stability has been done.Case studies are carried on 11 bus network in two areas. Simulation is done with PSAT in MATLAB. Continuation Power Flow was implemented using Newton Raphson method. Simulation results show the proper performance of UPFC, SVC, installation shunt capacitor and variation of line reactance to improve voltage control and significantly increase the loadability margin of power systems.
Energy Management System in Electric Vehicle with PV Fed SRM SystemIJMTST Journal
This project presents the switched reluctance motor (SRM) with hybrid renewable system. Switched
Reluctance Motors (SRM) has a wide range of industrial applications because of their advantages over
conventional AC/DC Drives. This is due to simple construction, ruggedness and inexpensive manufacturing
potential. Various methods have used and applied to control SRM speed generally, the PV-fed EV has a
similar structure to the hybrid electrical vehicle, whose internal combustion engine(ICE) is replaced by the
hybrid system. A hybrid energy system, or hybrid power, usually consists of two or more renewable energy
sources used together to provide increased system efficiency as well as greater balance in energy supply.
The PV has different characteristics to ICEs, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and solar energy
utilization are the unique factors for the PV-fed EVs. This matter is done by applying the proposed system to
a multi-objective function including both speed error and torque ripple. This controller is implemented for an
8/6, 4-kW SRM. In this paper to coordinate the PV panel, SRM and battery. Hybrid renewables applied in
Energy storage like battery technologies, superconducting magnetic energy, capacitors, compressed air and
pumped storage, seems to be an alternative method that the operator of an electrical power grid can use to
adapt energy production to energy consumption, both of which can vary randomly over time. The simulation
results confirm excellent dynamic performance, reduced torque ripple and current oscillation can be achieved
by using ANFIS
Simulation Approach to Speed Control of PMBLDC Motor using Various Control Te...IJMTST Journal
Conventional Brushless DC Motor (BLDCM) has been widely used in industries because of its properties such as high efficiency, reliability, high starting torque, less electrical noise and high weight to torque ratio. In order to control the speed of BLDCM, a number of controllers are used. Controllers like PI and PID don’t have better results. They need to more time to settle down. Although Adaptive Fuzzy controller gives better results than PI, PID controllers, but when compared to fuzzy PID they gives less performance. So, here using fuzzy PID controller for speed controller of BLDC Machine. As simulation results gives that fuzzy PID controller has better control performance than the PI, PID and Adaptive fuzzy controller. The modeling and simulation of BLDC motor have been done using the software package MATLAB/SIMULINK.
The energy consumption of electric vehicles (EVs)depends on traffic environment, terrain, resistive forces acting on vehicle, vehicle characteristics and driving habits of driver. The battery pack in EV is the main energy storage element and the energy capacity determines the range of vehicle. This paper discusses the behavior of battery when EV is subjected to different driving environments such as urban and highway. The battery rating is selected based on requirement of driving cycle. The MATLAB/Simulink model of battery energy storage system (BESS) consisting of battery, bidirectional DC/DCconverter and electric propulsion system is built. The simulation is carried out and the performance of BESS is tested for standard driving cycles which emulate actual driving situations. It has been shown that, the amount of the energy recovered by battery during deceleration depends on the amount of regenerative energy available in the driving cycle. If the battery recovers more energy during deceleration, the effective energy consumed by it reduces and the range of the vehicle increases.
Design of charging station for electric vehicle batteriesIJAEMSJORNAL
With the increasing requirement in green technologies in transportation, electric vehicles have proven to be the best short-term solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The conventional vehicle drivers are still unwilling in using such a new technology, mainly because of the time duration (4-8 hours) required to charge the electric vehicle batteries with the currently existing Level I and II charging station. For this reason, Level III fast- charging stations capable of reducing the charging duration to 10-15 minutes are being designed and developed. The present thesis focuses on the design of a fast-charging station for electric vehicle, in addition to the electrical grid, two stationary energy storage devices flywheel energy storage and a super capacitor is being used. Power electronic converters used for the interface of the energy sources with the charging stations are designed. The design development also focuses on the energy management that will minimize the battery charging time. For this reason, an algorithm that minimizes durations with its mathematical formulation is required, and its application in fast charging will be illustrated.
In the proposed approach,instead of a conventional 3- Phase inverter a component minimized single pha se inverter is utilized which reduces the cost of the inverter,th e switching losses,and the complexity of interface circuits to generate logic signals. A performance comparison of the prop osed inverter fed drive with a conventional 3Phase inverter fed drive is also mode in terms of speed response and t otal harmonic distortion (THD) of the stator curren t. The proposed inverter fed IM drive is found acceptable consideri ng its cost reduction and other advantageous featur es. A general pulse width modulation (PWM) method for c ontrol of 1-phase inverters is presented. The vecto r PWM offers a simple method to select three or four vectors tha t effectively synthesize the desired output voltage,even in presence of voltage oscillations across the two dc-link capacit ors. The influence of different switching patterns on output voltage symmetry,current waveform,switching frequency and common mode voltage can be examined. The paper als o discusses how the use of the wye and delta connecti ons of the motor windings affects the implementatio n of the pulse width modulator.
This paper presents the comparative performances of Indirect Field Oriented Control (IFOC) for the three-phase induction motor. Recently, the interest of widely used the induction motor at industries because of reliability, ruggedness and almost free in maintenance. Thus, the IFOC scheme is employed to control the speed of induction motor. Therefore, P and PI controllers based on IFOC approach are analyzed at differences speed commands with no load condition. On the other hand, the PI controller is tuned based on Ziegler-Nichols method by using PSIM software which is user-friendly for simulations, design and analysis of motor drive, control loop and the power converter in power electronics studies. Subsequently, the simulated of P controller results are compared with the simulated of PI controller results at difference speed commands with no load condition. Finally, the simulated results of speed controllers are compared with the experimental results in order to explore the performances of speed responses by using IFOC scheme for three-phase induction motor drives.
