In this slide contains details about drying and pharmaceutical drying equipment's.
Presented by: K VENKATSAI PRASAD (Department of pharmaceutical analysis and quality assurance).RIPER, anantapur
Pelletization involves agglomerating powders into small spherical units called pellets. It differs from granulation in producing smaller, more uniform pellets. Common pelletization techniques include extrusion-spheronization, dry powder layering, fluid bed processes, and spray drying or congealing of solutions or suspensions. Pellets offer benefits like uniform content, preventing dust formation, and enabling controlled release when coated. Extrusion-spheronization involves extruding mixes through screens then spheronizing on a rotating friction disk. Process factors like disk speed and groove pattern affect pellet formation. Fluid bed processes spray binders onto powders for granulation and pelletization.
The document summarizes types of tablet coating materials. It discusses the history of tablet coating and principles and objectives of coating tablets. Some key points include:
- Tablet coating provides taste masking, physical/chemical protection, and controlled drug release.
- Common coating materials include polymers like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and cellulose acetate phthalate, solvents, plasticizers, and colorants.
- Factors like tablet properties, coating composition, and process affect the coating. Tablets must be stable and spherical for optimal coating.
This document provides an introduction to fluidized bed processing, which involves coating, granulation, and drying of particulate materials. It describes the different types of spray processes in fluidized beds, including top spray, bottom spray, and tangential spray. Bottom spray processing, developed by Dr. Dale Wurster, is commonly used in pharmaceutical applications for coating uniformity. The document outlines the key components of a fluidized bed coater and discusses important process parameters like inlet temperature, spray rate, and batch size that can impact performance. Formulation factors like coating solution strength and batch size are also reviewed. Fluidized bed processing is used to improve drug properties like taste, appearance, and release characteristics.
The document discusses aseptic processing operations. It describes the characterization of the aseptic process including microbial environmental monitoring, testing of water and air, and media and incubation conditions. The key aspects of the aseptic process are the facility design and control systems, equipment, personnel training, process validation, and finished product testing like sterility testing. Microbiological testing of water, air and media fills is important to ensure the sterility of pharmaceutical products manufactured through aseptic processing.
Freeze drying, also called lyophilization, is a process where material is frozen and then subjected to high vacuum pressure to sublime the frozen water in the form of vapor. It involves pretreating the product, freezing it, primary drying where ice sublimes under low pressure and heat, and secondary drying to remove remaining unfrozen water. Freeze drying retains most of the food's structure, flavor, and nutrients and produces a lightweight product with a long shelf life.
The document describes the process for preparing parenteral products. It involves:
1. Cleaning and sterilizing all equipment and containers using methods like steam, dry heat, or filtration.
2. Compounding the product carefully under clean conditions while filtering and filling containers.
3. Sealing the containers securely and testing the finished product through quality control processes like sterility testing to ensure safety.
This document provides an overview of fluidized bed processing (FBP). It discusses the principle of fluidization, how FBP works, its components, and applications. FBP uses air to fluidize solid particles, allowing for high rates of heat and mass transfer. This makes it useful for granulation, drying, and coating processes. It has advantages like high drying rates and easy handling but also disadvantages like potential for product loss and requirement of skilled operators. FBP is widely used in pharmaceutical manufacturing for applications like granule drying, tablet coating, and functional powder coating.
The document discusses form fill and seal (FFS) or blow fill seal (BFS) technology used in pharmaceutical packaging. BFS is a process where plastic containers are formed, filled with sterile product, and sealed in a single integrated machine within a sterile environment. It has become a prevalent aseptic processing technique over the last 20 years. The basic BFS process involves extruding a plastic tube, molding it into a container within the mold, filling the container, sealing it, and discharging the finished package. It reduces personnel and validation requirements compared to traditional packaging. While it has advantages like reduced costs, it also has challenges like particulate and temperature control that require mitigation strategies.
Pelletization involves agglomerating powders into small spherical units called pellets. It differs from granulation in producing smaller, more uniform pellets. Common pelletization techniques include extrusion-spheronization, dry powder layering, fluid bed processes, and spray drying or congealing of solutions or suspensions. Pellets offer benefits like uniform content, preventing dust formation, and enabling controlled release when coated. Extrusion-spheronization involves extruding mixes through screens then spheronizing on a rotating friction disk. Process factors like disk speed and groove pattern affect pellet formation. Fluid bed processes spray binders onto powders for granulation and pelletization.
The document summarizes types of tablet coating materials. It discusses the history of tablet coating and principles and objectives of coating tablets. Some key points include:
- Tablet coating provides taste masking, physical/chemical protection, and controlled drug release.
- Common coating materials include polymers like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and cellulose acetate phthalate, solvents, plasticizers, and colorants.
- Factors like tablet properties, coating composition, and process affect the coating. Tablets must be stable and spherical for optimal coating.