MODIFIED DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL FOR BLDC MOTOR DRIVESijctcm
In this paper, a new adaptive reference based approach to direct torque control (DTC) method has been
proposed for brushless direct current (BLDC) motor drives. Conventional DTC method uses two main
reference parameters as: flux and torque. A main difference from the conventional method of it was that
only one reference parameter (speed) was used to control the BLDC motor and the second control
parameter (flux) was obtained from speed error through the proposed control algorithm. Thus, the DTC
performance has been especially improved on systems which need variable speed and torque during
operation, like electric vehicles. The dynamic models of the BLDC and the DTC method have been created
on Matlab/Simulink. The proposed method has been confirmed and verified by the dynamic simulations on
different working conditions. The simulation studies showed that the proposed method reduced remarkably
the speed and the torque ripples when compared the conventional DTC method. Moreover, the proposed
method has also very simple structure to apply the conventional DTC and its extra computational load to
the controller is almost zero.
A Comparative Study of GA tuned and PSO tuned PI Controller Based Speed Contr...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper presents a comparative study of Generic Algorithm (GA) and Partical Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique for determining the optimal parameters of (PI) controller for speed control of a brushless DC motor (BLDC) where the (BLDC) motor is modeled in simulink in MATLAB. The proposed technique was more efficient in improving the step response characteristics as well as reducing the steady-state error, rise time, settling time and maximum overshoot.
Stability analysis and speed control of brushless DC motor based on self-amel...IJECEIAES
In recent years, electric vehicles are the large-scale spread of the transportation field has led to the emergence of brushless direct current (DC) motors (BLDCM), which are mostly utilized in electrical vehicle systems. The speed control of a BLDCM is a subsystem, consisting of torque, flux hysteresis comparators, and appropriate switching logic of an inverter. Due to the sudden load torque variation and improper switching pulse, the speed of the BLDCM is not maintained properly. In recent research, the BLDC current control method gives a better way to control the speed of the motor. Also, the rotor position information should be the need for feedback control of the power electronic converters to varying the appropriate pulse width modulation (PWM) of the inverter. The proposed optimization work controls the switching device to manage the power supply BLDCM. In this proposed selfameliorate soft switching (SASS) system is a simple and effective way for BLDC motor current control technology, a proposed control strategy is intended to stabilize the speed of the BLDCM at different load torque conditions. The proposed SASS system method is analyzing hall-based sensor values continuously. The suggested model is simulated using the MATLAB Simulink tool, and the results reveal that the maximum steady-state error value achieved is 4.2, as well as a speedy recovery of the BLDCM's speed.
A NEW APPROACH TO DTC METHOD FOR BLDC MOTOR ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVEScscpconf
This paper proposes a new approach to direct torque control (DTC) method for brushless direct current (BLDC) motor drives. In conventional DTC method, two main reference parameters are used as: flux and torque. In this paper, the new approach has been proposed to improve the BLDC motor dynamic performance. A main difference from the conventional method of it was that only one reference parameter (speed) was used to control the BLDC motor and the second control parameter (flux) was obtained from speed error through the proposed control algorithm. Thus, the DTC performance has been especially improved on systems which need variable speed and torque during operation, like electric vehicles. The dynamic models of the BLDC and the DTC method have been created on Matlab/Simulink. The proposed method has been confirmed and verified by the dynamic simulations on different working conditions.
The main objective of aerospace industry is to produce all electric aircraft (AEA) equipped by electrical devices in coming developments. Electrical machines that provide higher torque densities are gaining more interest for researchers to obtain sustainable direct-drive electrical propulsion system for aircraft applications. In addition to lesser weight and higher torque density, a machine should be “fault tolerant” to applied in aerospace applications. A novel machine for high starting torque, identified as flux switching machine (FSM) was established over the last decade. FSMs comprise all effective sources on stator including robust rotor structure. These machines exhibited higher “torque-to-weight ratios” and reliability. Nonetheless, the challenge of developing a machine suitable for aircraft applications goes far beyond electromagnetic design and much deeper into the field of mechanical systems than traditional ones. Thus, a new double stator (DS) hybrid excitation (HE) FSM design employing segmented rotor is proposed and analyzed in this research work. The suggested design for DS HE-FSM comprises of six field excitation coils (FECs) and six permanent magnets (PMs) as their excitation sources. In this research, investigation of DS HE-FSM is accomplished with respect to flux linkage, back EMF, cogging torque and torque analysis based on 2D FEA.
Investigation and Comparison of the Effect of Facts Devices, Capacitors and L...IJAPEJOURNAL
This paper studies the important power system phenomenon and voltage stability by using continuation power flow method. Voltage collapse scenario is presented which can be a serious result of voltage instability and also the parameters that affected by voltage collapse are discussed. In analyzing power system voltage stability, continuation power flow method is utilized which consists of successive load flows. In this paper steady-state modeling of Static VAR Compensator (SVC) and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) and effect of compensator and variation of line reactance on the voltage stability have been studied and Comparison between performance of UPFC and SVC and installation shunt capacitor and variation of line reactance for improve voltage stability has been done.Case studies are carried on 11 bus network in two areas. Simulation is done with PSAT in MATLAB. Continuation Power Flow was implemented using Newton Raphson method. Simulation results show the proper performance of UPFC, SVC, installation shunt capacitor and variation of line reactance to improve voltage control and significantly increase the loadability margin of power systems.
Energy Management System in Electric Vehicle with PV Fed SRM SystemIJMTST Journal
This project presents the switched reluctance motor (SRM) with hybrid renewable system. Switched
Reluctance Motors (SRM) has a wide range of industrial applications because of their advantages over
conventional AC/DC Drives. This is due to simple construction, ruggedness and inexpensive manufacturing
potential. Various methods have used and applied to control SRM speed generally, the PV-fed EV has a
similar structure to the hybrid electrical vehicle, whose internal combustion engine(ICE) is replaced by the
hybrid system. A hybrid energy system, or hybrid power, usually consists of two or more renewable energy
sources used together to provide increased system efficiency as well as greater balance in energy supply.
The PV has different characteristics to ICEs, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and solar energy
utilization are the unique factors for the PV-fed EVs. This matter is done by applying the proposed system to
a multi-objective function including both speed error and torque ripple. This controller is implemented for an
8/6, 4-kW SRM. In this paper to coordinate the PV panel, SRM and battery. Hybrid renewables applied in
Energy storage like battery technologies, superconducting magnetic energy, capacitors, compressed air and
pumped storage, seems to be an alternative method that the operator of an electrical power grid can use to
adapt energy production to energy consumption, both of which can vary randomly over time. The simulation
results confirm excellent dynamic performance, reduced torque ripple and current oscillation can be achieved
by using ANFIS
Simulation Approach to Speed Control of PMBLDC Motor using Various Control Te...IJMTST Journal
Conventional Brushless DC Motor (BLDCM) has been widely used in industries because of its properties such as high efficiency, reliability, high starting torque, less electrical noise and high weight to torque ratio. In order to control the speed of BLDCM, a number of controllers are used. Controllers like PI and PID don’t have better results. They need to more time to settle down. Although Adaptive Fuzzy controller gives better results than PI, PID controllers, but when compared to fuzzy PID they gives less performance. So, here using fuzzy PID controller for speed controller of BLDC Machine. As simulation results gives that fuzzy PID controller has better control performance than the PI, PID and Adaptive fuzzy controller. The modeling and simulation of BLDC motor have been done using the software package MATLAB/SIMULINK.
The energy consumption of electric vehicles (EVs)depends on traffic environment, terrain, resistive forces acting on vehicle, vehicle characteristics and driving habits of driver. The battery pack in EV is the main energy storage element and the energy capacity determines the range of vehicle. This paper discusses the behavior of battery when EV is subjected to different driving environments such as urban and highway. The battery rating is selected based on requirement of driving cycle. The MATLAB/Simulink model of battery energy storage system (BESS) consisting of battery, bidirectional DC/DCconverter and electric propulsion system is built. The simulation is carried out and the performance of BESS is tested for standard driving cycles which emulate actual driving situations. It has been shown that, the amount of the energy recovered by battery during deceleration depends on the amount of regenerative energy available in the driving cycle. If the battery recovers more energy during deceleration, the effective energy consumed by it reduces and the range of the vehicle increases.
Design of charging station for electric vehicle batteriesIJAEMSJORNAL
With the increasing requirement in green technologies in transportation, electric vehicles have proven to be the best short-term solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The conventional vehicle drivers are still unwilling in using such a new technology, mainly because of the time duration (4-8 hours) required to charge the electric vehicle batteries with the currently existing Level I and II charging station. For this reason, Level III fast- charging stations capable of reducing the charging duration to 10-15 minutes are being designed and developed. The present thesis focuses on the design of a fast-charging station for electric vehicle, in addition to the electrical grid, two stationary energy storage devices flywheel energy storage and a super capacitor is being used. Power electronic converters used for the interface of the energy sources with the charging stations are designed. The design development also focuses on the energy management that will minimize the battery charging time. For this reason, an algorithm that minimizes durations with its mathematical formulation is required, and its application in fast charging will be illustrated.
In the proposed approach,instead of a conventional 3- Phase inverter a component minimized single pha se inverter is utilized which reduces the cost of the inverter,th e switching losses,and the complexity of interface circuits to generate logic signals. A performance comparison of the prop osed inverter fed drive with a conventional 3Phase inverter fed drive is also mode in terms of speed response and t otal harmonic distortion (THD) of the stator curren t. The proposed inverter fed IM drive is found acceptable consideri ng its cost reduction and other advantageous featur es. A general pulse width modulation (PWM) method for c ontrol of 1-phase inverters is presented. The vecto r PWM offers a simple method to select three or four vectors tha t effectively synthesize the desired output voltage,even in presence of voltage oscillations across the two dc-link capacit ors. The influence of different switching patterns on output voltage symmetry,current waveform,switching frequency and common mode voltage can be examined. The paper als o discusses how the use of the wye and delta connecti ons of the motor windings affects the implementatio n of the pulse width modulator.
This paper presents the comparative performances of Indirect Field Oriented Control (IFOC) for the three-phase induction motor. Recently, the interest of widely used the induction motor at industries because of reliability, ruggedness and almost free in maintenance. Thus, the IFOC scheme is employed to control the speed of induction motor. Therefore, P and PI controllers based on IFOC approach are analyzed at differences speed commands with no load condition. On the other hand, the PI controller is tuned based on Ziegler-Nichols method by using PSIM software which is user-friendly for simulations, design and analysis of motor drive, control loop and the power converter in power electronics studies. Subsequently, the simulated of P controller results are compared with the simulated of PI controller results at difference speed commands with no load condition. Finally, the simulated results of speed controllers are compared with the experimental results in order to explore the performances of speed responses by using IFOC scheme for three-phase induction motor drives.