This document provides an introduction to fluidized bed processing, which involves coating, granulation, and drying of particulate materials. It describes the different types of spray processes in fluidized beds, including top spray, bottom spray, and tangential spray. Bottom spray processing, developed by Dr. Dale Wurster, is commonly used in pharmaceutical applications for coating uniformity. The document outlines the key components of a fluidized bed coater and discusses important process parameters like inlet temperature, spray rate, and batch size that can impact performance. Formulation factors like coating solution strength and batch size are also reviewed. Fluidized bed processing is used to improve drug properties like taste, appearance, and release characteristics.
The document discusses aseptic processing operations. It describes the characterization of the aseptic process including microbial environmental monitoring, testing of water and air, and media and incubation conditions. The key aspects of the aseptic process are the facility design and control systems, equipment, personnel training, process validation, and finished product testing like sterility testing. Microbiological testing of water, air and media fills is important to ensure the sterility of pharmaceutical products manufactured through aseptic processing.
Freeze drying, also called lyophilization, is a process where material is frozen and then subjected to high vacuum pressure to sublime the frozen water in the form of vapor. It involves pretreating the product, freezing it, primary drying where ice sublimes under low pressure and heat, and secondary drying to remove remaining unfrozen water. Freeze drying retains most of the food's structure, flavor, and nutrients and produces a lightweight product with a long shelf life.
The document describes the process for preparing parenteral products. It involves:
1. Cleaning and sterilizing all equipment and containers using methods like steam, dry heat, or filtration.
2. Compounding the product carefully under clean conditions while filtering and filling containers.
3. Sealing the containers securely and testing the finished product through quality control processes like sterility testing to ensure safety.
This document provides an overview of fluidized bed processing (FBP). It discusses the principle of fluidization, how FBP works, its components, and applications. FBP uses air to fluidize solid particles, allowing for high rates of heat and mass transfer. This makes it useful for granulation, drying, and coating processes. It has advantages like high drying rates and easy handling but also disadvantages like potential for product loss and requirement of skilled operators. FBP is widely used in pharmaceutical manufacturing for applications like granule drying, tablet coating, and functional powder coating.
The document discusses form fill and seal (FFS) or blow fill seal (BFS) technology used in pharmaceutical packaging. BFS is a process where plastic containers are formed, filled with sterile product, and sealed in a single integrated machine within a sterile environment. It has become a prevalent aseptic processing technique over the last 20 years. The basic BFS process involves extruding a plastic tube, molding it into a container within the mold, filling the container, sealing it, and discharging the finished package. It reduces personnel and validation requirements compared to traditional packaging. While it has advantages like reduced costs, it also has challenges like particulate and temperature control that require mitigation strategies.
The document discusses the construction, working, validation process, and qualification protocols for a fluidized bed dryer (FBD) used in pharmaceutical applications. It describes the key components of an FBD and the fluidization drying process. Validation of the FBD involves design, installation, operational, and performance qualifications to ensure proper functioning.
The document describes the working of a spray dryer. A spray dryer uses atomization to form fine liquid droplets that are then dried into powder particles by hot gas. The liquid is sprayed into a drying chamber and the droplets move in a helical path as hot air evaporates the moisture, forming dry particles within seconds. The dried particles are then recovered at the bottom while the hot air exits through the top. Spray drying allows rapid, continuous drying of heat-sensitive materials and produces free-flowing particles of uniform size.
A tablet press is a mechanical device that compresses powder into tablets of uniform size and weight. A tablet press can be used to manufacture tablets of a wide variety of materials, including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cleaning products, industrial pellets and cosmetics. To form a tablet, the granulated powder material must be metered into a cavity formed by two punches and a die, and then the punches must be pressed together with great force to fuse the material together.
This document provides an overview of inhalation aerosols, including the propellants used, packaging, and filling techniques. It discusses the main components of aerosols like propellants, containers, valves, and actuators. The two main types of propellants are liquefied gas propellants and compressed gas propellants. It also summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of aerosols as well as the pressure filling and cold filling methods used to manufacture pharmaceutical aerosols.
The document discusses the manufacturing process of parenteral preparations. It describes parenterals as sterile liquids or solids for injection or implantation. The manufacturing process involves planning, material management, production, quality control testing, filling, and packaging. Production areas are divided into strict zones based on cleanliness. Environmental controls and facility design aim to prevent contamination, with areas for filling, weighing, storage, and administration. Personnel flow and utility locations are also considered for efficiency.
Freeze drying, also known as lyophilization, is a process used to preserve heat-sensitive materials such as pharmaceuticals and food. It works by freezing the material and reducing pressure to allow frozen water to sublime from solid to gas. The freeze drying process involves pretreatment, freezing, primary drying where 95% water sublimes, and secondary drying to remove remaining water. Excipients like buffers, bulking agents, and added salts are used. Freeze drying equipment includes rotary evaporators and tray or manifold freeze dryers. Applications include pharmaceuticals, foods, and biotechnology products. Advantages are ease of processing liquids and enhanced stability, while disadvantages include increased costs and complexity.
Drying. Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or another solvent by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid. ... In bioproducts like food, grains, and pharmaceuticals like vaccines, the solvent to be removed is almost invariably water.