MODIFIED DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL FOR BLDC MOTOR DRIVESijctcm
In this paper, a new adaptive reference based approach to direct torque control (DTC) method has been
proposed for brushless direct current (BLDC) motor drives. Conventional DTC method uses two main
reference parameters as: flux and torque. A main difference from the conventional method of it was that
only one reference parameter (speed) was used to control the BLDC motor and the second control
parameter (flux) was obtained from speed error through the proposed control algorithm. Thus, the DTC
performance has been especially improved on systems which need variable speed and torque during
operation, like electric vehicles. The dynamic models of the BLDC and the DTC method have been created
on Matlab/Simulink. The proposed method has been confirmed and verified by the dynamic simulations on
different working conditions. The simulation studies showed that the proposed method reduced remarkably
the speed and the torque ripples when compared the conventional DTC method. Moreover, the proposed
method has also very simple structure to apply the conventional DTC and its extra computational load to
the controller is almost zero.
A Comparative Study of GA tuned and PSO tuned PI Controller Based Speed Contr...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper presents a comparative study of Generic Algorithm (GA) and Partical Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique for determining the optimal parameters of (PI) controller for speed control of a brushless DC motor (BLDC) where the (BLDC) motor is modeled in simulink in MATLAB. The proposed technique was more efficient in improving the step response characteristics as well as reducing the steady-state error, rise time, settling time and maximum overshoot.
Stability analysis and speed control of brushless DC motor based on self-amel...IJECEIAES
In recent years, electric vehicles are the large-scale spread of the transportation field has led to the emergence of brushless direct current (DC) motors (BLDCM), which are mostly utilized in electrical vehicle systems. The speed control of a BLDCM is a subsystem, consisting of torque, flux hysteresis comparators, and appropriate switching logic of an inverter. Due to the sudden load torque variation and improper switching pulse, the speed of the BLDCM is not maintained properly. In recent research, the BLDC current control method gives a better way to control the speed of the motor. Also, the rotor position information should be the need for feedback control of the power electronic converters to varying the appropriate pulse width modulation (PWM) of the inverter. The proposed optimization work controls the switching device to manage the power supply BLDCM. In this proposed selfameliorate soft switching (SASS) system is a simple and effective way for BLDC motor current control technology, a proposed control strategy is intended to stabilize the speed of the BLDCM at different load torque conditions. The proposed SASS system method is analyzing hall-based sensor values continuously. The suggested model is simulated using the MATLAB Simulink tool, and the results reveal that the maximum steady-state error value achieved is 4.2, as well as a speedy recovery of the BLDCM's speed.
A NEW APPROACH TO DTC METHOD FOR BLDC MOTOR ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVEScscpconf
This paper proposes a new approach to direct torque control (DTC) method for brushless direct current (BLDC) motor drives. In conventional DTC method, two main reference parameters are used as: flux and torque. In this paper, the new approach has been proposed to improve the BLDC motor dynamic performance. A main difference from the conventional method of it was that only one reference parameter (speed) was used to control the BLDC motor and the second control parameter (flux) was obtained from speed error through the proposed control algorithm. Thus, the DTC performance has been especially improved on systems which need variable speed and torque during operation, like electric vehicles. The dynamic models of the BLDC and the DTC method have been created on Matlab/Simulink. The proposed method has been confirmed and verified by the dynamic simulations on different working conditions.
This paper presents a novel hybrid control of a BLDC motor using a mixed sliding mode and fuzzy logic controller. The objective is to build a fast and robust controller which overcome classical controllers’ inconveniences and exploit the fast response of brushless dc motors characterized by an intense torque and fast response time. First the paper study pros and cons of both sliding mode and fuzzy logic controllers. Then the novel controller and its stability demonstration are presented. Finally the proposed controller method is used for the speed control of a BLDC motor 3KW. The obtained results are compared with those of a fuzzy logic and a conventional sliding mode controller. It allows to show performance of the proposed controller in terms of speed response and reaction against disturbances, which is improved more than 5 times without losing stability or altering tracking accuracy
A REVIEW :MODELLING OF BRUSHED DC MOTOR AND VARIOUS TYPE OF CONTROL METHODSJournal For Research
This Review Paper introducing the modeling of Brushed DC motor and different PID control techniques. A brushed DC motor is commutated an internally which is electric motor designed to be run by a direct current power supply. A Brushed motors were the first commercially important application for convert electric power to driving mechanical loads, and DC power distribution systems were used for more than 100 years to operate motors in commercial and industrial Applications. A conventional brushed DC Motor consist basically two parts,first one is the stationary body of the motor called the Stator and the other one is inner part which rotates producing the movement called the Rotor or“ Armature†for DC motors. For the motion control of DC motor in almost applications, PID controller is used. The PID controllers have a long history in control engineering and they have been proven to be robust, simple and stable for many real world applications. Roughly, P action is related to the present error, I action is based on the past history of error, and D action is related to the future behavior of the error. From estimation point of view P, D, and I correspond to filtering, smoothing and prediction problems respectively.This control mode is combination of the Proportional, the Integral, and the Derivative mode. This is most powerful but complex controller mode. It provides accurate and stable control of the three controller mode. It is recommended in system where the load changes frequently. The Three-term , PID controllers are probably the most widely used industrial controller. An Even complex industrial control systems may comprises a control network whose main control building block is a PID control module. The three-term PID controller has had a long history of use and has survived the changes of technology from the analogue era in to the digital computer control system age quite satisfactorily. It was the first controller to be mass produced for the high- range volume market that existed in the process industries.
Multilevel inverter (MLI) is commonly utilized in direct torque control (DTC) for medium and high power applications. The additional voltage vectors generated by MLI can be manipulated to achieve the optimal selection for the inverter switching states in the DTC control systems. Previously, a review of DTC which focused more on the two-level inverter for induction motor as well as a review of the multilevel converter in industrial applications had been implemented individually. However, a review on DTC development in MLI was insufficient in both papers. Therefore, this paper aims to give a comprehensive review of the improvement of DTC via various MLI applications. It is reviewed according to the applicable multilevel inverter topologies in the DTC system. The comparison of DTC by using conventional and multilevel inverter is synthesized. Thus, this review paper will hopefully lead researchers in further research activities actively.
Harmonic Distortion Evaluation Generated by PWM Motor Drives in Electrical In...IJECEIAES
This paper evaluates the harmonic distortion generated by PWM motor drives in an electrical industrial system of a wheat flour mill company. For this, a comparative study between two industrial circuits connected at the same point of common coupling (PCC) with similar characteristics of load and transformers is presented. The difference is that one circuit has PWM motor drives and the other does not have them. In the study, a practical method based on the statistical characterization of the total harmonic distortion of voltage (THDV) and current (THDI), individual voltage distortion (IVD), individual current distortion (ICD) and K-Factor is applied. As result, it was observed that PWM motor drives generated voltage harmonics mainly of fifth and seventh order with values that exceed limits established by standards in both circuits. With these values, the operation of elements such as capacitors, motors and transformers can be affected. In the work is also demonstrated that in the analysis of harmonics is necessary to consider various parameters and not only one.
LIGHTWEIGHT MOBILE WEB SERVICE PROVISIONING FOR THE INTERNET OF THINGS MEDIATIONijujournal
Emerging sensor-embedded smartphones motivated the mobile Internet of Things research. With the
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smartphones are capable of providing various environmental context information via embedded mobile
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framework for mobile sensing which utilises the protocols that were designed for constrained Internet of
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SPEED AND TORQUE CONTROL OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR WITH ANN BASED DTCijics
Due to advantages such as fast dynamic response, simple and robust control structure, direct torque
control (DTC) is commonly used method in high performance control method for induction motors. Despite
mentioned advantages, there are some chronically disadvantages with this method like high torque and
current ripples, variable switching behaviour and control problems at low speed rates. On the other hand,
artificial neural network (ANN) based control algorithms are getting increasingly popular in recent years
due to their positive contribution to the system performance. The purpose of this paper is investigating of
the effects of ANN integrated DTC method on induction motor performance by numerical simulations. For
this purpose, two different ANN models have been designed, trained and implemented for the same DTC
model. The first ANN model was designed to select optimum inverter and the second model was designed to
use in the determination of the flux vector position. Matlab/Simulink model of the proposed ANN based
DTC method was created in order to compare with the conventional DTC and the proposed DTC methods.
The simulation studies proved that the induction motor torque ripples have been reduced remarkably with
the proposed method and this approach can be a good alternative to the conventional DTC method for
induction motor control.
Analysis and investigation of different advanced control strategies for high-...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Induction motor (IM) drives have received a strong interest from researchers and industry particularly for high-performance AC drives through vector control method. With the advancement in power electronics and digital signal processing(DSP), high capability processors allow the implementation of advanced control techniques for motor drives such as model predictive control (MPC). In this paper, design, analysis and investigation of two different MPC techniques applied to IM drives; themodel predictive torque control (MPTC) and model predictive current control (MPCC) are presented. The two techniques are designed in Matlab/Simulink environment and compared interm of operation in different operating conditions. Moreover, a comparisonof these techniques with field-oriented control (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC) is conducted based on simulation studies with PI speed controller for all control techniques. Based on the analysis, the MPC techniques demonstrates a better result compared with the FOC and DTC in terms of speed, torque and current responses in transient and steady-state conditions.
FLC-Based DTC Scheme for a New Approach of Two-Leg VSI Fed Induction MotorIJERA Editor
A new Direct Torque Control (DTC) strategy for Induction Motor (IM) drive fed by a two leg three phase
inverter (i.e., Four switches are used in VSI) was proposed in this paper. The proposed methodology is based on
the emulation of operation of the conventional Six-switch three phase inverter. The combination of four
unbalanced voltage vectors is generated by the two-leg three phase inverter, approaching to the synthesis of the
six balanced voltage vectors of the conventional DTC. This approach has been implemented in the design of the
vector selection table of the proposed DTC strategy. Further, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) is proposed in the
speed controller for the improvement of torque ripples. Convention DTC with Six Switch three phase VSI, twoleg
three phase VSI with PI and Fuzzy Controller are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation
results have shown that the proposed DTC strategy, two-leg inverter fed IM drive revealed an improved
performance.
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DTC CONTROL OF BLAC AND BLDC MOTORS FOR PURE ELECTRIC VEHICLES
1. International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
DOI : 10.5121/ijics.2016.6302 9
DTC CONTROL OF BLAC AND BLDC MOTORS FOR
PURE ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Fatih Korkmaz, İsmail Topaloğlu and Hayati Mamur
Department of Electric-Electronic Engineering, Çankırı Karatekin University,
Uluyazı Kampüsü, Çankırı, Turkey
ABSTRACT
While creating an industrial system which has an electric motor, the designers should to be think over not
only control method but also motor type to create successful and efficiency system. If created system is an
electric vehicle, designers have two powerful candidates as traction motor: Brushless AC (BLAC) or
Brushless DC (BLDC) motors. In this study, a comparative performance investigation and evaluation are
presented between direct torque controlled (DTC) Brushless AC and Brushless DC motors which have
been considered as traction motor on electric vehicles. In addition, a short review to BLAC and BLDC
motor technology is also included. The basics of the DTC method are presented and small-scale pure
electric vehicle model is created and integrated to the motor control model. The BLAC and BLDC motors
modeled as having the same electrical parameters and simulated with same control model parameters in
order to make fair comparison. The simulation studies have proved that DTC controlled BLAC and BLDC
motors have closer performances as vehicle traction motor, and both motor types can be allowed as a good
candidate for pure electric vehicles applications.