Dry granulation is used to granulate materials that cannot withstand heat or moisture. There are two main dry granulation methods: slugging and roller compaction. Roller compaction is now more commonly used. It involves compressing powder between two rollers to form dense flakes that are then milled into granules. Roller compaction offers continuous processing, better control, and higher output compared to slugging. Key variables of roller compaction include roller pressure, gap, and speed. Dry granulation is suitable for heat- or moisture-sensitive drugs and can improve tablet properties.
The document discusses double cone mixers, which are used to homogenously mix different materials. They work by tumbling materials inside a revolving vessel. Key points:
- Double cone mixers are used in industries like food, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and minerals to mix ingredients like APIs, starches, flavors, and spices.
- They consist of two conical sections welded to a central cylinder and rotate about an axis perpendicular to the cone axes. Mixing occurs as materials move through the different sections.
- They are available in batch sizes from 50 liters to 3500 liters and include features like adjustable paddles, discharge valves, safety guards, and variable speed control.
-
The document discusses various coating techniques used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It describes common coating processes like sugar coating, film coating, enteric coating, and organic film coating. Recent coating technologies like electrostatic coating, vacuum film coating, compression coating, and dip coating are also summarized. The key equipment used for tablet coating include standard coating pans, perforated coating pans, and fluidized bed coaters. Coating is done to mask taste/odor, provide protection, control drug release, and incorporate incompatible drugs among other objectives.
Application of polymers in packaging and medical prostheticsHetal Hinglajia
This document discusses the application of polymers in packaging and medical prosthetics. It outlines various types of packaging used for solid, semi-solid, and liquid products. Common polymers used in packaging include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyvinylidene chloride due to properties like flexibility, barrier resistance and chemical resistance. The document also discusses ideal properties for medical prosthetics and applications of various polymers in prosthetics, including polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester and thermoplastic elastomers.
This document discusses pharmaceutical packaging materials and quality control testing. It defines primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging. Common packaging materials include glass, plastic, paper, and boards. Quality control tests for glass containers include chemical resistance via powdered glass and water attack tests. Tests are also described for plastic containers, including clarity of extract and non-volatile residue. The document concludes that testing packaging materials is important to ensure the quality, stability, and efficacy of drug products.
After the manufacturing of the drug, it is essential that these should be stored properly. The stability of drug during it’s storage depend on so many factor and proper packaging is one of them. The pharmaceutical products are in direct contact with the container and closures. So improper packaging and poor quality of container may lead to deterioration of the product.
The document discusses tablet coating, including its purposes, principles, history, types and processes. Tablet coating involves applying a thin outer layer or film to tablets to improve characteristics like taste, moisture protection and drug release. There are two main types: film coating, which uses a polymer film, and sugar coating, which builds up layers of sucrose. The coating process aims to evenly apply and dry coating solutions or suspensions in rotating equipment. Factors like coating thickness, temperature and ingredients affect the quality and performance of coated tablets.
This document provides an overview of aerosols for pharmaceutical use. It begins with introductions to aerosols and pharmaceutical aerosols. The main components of aerosols are then described, including propellants, containers, valves, and actuators. Various aerosol systems like solution, suspension, and foam systems are also outlined. The document concludes with sections on the formulation, manufacturing, and quality control of pharmaceutical aerosols.
Glass is a preferred packaging material for pharmaceuticals due to its protective qualities. It is inert, impervious to air and moisture, and allows inspection of contents. Glass containers come in various sizes and shapes. The manufacturing process involves melting ingredients at high temperatures, shaping the molten glass, annealing to slowly cool, and finishing. There are advantages like inertness and ease of cleaning, and disadvantages like fragility and high cost. Types of glass include Types I-IV which differ in chemical composition and properties suitable for various drug formulations.
Capsules are solid dosage forms that enclose one or more active ingredients within a soluble shell, typically made of gelatin. There are two main types: hard-shelled capsules containing dry powders, and soft-shelled capsules used for oils. Capsules are manufactured through a process involving dipping pins in gelatin solutions to form the shells, drying, stripping from the pins, trimming, joining the cap and body portions, and polishing. Various sizes of empty capsules are commercially available. Capsules offer benefits like ease of swallowing and unit dosing but require specialized filling equipment for industrial production.
The document discusses powder compaction and consolidation. It defines compression as reducing bulk volume by removing air spaces, and consolidation as increasing mechanical strength through particle interactions. It then describes several derived properties of powdered solids like solid-air interface, angle of repose, flow rates, mass-volume relationships, and density. Different methods for measuring these properties like angle of repose, compressibility index, and density measurement techniques using helium pycnometry and liquid displacement are also summarized. Mechanisms increasing mechanical strength during consolidation like cold welding, fusion welding, and recrystallization are outlined as well.
Drying technology used in Pharmaceutical IndustryDebashis Purohit
Mr. Debashis Purohit presented on drying technology used in the pharmaceutical industry. He discussed four main drying techniques: fluidized bed drying, drum drying, rotary drying, and lyophilization (freeze drying). For each technique, he covered the principles, working, advantages, disadvantages, and uses. He concluded with two review articles discussing crystallization processes and freeze drying in more detail.