KEYWORDS
Direct Torque Control, Brushless motors, Electric Vehicle, Vector Control
1. INTRODUCTION
When the humanity faced with the reality about unsustainable fossil fuel sources and also
environmental issues like global warming, a new research route was defined in all major sciences:
to produce energy with same source again and again. So, it was called as Renewable Energy.
Unfortunately, energy nightmare is not only about producing renewable energy side but also in
usage of produced green energy side. If you attend to shift energy dependence on fossil energy to
electric energy, you have to convert all fossil fuel based – internal combustion (IC) motors to the
electric motors. Many statistical reports show that the researches about energy production and
consumption have to focus on electric vehicles (EVs). United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) reports that the U.S. gets most of his energy from fossil fuels, which include coal,
petroleum, and natural gas. Moreover, transportation sector that includes personal and good
transportation, accounted for the %28 percent of energy use [1]. Another report of the EPA shows
that percent of the U.S. transportation sector consumption is about 95% based on fossil fuels [2].
Over the last decades, it can be seen that automakers have focused on EVs or hybrid vehicles
(HEVs) for personal transportation in short distances. Due to limitations on energy storage, and
also fast charge needs, EVs still have very limited ranges. However, researches about increase the
range and decrease the charging time of the EVs still going on. Beside, chose of the optimum
motor type and driver is vitally important for an EV.
2. International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
10
In the mid-20th century, the availability of high energy density permanent magnets (PMs) and
developments in power switching technologies led the development of PM motors[3]. Two
typical classifications of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) have been presented
in literature by scholars according to shape of the induced emf (also known as back emf). One is
called as brushless AC (BLAC) which has a sinusoidal-wave back-emf and the other is brushless
DC (BLDC) motor which has a trapezoid-wave/square-wave back-emf. A BLDC motor can be
defined as a electronic commutated self synchronous rotary motor, where the rotor contains
permanent magnet with rotor position sensors. [4] But, it’s obvious that same definition can be
easily used for the BLAC motors. So far, there has not been a unified standard about the
classification or definition of the BLDC motors or BLAC motors.
The main question that should be asked about the PMSM is “Why are the PM motors happening
more and more popular with every past day?” A PMSM incorporates starting characteristic of
serious excitation DC motors and speed-torque characteristic of shunt excitation DC motor.
Furthermore, the PMSMs have structural advantages of conventional brushless AC motors [4].
The PMSMs have great advantages like high efficiency, simple structure, high power densities,
high starting torque, wide speed ranges, linear torque and speed characteristics, low maintenance
and works in any condition. Due to absence of mechanical brushes and commutator, PMSMs can
be acceptable as best choice for high performance drive applications [5]. Hence, it has been
preferred motor type in many fields such as robotics, vehicle propulsion, aerospace, industrial
control, machine tools, etc.
2. DRIVE SYSTEM ON PMSM
AC drive systems can be grouped under two major heading – induction drive systems and
synchronous drive systems. Not far, about 3 decades ago, the induction drive systems almost
monopolized the whole market, but with the advent of high magnetic permanent magnets,
synchronous drive systems, include the PM brushless motors, are becoming popular [6].
A BLDC motor is designed to be supplied with a trapezoidal shape current while a BLAC with
sinusoidal as can be seen in Figure [7]
Figure 1. Stator flux and back-emf forms of BLAC and BLDC motors
The PM-BLAC motor fed by sinusoidal AC sources and produces an essentially constant torque,
or so-called smooth torque. On the other hand, the PM-BLDC motor fed by rectangular or
trapezoidal AC waves and has a significant torque pulsation. However, due to interaction between
a rectangular field and a rectangular current, the BLDC motors can produce higher torque than
the BLAC motor.
3. International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
Torque ripples issue is major problem for
ripples causes torsional vibration and also acoustic noise. Due to vibration systems, mechanical
parts of the system can be damage
reduction of the torque ripples in
many kind of methods have been proposed
Direct torque control (DTC) is the name of reliable and energy efficiency vector control method.
Although the DTC was originally
over the years, it has been applied
and also PM motors [10-12]. Conventional DTC scheme for AC motors is given in Figure
Figure
Another vector control method which
field oriented control (FOC). Almost half a century ago, the FOC method was also firstly
proposed for asynchronous motors [
has been implemented for many
given in Figure 3.
Figure
Over the last 40 years, many articles have been
types. However, few articles have
[14-17]
International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
major problem for the many kind of systems, include EVs.
ripples causes torsional vibration and also acoustic noise. Due to vibration systems, mechanical
damage, even all system can be breakout [8]. For many years,
eduction of the torque ripples in motor control systems have been major research subject and
many kind of methods have been proposed by scholars and engineers to overcome this problem.
Direct torque control (DTC) is the name of reliable and energy efficiency vector control method.
inally proposed for asynchronous motors by Takahashi
has been applied for various motor type such as linear motor, reluctance
Conventional DTC scheme for AC motors is given in Figure
Figure 2. DTC scheme for AC motors
Another vector control method which can be preferred in high performance control of
field oriented control (FOC). Almost half a century ago, the FOC method was also firstly
motors [13], but today, the FOC has been completely developed and
many motor types such as PM motors. FOC scheme for AC motors is
Figure 3. FOC scheme for AC motors
Over the last 40 years, many articles have been published about FOC and DTC of different motor
have focus on similarities or differences of between these methods.
International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
11
EVs. The torque
ripples causes torsional vibration and also acoustic noise. Due to vibration systems, mechanical
. For many years,
ms have been major research subject and
to overcome this problem.