The document discusses plastic packaging materials used for pharmaceutical products. It begins by describing the two main categories of plastics - thermoplastics and thermosets. It then discusses potential interactions between drugs and plastic packaging, including permeation, leaching, sorption, and chemical reactions. Finally, it covers various closure and sealing methods that are approved by the FDA as tamper resistant packaging systems for pharmaceuticals, such as blister packs, bubble packs, foil/plastic pouches, and bottle seals.
In this slide contains definition, validation method of HVAC
Presented by: V NABI RASOOL (Department of pharmaceutical analysis and quality assurance).RIPER, anantapur.
The document discusses the construction, working, validation process, and qualification protocols for a fluidized bed dryer (FBD) used in pharmaceutical applications. It describes the key components of an FBD and the fluidization drying process. Validation of the FBD involves design, installation, operational, and performance qualifications to ensure proper functioning.
The document describes the working of a spray dryer. A spray dryer uses atomization to form fine liquid droplets that are then dried into powder particles by hot gas. The liquid is sprayed into a drying chamber and the droplets move in a helical path as hot air evaporates the moisture, forming dry particles within seconds. The dried particles are then recovered at the bottom while the hot air exits through the top. Spray drying allows rapid, continuous drying of heat-sensitive materials and produces free-flowing particles of uniform size.
A tablet press is a mechanical device that compresses powder into tablets of uniform size and weight. A tablet press can be used to manufacture tablets of a wide variety of materials, including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cleaning products, industrial pellets and cosmetics. To form a tablet, the granulated powder material must be metered into a cavity formed by two punches and a die, and then the punches must be pressed together with great force to fuse the material together.
This document provides an overview of inhalation aerosols, including the propellants used, packaging, and filling techniques. It discusses the main components of aerosols like propellants, containers, valves, and actuators. The two main types of propellants are liquefied gas propellants and compressed gas propellants. It also summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of aerosols as well as the pressure filling and cold filling methods used to manufacture pharmaceutical aerosols.
The document discusses the manufacturing process of parenteral preparations. It describes parenterals as sterile liquids or solids for injection or implantation. The manufacturing process involves planning, material management, production, quality control testing, filling, and packaging. Production areas are divided into strict zones based on cleanliness. Environmental controls and facility design aim to prevent contamination, with areas for filling, weighing, storage, and administration. Personnel flow and utility locations are also considered for efficiency.
Freeze drying, also known as lyophilization, is a process used to preserve heat-sensitive materials such as pharmaceuticals and food. It works by freezing the material and reducing pressure to allow frozen water to sublime from solid to gas. The freeze drying process involves pretreatment, freezing, primary drying where 95% water sublimes, and secondary drying to remove remaining water. Excipients like buffers, bulking agents, and added salts are used. Freeze drying equipment includes rotary evaporators and tray or manifold freeze dryers. Applications include pharmaceuticals, foods, and biotechnology products. Advantages are ease of processing liquids and enhanced stability, while disadvantages include increased costs and complexity.
Drying. Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or another solvent by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid. ... In bioproducts like food, grains, and pharmaceuticals like vaccines, the solvent to be removed is almost invariably water.
Dry granulation is used to granulate materials that cannot withstand heat or moisture. There are two main dry granulation methods: slugging and roller compaction. Roller compaction is now more commonly used. It involves compressing powder between two rollers to form dense flakes that are then milled into granules. Roller compaction offers continuous processing, better control, and higher output compared to slugging. Key variables of roller compaction include roller pressure, gap, and speed. Dry granulation is suitable for heat- or moisture-sensitive drugs and can improve tablet properties.
The document discusses double cone mixers, which are used to homogenously mix different materials. They work by tumbling materials inside a revolving vessel. Key points:
- Double cone mixers are used in industries like food, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and minerals to mix ingredients like APIs, starches, flavors, and spices.
- They consist of two conical sections welded to a central cylinder and rotate about an axis perpendicular to the cone axes. Mixing occurs as materials move through the different sections.
- They are available in batch sizes from 50 liters to 3500 liters and include features like adjustable paddles, discharge valves, safety guards, and variable speed control.
-
The document discusses various coating techniques used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It describes common coating processes like sugar coating, film coating, enteric coating, and organic film coating. Recent coating technologies like electrostatic coating, vacuum film coating, compression coating, and dip coating are also summarized. The key equipment used for tablet coating include standard coating pans, perforated coating pans, and fluidized bed coaters. Coating is done to mask taste/odor, provide protection, control drug release, and incorporate incompatible drugs among other objectives.
Application of polymers in packaging and medical prostheticsHetal Hinglajia
This document discusses the application of polymers in packaging and medical prosthetics. It outlines various types of packaging used for solid, semi-solid, and liquid products. Common polymers used in packaging include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyvinylidene chloride due to properties like flexibility, barrier resistance and chemical resistance. The document also discusses ideal properties for medical prosthetics and applications of various polymers in prosthetics, including polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester and thermoplastic elastomers.