Direct torque control (DTC) is the name of reliable and energy efficiency vector control method.
by Takahashi in 1986[9],
, reluctance motor
Conventional DTC scheme for AC motors is given in Figure 2.
preferred in high performance control of motors is
field oriented control (FOC). Almost half a century ago, the FOC method was also firstly
, but today, the FOC has been completely developed and it
FOC scheme for AC motors is
of different motor
focus on similarities or differences of between these methods.
4. International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
Some main structural advantages of the DTC can be listed as follow
• Does not require current
• Does not require PWM modulator
• Does not require rotor position measurement
• Does not require complex coordinate transformation
• Less parameter depended
To summarize, it can be pointed out that the DTC has simple structure when compared the FOC.
On the other hand, the DTC method has some disadvantages and most important differences
against to the FOC is high torque ripples.
In [16], the authors presented comparative analysis between two control methods for PMSMs.
Advantages and disadvantages of
simulation based tests were performed for different working conditions
the DTC had fast dynamic response while the FOC had
control method application requirements should be considered.
In another paper [17] the FOC and the DTC controlled PMSM was
detail. As a result, the authors claimed that there were no meaning differences in the main
characteristics of the motor for both control method
A comparisons between the FOC and the DTC controlled PMSMs had also been presented in [
by numerical simulations. The paper supports
numerical simulations proved that the FOC was better on overall torque performance and the
DTC had faster dynamic responses.
Similar studies have been realized for induction motors and similar results to the PMSMs have
obtained.
3. MODELLING OF EVS
Small-Scale Electric Vehicles (SSEV) are used in personal transportation for short distances. The
SSEVs are powered by only battery packs and they only driven by electric motors
vehicle (PEV)- such as bicycles, scooters, skateboards, toy cars, rail cars, watercraft, forklifts,
golf cars, and city cars, etc. The synchronous
for vehicle propulsion in EVs due to advantages that mentioned
The acting forces on the vehicle are shown in Fig
Figure
International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
Some main structural advantages of the DTC can be listed as follows;
Does not require current regulator
Does not require PWM modulator
Does not require rotor position measurement
Does not require complex coordinate transformation
Less parameter depended
To summarize, it can be pointed out that the DTC has simple structure when compared the FOC.
On the other hand, the DTC method has some disadvantages and most important differences
against to the FOC is high torque ripples.
], the authors presented comparative analysis between two control methods for PMSMs.
Advantages and disadvantages of the both methods were compared and discussed. Moreover,
simulation based tests were performed for different working conditions. The authors
the DTC had fast dynamic response while the FOC had better torque response and when selecting
ethod application requirements should be considered.
] the FOC and the DTC controlled PMSM was compared and discussed in
detail. As a result, the authors claimed that there were no meaning differences in the main
for both control method.
A comparisons between the FOC and the DTC controlled PMSMs had also been presented in [
by numerical simulations. The paper supports almost same the claims with [16]. In other words,
numerical simulations proved that the FOC was better on overall torque performance and the
DTC had faster dynamic responses.
Similar studies have been realized for induction motors and similar results to the PMSMs have
SSEV) are used in personal transportation for short distances. The
SSEVs are powered by only battery packs and they only driven by electric motors
such as bicycles, scooters, skateboards, toy cars, rail cars, watercraft, forklifts,
golf cars, and city cars, etc. The synchronous motors with PM–(BLAC/BLDC) are leading choice
for vehicle propulsion in EVs due to advantages that mentioned earlier sections [18].
The acting forces on the vehicle are shown in Figure 4.
igure 4. The acting forces on the vehicle
International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
12
To summarize, it can be pointed out that the DTC has simple structure when compared the FOC.
On the other hand, the DTC method has some disadvantages and most important differences
], the authors presented comparative analysis between two control methods for PMSMs.
and discussed. Moreover,
he authors claimed that
torque response and when selecting
and discussed in
detail. As a result, the authors claimed that there were no meaning differences in the main
A comparisons between the FOC and the DTC controlled PMSMs had also been presented in [15]
]. In other words,
numerical simulations proved that the FOC was better on overall torque performance and the
Similar studies have been realized for induction motors and similar results to the PMSMs have
SSEV) are used in personal transportation for short distances. The
SSEVs are powered by only battery packs and they only driven by electric motors-pure electric
such as bicycles, scooters, skateboards, toy cars, rail cars, watercraft, forklifts,
leading choice
.
5. International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
13
The inertia force is neglected to simplify the model, than, motion equation of the vehicle can be
written from the equilibrium of forces as:
= − − ∓ (16)
Where; F is the total force on the vehicle, F is the thrust force, F is the rolling force, F is
the aerodynamic force and F is the slope force.
The thrust force is the tractive force generated by the electric motor. The F is the rolling
resistance force and it describes friction losses that produced by the tire at the surface with the
roadway. The F depends on the coefficient of rolling friction between the tire and the road,
C , and the vertical component of the vehicle weight. The vertical component of the vehicle
weight can be calculated with vehicle mass, m , the gravitational acceleration, g, and road slope
angle, α. The equation for the rolling force can be given as;
F = C . m . g. cos (
απ
!"#°
) (17)
C is named as rolling resistance coefficient and, in practice, it is a function of vehicle speed,
tire pressure, external temperature, etc[19].
The aerodynamic resistance is modeled as:
=
!
%
. & ' . (). *+. ,-
%
(18)
where ρ / is the air density, A1 is the vehicle frontal area, C2 is the aerodynamic drag coefficient
and v is the vehicle speed. The force due to road slope depends on the mass of the vehicle, m ,
road angle in degrees, α, and gravitational acceleration, g. The equation for the slope force can be
given as;
= 4-. 5. 678 (
9:
!"#°
) (19)
The sign of the F changes with the road slope angle. If road slope angle is positive (uphill
mode), F is positive. It means, F force opposes the thrust force and slowing down the vehicle.