This document discusses pharmaceutical packaging materials and quality control testing. It defines primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging. Common packaging materials include glass, plastic, paper, and boards. Quality control tests for glass containers include chemical resistance via powdered glass and water attack tests. Tests are also described for plastic containers, including clarity of extract and non-volatile residue. The document concludes that testing packaging materials is important to ensure the quality, stability, and efficacy of drug products.
After the manufacturing of the drug, it is essential that these should be stored properly. The stability of drug during it’s storage depend on so many factor and proper packaging is one of them. The pharmaceutical products are in direct contact with the container and closures. So improper packaging and poor quality of container may lead to deterioration of the product.
The document discusses tablet coating, including its purposes, principles, history, types and processes. Tablet coating involves applying a thin outer layer or film to tablets to improve characteristics like taste, moisture protection and drug release. There are two main types: film coating, which uses a polymer film, and sugar coating, which builds up layers of sucrose. The coating process aims to evenly apply and dry coating solutions or suspensions in rotating equipment. Factors like coating thickness, temperature and ingredients affect the quality and performance of coated tablets.
This document provides an overview of aerosols for pharmaceutical use. It begins with introductions to aerosols and pharmaceutical aerosols. The main components of aerosols are then described, including propellants, containers, valves, and actuators. Various aerosol systems like solution, suspension, and foam systems are also outlined. The document concludes with sections on the formulation, manufacturing, and quality control of pharmaceutical aerosols.
Glass is a preferred packaging material for pharmaceuticals due to its protective qualities. It is inert, impervious to air and moisture, and allows inspection of contents. Glass containers come in various sizes and shapes. The manufacturing process involves melting ingredients at high temperatures, shaping the molten glass, annealing to slowly cool, and finishing. There are advantages like inertness and ease of cleaning, and disadvantages like fragility and high cost. Types of glass include Types I-IV which differ in chemical composition and properties suitable for various drug formulations.
Capsules are solid dosage forms that enclose one or more active ingredients within a soluble shell, typically made of gelatin. There are two main types: hard-shelled capsules containing dry powders, and soft-shelled capsules used for oils. Capsules are manufactured through a process involving dipping pins in gelatin solutions to form the shells, drying, stripping from the pins, trimming, joining the cap and body portions, and polishing. Various sizes of empty capsules are commercially available. Capsules offer benefits like ease of swallowing and unit dosing but require specialized filling equipment for industrial production.
The document discusses powder compaction and consolidation. It defines compression as reducing bulk volume by removing air spaces, and consolidation as increasing mechanical strength through particle interactions. It then describes several derived properties of powdered solids like solid-air interface, angle of repose, flow rates, mass-volume relationships, and density. Different methods for measuring these properties like angle of repose, compressibility index, and density measurement techniques using helium pycnometry and liquid displacement are also summarized. Mechanisms increasing mechanical strength during consolidation like cold welding, fusion welding, and recrystallization are outlined as well.
Drying technology used in Pharmaceutical IndustryDebashis Purohit
Mr. Debashis Purohit presented on drying technology used in the pharmaceutical industry. He discussed four main drying techniques: fluidized bed drying, drum drying, rotary drying, and lyophilization (freeze drying). For each technique, he covered the principles, working, advantages, disadvantages, and uses. He concluded with two review articles discussing crystallization processes and freeze drying in more detail.
The document discusses plastic packaging materials used for pharmaceutical products. It begins by describing the two main categories of plastics - thermoplastics and thermosets. It then discusses potential interactions between drugs and plastic packaging, including permeation, leaching, sorption, and chemical reactions. Finally, it covers various closure and sealing methods that are approved by the FDA as tamper resistant packaging systems for pharmaceuticals, such as blister packs, bubble packs, foil/plastic pouches, and bottle seals.
In this slide contains definition, validation method of HVAC
Presented by: V NABI RASOOL (Department of pharmaceutical analysis and quality assurance).RIPER, anantapur.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation given by Shaik Gouse Ul Azam on the qualification of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It introduces DSC, describes its principle, and covers the key aspects involved in qualifying a DSC including design qualification, operational qualification, performance qualification, and installation qualification. Examples of common applications like determining purity and polymorphs are also mentioned.
This document discusses methods for determining various properties of powders including heavy metals, fineness, density, and moisture content. It describes common techniques like atomic absorption spectrophotometry and x-ray fluorescence for measuring heavy metals in powders. Methods are provided for assessing the fineness of powders based on their particle size distribution using sieves. Density determination techniques including displacement type densitometers and solvent displacement are outlined. Finally, thermal, loss on drying, and Karl Fischer titration methods for measuring moisture in powders are summarized along with references.
Introduction to Quality Control Test for Surgical Products
Surgical dressing, Classification of Surgical dressings, Rubber and Oil impregnated materials
Presented by
G. Sateesh Chandra
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
The document discusses in-process quality control (IPQC) in the pharmaceutical manufacturing process. It defines IPQC and introduces its importance in enforcing quality standards. The objectives of IPQC are outlined as optimizing processes, monitoring operations, and inspecting materials and equipment. Key aspects of IPQC addressed include sampling methods, in-process testing parameters, packaging controls, maintaining documentation, and releasing batches. The conclusion emphasizes that IPQC ensures product quality and conformity through monitoring critical stages of production.
The document discusses the qualification of analytical equipment like electronic balances and pH meters. It explains that qualification includes design, installation, operational and performance qualification to ensure equipment is properly installed and functioning accurately. Specific steps for qualifying balances, such as daily calibration checks with internal weights and yearly checks with external weights, are provided. The two-point calibration method for pH meters using buffer solutions is also described. Acceptance limits and record keeping procedures are outlined to ensure equipment remains calibrated over time.
The document presents information on Quality by Design (QbD), a systematic approach to pharmaceutical development that emphasizes product and process understanding. It defines key QbD concepts like target product profile, quality target product profile, critical quality attributes, critical material attributes, and critical process parameters. The benefits of QbD for industry include eliminating batch failures and empowering technical staff. Design space, design of experiments, and process analytical techniques are important tools in QbD. Regulatory agencies support the QbD approach for developing scientific understanding and continuous improvement.
In this slide contains introduction, qualification, preventive maintenance, requalification method.
Presented by: Malarvannan M (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).RIPER, anantapur
1) Blow fill seal technology is used to aseptically produce small liquid-filled containers through continuous formation, filling, and sealing processes.
2) Jet injectors administer injections through compressed gas that forms a narrow, high-pressure jet instead of using hypodermic needles.
3) Both technologies offer sterile, safe administration of drugs without using needles and are useful for mass vaccinations.
In this slide contains details about Pharmaceutical validation of water system
Presented by: K VENKATSAI PRASAD (Department of pharmaceutical analysis and quality assurance).RIPER, anantapur
The document discusses the qualification of high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). It describes the four types of qualification: design qualification, installation qualification, operation qualification, and performance qualification. Design qualification verifies specifications and review methods. Installation qualification documents compliance at installation. Operation qualification documents consistent performance within operating ranges. Performance qualification ascertains the instrument is suitable for specific analytical tasks. The document then provides examples of tests to check HPTLC performance, including linearity of spotting, reproducibility of spotting, and detection capacity.
In this slide contains principle, types, materials used, factors affecting gel electrophoresis.
Presented by: I. Sai Reddemma (Department of pharmacology).
RIPER, anantapur.
In this slide contains Introduction, levels of cleaning, mechanism, sampling method of cleaning validation.
Presented by: P. VENKATESH (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).RIPER, anantapur
The document describes the development of a new magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbent called polyDOPA@Ag-MNPs for the analysis of trace beta-blockers in biological samples. PolyDOPA@Ag-MNPs were synthesized by reducing silver ions on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles coated with poly(3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine). The adsorbent was able to isolate beta-blockers from sample matrices using a magnetic field. Optimization of the MSPE method identified pH 7, 2 minutes adsorption time, 4 mg polyDOPA@Ag-MNPs, methanol containing 1% acetic acid as the eluent, 2 minutes elution
JOURNAL CLUB PRESENTATION (20L81S0402-PA & QA)
Presented by: K VENKATSAI PRASAD (Department of pharmaceutical analysis and quality assurance).RIPER, anantapur
In this slide contains Study of Quality of Raw Materials and General methods of analysis of Raw materials used in cosmetic manufacture as per BSI
Presented by: P.PAVAN KALYAN (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).RIPER, anantapur
More from Raghavendra institute of pharmaceutical education and research . (20)
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Drying equipments
1. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 1
DRYING EQUIPMENTS
A Seminar as a part of curricular requirement
for I year M. Pharm II semester
Presented by
K. VenkataSai Prasad (20L81S0402)
Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance.
2. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 2
S.No Content
1 Drying
2 Purpose of drying
3 Drying equipments
4 Classification of dryers
5 Industrial dryers
6 References
Contents
3. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 3
DRYING AND DRYING EQUIPMENTS
4. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 4
Drying is the simple process
of dehydrating foods until
there is not enough moisture
to support microbial
activity.
If adequately dried and
properly stored, dehydrated
foods are shelf stable (safe
for storage at room
temperature).
DRYING/DEHYDRATION
5. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 5
• Increase in shelf life/preservation.
• Reduction in transportation cost.
• Easy material handling.
• Improve or maintain properties (flow ability or compressibility)
PURPOSE OF DRYING
6. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 6
• Dryer is a device that removes moisture by heating
the mass to a level where it becomes safe to store.
• Batch dryers are used for solid throughout (flows) below
50 kg/hr. Continuous dryers is preferred above 1000
kg/hr.
Drying equipments
MOISTURE
FEED
DRIED
PRODUCT
DRYER
HEAT
7. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 7
Physical/Chemical properties of
• materials
Production capacity
Initial and final moisture content required
Particle size distribution
Temperature and drying characteristics
• Explosion and toxicological characteristics
Selection of equipment depends on
8. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 8
Dryer must operate reliably, safely and economically.