Otherwise, if road slope angle is negative (downhill mode), F is negative. It means, F force
facilitates the thrust force and accelerates the vehicle.
The DTC method is very useful and appropriate for EVs due to its great advantages such as;
Controlling torque directly, Simple structure and easy applicable, Low parameter sensitivity [20].
To compare of the BLAC and BLDC traction motor performances on the DTC controlled system,
Matlab/Simulink models of the controller has been created. Small-scale EV model has also
included to model to obtain reference torque parameter for the DTC system. Figure 5 shows
Small-scale EV Simulink model.
6. International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
14
Figure 5. Simulink block diagram of EV
In simulations, BLAC and BLDC driven EV is accelerated to 0-2000 rpm motor speed, and the
torque reference value is produced by EV model. Road angle is 0° between 0–1 sec. and 30°
between 1–2 sec. The Matlab/Simulink block diagram of the DTC model for BLDC motor is
given in Figure 6.
Figure 6. Simulink block diagram of BLDC-DTC
The model and vehicle parameters which have been used in simulation as follows: Vehicle mass:
100kg, wheel radious: 0.4 m, Ratio of shaft: 1/10, BLAC/BLDC stator resistance: 0.4578 ohm,
BLAC inductances (d-q): 0.003173 H-0.003507 H, Bus voltage of inverter: 300V, Flux
reference:0.22 Wb, Flux Hysteresis band:±0.01, Torque hysteresis band: ±0.1. The speed (in
rad/s) and the torque responses of the motors and vehicle are presented in Figure 7 – Figure 10.
7. International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
Figure 7
Figure 8. Zoomed view of speed responses of
Figure 9
International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
7. Overview of speed responses of the motors
Zoomed view of speed responses of the motors
. Overview of speed responses of the vehicle
International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
15
8. International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
Figure 10
When the speed and torque curves of the motor are compared, it can be clearly seen that motor
performances are pretty close to each other for both motor types. However, the BLAC motor
speed and torque responses have
The simulation studies prove that the DTC method is very appropriate for
BLDC motors and vehicle designers/engineers can choice one of the two considering other
physical or economical parameters.
4. CONCLUSION
Brushless AC and brushless DC
their well-known advantages like
works, etc. In parallel, the BLAC and BLDC motors are indispensable m
vehicle traction systems. This paper aims to present a fair comparison between the BLAC and the
BLDC motors for vehicle traction systems. For this purpose, direct torque controlled BLAC and
BLDC motors have been modeled and simulate
can be applicable for electric vehicle with DTC method. The speed and torque performances of
the motors are pretty closer. So, it means, when brushless synchronous motor selection is
necessary for electric vehicles or similar industrial system, some other physical or economical
factors should be taken into consideration.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to Cankırı Karatekin University b
This research was funded by a grant (No.
Karatekin University. This research was
REFERENCES
[1] "US Environmental Protection Agency." EPA. Environmental
“https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator_pdf.cfm?i=93” [Accessed 18 April 2016]
[2] "Fossil Fuels - IER." IER. N.p., n.d. Web. [Accessed 18 April 2016] Available at::”
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/topics/encyc
[3] Krishnan, R. Permanent magnet synchronous and brushless DC motor drives, CRC Press, 2010
International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
10. Overview of torque responses of the motors
When the speed and torque curves of the motor are compared, it can be clearly seen that motor
pretty close to each other for both motor types. However, the BLAC motor
have better performance than the BLDC motor due to fewer
that the DTC method is very appropriate for the BLAC and
BLDC motors and vehicle designers/engineers can choice one of the two considering other
physical or economical parameters.
AC and brushless DC motors are getting more and more popular every past day due to
known advantages like maintenance-free structures, height mass-power ratio, s
BLAC and BLDC motors are indispensable motor types for electric
vehicle traction systems. This paper aims to present a fair comparison between the BLAC and the
for vehicle traction systems. For this purpose, direct torque controlled BLAC and
modeled and simulated. The simulation studies show that both motors
can be applicable for electric vehicle with DTC method. The speed and torque performances of
So, it means, when brushless synchronous motor selection is
hicles or similar industrial system, some other physical or economical
factors should be taken into consideration.
Thanks to Cankırı Karatekin University because of their valuable contributions to this
This research was funded by a grant (No. MF050315B15) from the Research Council of Cankırı
Karatekin University. This research was performed in cooperation with the Institution.
"US Environmental Protection Agency." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Available at:
“https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator_pdf.cfm?i=93” [Accessed 18 April 2016]
IER." IER. N.p., n.d. Web. [Accessed 18 April 2016] Available at::”
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/topics/encyclopedia/fossil-fuels/”
Krishnan, R. Permanent magnet synchronous and brushless DC motor drives, CRC Press, 2010
International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
16
When the speed and torque curves of the motor are compared, it can be clearly seen that motor
pretty close to each other for both motor types. However, the BLAC motor
fewer ripples.
BLAC and the
BLDC motors and vehicle designers/engineers can choice one of the two considering other
motors are getting more and more popular every past day due to
power ratio, silent
otor types for electric
vehicle traction systems. This paper aims to present a fair comparison between the BLAC and the
for vehicle traction systems. For this purpose, direct torque controlled BLAC and
d. The simulation studies show that both motors
can be applicable for electric vehicle with DTC method. The speed and torque performances of
So, it means, when brushless synchronous motor selection is
hicles or similar industrial system, some other physical or economical
ecause of their valuable contributions to this paper.
Research Council of Cankırı
performed in cooperation with the Institution.
Protection Agency, n.d. Available at:
Krishnan, R. Permanent magnet synchronous and brushless DC motor drives, CRC Press, 2010
9. International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
17
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