Operating and maintenance must not be excessive.
Pollution must be controlled.
Energy consumption must be minimized.
General consideration
9. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 9
Industrial dryers
10. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 10
Dryers
Heat transfer mode
Classification of dryers
Convection Combined
modes
Conduction Dielectric
Radiation
Infrared shelf
dryer
Sun dryer
Drum dyer
Agitated pan
dryer
Rotary dryer
Trays dryer
Flash dryer
Spray dryer
Fluid bed
dryer
Cabinet dryer
Tunnel dryer
Rotary dryer
Spouted bed
dryer
Microwave
oven
Microwave
tunnel
Radiofrequ
ency dryer
Microwave
convective dryer
Microwave
spouted bed dryer
Infrared
convective dryer
Radiofrequency
assisted heat
pump dryer
11. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 11
• Spray dryer
• Tray dryer
• Fluidized bed dryer
• Flash dryer
• Drum dryer
• Vacuum dryer
• Tunnel dryer
• Rotary dryer
• Freeze dryer
Industrial dryers
12. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 12
• The spray dryer provides a large surface area for heat and mass
transfer by atomizing the liquid to small droplets. These are
sprayed into a stream of hot air, so that each droplet dries to a
solid particle.
• The drying chamber resembles the cyclone ensuring good
circulation of air, to facilitate heat and mass transfer, and that
dried particles are separated by the centrifugal action
Spray dryer
13. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 13
• Product quality effectively
• controlled
• Product properties effectively controlled
• Suitable for heat sensitive foods eg: milk
• High tonnage equipment
• Corrosion problem minimized
• Good efficiency
Advantages
14. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 14
• Product quality effectively
• controlled
• Product properties effectively controlled
• Suitable for heat sensitive foods eg: milk
• High tonnage equipment
• Corrosion problem minimized
• Good efficiency
Disadvantages
15. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 15
• Drying of any substance in solution or in suspension form
• It is most useful for drying thermolabile materials eg:
antibiotics
• Suitable for large quantities solution
• Suitable for both soluble and insoluble substances
• It can produce spherical particles in the
• respiratory range
• Drying of milk, soap and detergents
Applications
16. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 16
• These types of dryers use trays or similar product holders to
expose the product to heated air in an enclosed space.
• The trays holding the product inside a cabinet or similar
enclosure are exposed to heated air so that dehydration will
proceed.
• Air movement over the product surface is at relatively high
velocities to ensure that heat and mass transfer will proceed in
an efficient manner.
• Operated as batch systems.
Tray dryer
17. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 17
18. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 18
• Simple in handling
• Lesser capital cost
Disadvantages
• Non-uniform drying of a product at different locations
within the system
• Time required for drying is more
• The major disadvantages of this type of dryers are the high
labor cost involved during loading and unloading of the
drying materials and the low capacities of the units
Advantages
19. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 19
• Mainly used for drying agricultural produce
• Drying foods E.g.( chillies and spices etc)
• Of potential use in pharmaceuticals, paints, textile and
other industries
Applications
20. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 20
• Fluid bed drying is most widely used technique for drying
pharmaceutical powders and granulation
• The direct contact between particles and air/gas is possible in
fluid bed systems.
• Here any type of inert gas or air is used.
• They can be designed in either batch or continuous type fluid
bed dryer.
• In fluidized bed dryer, hot air is passed at high pressure
through a perforated bottom of the container containing
granules to be dried.
Fluidized bed dryer
21. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 21
Cont..
• The hot gas surrounding every granule to completely dry
them.
• The material or granule are uniformly dried.
• The hot air/gas used for drying can be generated by either
steam coils or a combustion furnace.
• The angle of repose of gas-solid mixture is zero and it
• assumes the shape of vessel that contains it.
• Uniform conditions of temperature, composition and particle
size distribution is achieved throughout the bed because of
complete mixing between the solids and gas is obtained.
22. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 22
• Fluidized bed dryer requires less time to complete drying i.e., 20 to 40 min.
• Hot spots are observed in the dryer, because of its excellent mixing and
drying capacities.
• The thermal efficiency is 2 to 6 times greater than tray dryer
• It facilitates the drying of thermolabile substances, since contact time
for drying is short.
• It can be used as batch type or continuous type.
• The free movement of individual particles eliminates the risk of
soluble material migrating as may occur in static bed
Disadvantages
• Equipment is bulky.
• Expensive
Advantages
23. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 23
• Flash dryer utilizes superheated steam as the drying medium
have some unique quality and energy advantages over air
drying systems.
• Flash dryers consisting of inert media have been employed at
pilot scales to dry slurries and suspensions sprayed onto
them.
• The particles are coated thinly by the slurry and dried rapidly
as a thin film.
• Attrition due to inter-particle collisions and shrinkage
induced breakage of the dried film allows entrainment of
the dry powder into the drying gas for collection in cyclone
or baghouse.
Flash dryer
24. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 24
25. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 25
• Short contact time and parallel flow make possible to dry thermo
liable materials.
• The dryer needs only a very small area and can be installed outside a
building.
• The dryer is easy to control. The low material content in the dryer
enables equilibrium conditions to be reached very quickly.
• Due to small number of moving
• parts the maintenance cost is low.
• The capital cost are low in comparison with other types of
dryers.
• Simultaneous drying and transportation is useful for
material handling.
Advantages
26. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 26
• High efficiency of gas cleaning system is required.
• Dryer cannot be used for toxic materials.
• Not suitable for lumped materials.
• Risk of fire and explosion.
• Generally, not all the particles have same residence time in the dryer.
Applications
• Drying of heat sensitive products in this type of dryers is very
useful.
• They are successfully used in food, chemical, pharmaceutical,
mining, ceramic and wood industries.
• Widely used in plastic and
Disadvantages
27. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 27
• The drum dryer is an indirect type dryer in which the feed to
be dried is maintained in a thin film on a rotating steam
heated drum.
• The feed being dried is spread over the outside surface of the
dryer. Clinging to it drying continues ad the hot drum rotates.
• At the end of revolution, the drum comes to a ‘doctor blade’
which scrapes the dried film from the drum, when the
product has made about three quarter of a complete rotation
on the drum surface.
• The process is known as roller drying.
• Drum diameter: 0.5 to 6m and the length from 1m to 6m
• In operation, steam at temperature to 200 degree celsius heats
the inner surface of the drum.
Drum/Roller dryer
28. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 28
29. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 29
Classification
Drum dryers
Number of
drums pressure
A)Single
B)Double
drum
Feeding
arrangement
A)Atmospheric
B)Vacuum
A)Nip feed
B)Splash feed
C)Dip feed
D)Roller
A)Alloy steel
B)Stainless steel
C)Chrome
D)Nickel plate
steel
Material of
construction
30. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 30
• c
31. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 31
• Large production capacity
• Continuous operation
• Simple structure
• Easy to operate
• Less failure
• Low maintenance costs
Disadvantages
• Large equipment
• High one time investment
• Installation and removal are difficult
• Heat loss is large
• Thermal efficiency is low
• Material in dryer stay for long
Advantages
32. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 32
• This equipment is a good example of conduction drier.
• The vacuum oven consists of a jacketed vessel to withstand
vacuum within the oven
• There are supports for the shelves giving a larger area for
conduction heat transfer.
• The oven can be closed by a door.
• The oven is connected through a condenser and liquid
receiver to a vacuum pump.
• Operating pressure can be as low as
• 0.03 bar, at which pressures water boils at 25-35 degree
Celsius.
Vacuum dryer
33. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 33
34. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 34
• Drying takes place at low temperature.
• Maximum retention of nutrition.
• There is little air present, so there is minimum risk of
oxidation.
Disadvantages
• Drying takes place at low temperature.
• Maximum retention of nutrition.
• There is little air present, so there is minimum risk of
oxidation.
Applications
• Mainly used for puffed cereals
Advantages
35. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 35
Tunnel dryer
• It is modified form o the tray dryer in which oven is replaced by a
tunnel. The material to be dried is entered at one end and dried
material is collected form the other end of the tunnel.
Rotary drying
• A direct heated dryer uses the combustion gases generated by the
heater mixed with an artificially heated gas. This second gas is nearly
always common air, but it can be any inert gas.
36. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 36
• Freeze drying is a process in which water is removed from a
product after it is frozen and placed under a vacuum, allowing
the ice to change directly from solid to vapor without passing
through a liquid phase.
Freeze drying
37. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 37
Stages
• Freezing
a)Shell freezing
b)Centrifugal evaporative freezing
• Vacuum application stage
• Sublimation stage
Primary drying
Heat transfer
Vapour removal
Rate of drying
• Secondary drying
• Packaging
38. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 38
• Drying takes place at low
• temperature.
• Product is light and porous
• The porous form of the product gives ready solubility
• No concentration of solution prior to drying
• Nutrition retention.
• There is little air present, so there is minimum risk of
oxidation.
Advantages
39. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 39
• The porosity, ready solubility and complete dryness yield a
very hygroscopic product. Unless the products are dried in
their final container and sealed in situ, packing require
special conditions.
• The process is very slow.
• Uses complicated plant which is very expensive.
• Limited to certain types of valuable products
Applications
• The method is used for products that cannot be dried by any
other heat method. These include biological products.
E.g:antibiotics, blood products, vaccines, enzyme preparations
and microbiological cultures.
Disadvantages
40. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 40
1. APV Dryer Handbook-Invesnsys APV Technical Centre, USA.
2. Lykov M.V. Drying in the chemical industry/M.V. Lykov. M:
Chemistry-432p.
3. Fundamental of Food Engineering by D.G. Rao, 2010 by PHI
Learning Private Limited, New Delhi
4. https://gcwgandhinagar.com/econtent/document/1588156026Uni
t%20V%20Types%20of%20dryers%20and%20their%20applications
.pdf
References
41. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 41