Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit IX Drugs used in nervous system and it is most benefited for B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit IX Drugs used in nervous system and it is most benefited for B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit V Drugs used on Respiratory systems and it is most benefited for 2nd yr B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject.
The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.
Pharmacology of commonly used antisep, disinfect, insecticideMr. Dipti sorte
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit III Antiseptics & Disinfectants and it is most benefited for B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject
Diuretics | Definition | Mechanism of Action | Classes of DrugsChetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Diuretics,Role of sodium, types of urine output, General mechanism of action, Normal Physiolofy of urine formation, GFR Formation, Classes of Diuretics, diuretics abuse and recent discovery. An assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology-I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit V Drugs used on Respiratory systems and it is most benefited for 2nd yr B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject.
The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.
Pharmacology of commonly used antisep, disinfect, insecticideMr. Dipti sorte
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit III Antiseptics & Disinfectants and it is most benefited for B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject
Diuretics | Definition | Mechanism of Action | Classes of DrugsChetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Diuretics,Role of sodium, types of urine output, General mechanism of action, Normal Physiolofy of urine formation, GFR Formation, Classes of Diuretics, diuretics abuse and recent discovery. An assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology-I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
A detailed information about the diuretics - classification of drugs, mechanism of action, side effects, dosage and indications.
Classification based on the efficacy of the diuretics.
1. High
2. Moderate
3. Weak
A brief introduction given about the nephron structure and its indications.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
4. Diuretics (“water pills”) are the drugs which
increase the urine out put (or) urine volume .
What is natreuretic agent ?
Any drug when introduce into the body
increases the out put of sodium
ie., loss of sodium in urine.
5. Diuretics are very effective in the treatment of conditions like:-
Chronic heart failure
Nephrotic syndrome
Chronic hepatic diseases
Hypertension
Pregnancy associated edema
Cirrhosis of the liver.
Therapeutic approaches
6. Two important functions of the kidney are:-
1. To maintain a homeostatis balance of electrolytes and water.
2. To excrete water soluble end products of metabolites.
Each kidney contains approximately one million nephrons and is
capable of forming urine independently.
The nephrons are composed of glomerulus, proximal tubule, loop of
henle, distal tubule.
7. Approximately 1200 ml of blood per minute flows through both
kidneys.
Ions such as sodium, chloride,calcium are reabsorbed.
Total amount of glucose, amino acids, vitamins, proteins are
reabsorbed.
If the urine contains above it represents the disorders.
For example proteins such as albumin in higher amounts causes
albuminaria.
8. 1 cardiac output -5 lit/min.
Out of that 20% goes to kidneys i.e.1 lit/min.
1 lit of blood of has 40%of cells and 60%of plasma.
600 ml of plasma is not entered into glomerulus only a part of plasma can
enter into it and the rest pass through the efferent arteriole.
Only 20% can enter into glomerelus that is 120 ml.
This 120 ml/min (180L/day) makes glomerular filtrate (99%reabsorbed).
Urine output is about 1 – 1.5L/Day
14. Diuretics
• Mechanism of Action:
1. Loop Diuretics: They show their action by reducing absorption of
sodium at the level of loop of Henle. Eg. Furosemide, Torsemide.
2. Potassium sparing: Drug which antagonised the effect of
aldosterone, Eg. Spironolactone.
3. Thiazide: They inhibit reabsorption of sodium & Chloride ions
from distal convoluted tubules, Eg. Chlorothiazide.
4. Osmotic: It inhibits reabsorption of water and sodium. Eg.
Mannitol.
5. Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitor: They suppress the activity of
Carbonic Anhydrase, Eg. Acetazolamide.
8/23/2018 14
15. Indication & Uses:
1. Loop Diuretics: Edema, Acute pulmonary edema (Acute LVF, M.I),
Cerebral edema, Hypertension, Hypercalcemia & Renal calcium
stone.
2. Thiazide: Mild to moderate edema (Cardiac failure, Nephrotic
syndrome), HTN, Diabetes insipidus, Hypercalciuria/ Calcium
stone, Premenstrual tenses.
3. Osmotic: Acute renal failure during prolonged surgery or trauma to
prevent or treat increase ICP, Glaucoma.
4. Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitor: Glaucoma, Epilepsy, Acute motion
sickness, periodic paralysis.
5. Potassium sparing: Hyperaldosteronism, HTN, CHF, edema,
combine with furosemide, thiazide to reduce potassium loss produce
by these agents.
16. Drug Examples & Doses:
S.
no.
Drugs Doses
1 Furosemide 20-80mg
2 Torsemide 5-10mg orally or IV OD
3 Chlorothiazide 500 – 1000mg PO or IV OD or Bid.
4 Hydrochlorothiazide 25-50mg OD
5 Benzthiazide 25mg
6 Mannitol. 50 to 100gm IV
7 Acetazolamide 125-250mg orally IV
8 Spironolactone 25 to 200mg/day in 1 or 2 divided doses.
9 Amiloride 5-10mg OD
17. Contraindication & Precautions
• Osmotic: Intracranial bleeding, CHF, Urinary tract obstruction,
Pulmonary congestion, edema,
• Loop: Hyponatremia, Severe sodium and water depletion,
Hypokalaemia, Renal failure, Addison’s disease.
• Potassium: Anuria, Hyperkalaemia, Acute or progressive renal
insufficiency.
• Thiazide: severe renal impairment, severe hepatic impairment,
hypersensitivity, pregnancy & lactation.
• Carbonic Anhydrase: Pregnancy & lactation, hepatic insufficiency,
severe pulmonary congestion.
8/23/2018 17
19. Drug interactions:
1. Simultaneously use of spironolactone and digoxin increases the risks of
digoxin toxicity.
2. Spironolactone effects may decrease with salicylates use.
3. Salicylates may cause carbonic anhydrase inhibitor toxicity.
4. These drugs may cause lithium toxicity by decreasing excretion of
lithium.
5. Use of digoxin may cause additive hypokalaemia, these increasing the
risk of digoxin toxicity and arrthymias.
6. Anticoagulants effect may increases with the use of these drugs
simultaneously.
7. Risk of ototoxicity may occurs when use with aminoglycosides.
20. Nursing Responsibilities.
• Monitor urine output, blood pressure, hrly check for electrolyte
imbalance.
• Obtain vital signs.
• Monitor laboratory values sply. Potassium, sodium (diuretics
can cause electrolyte imbalance)
• Observe for changes in level of consciousness, dizziness,
fatigue, and postural hypotension because reduction in blood
volume due to diuretic therapy may produce changes in level of
consciousness or syncope.
• Observe for sign of hypersensitivity reaction.
• Monitor hearing and vision ( Loop diuretic are ototoxic)
8/23/2018 20
21. Contd.
• Instruct patient to:
1. Immediately report any severe shortness of breath, profound fatigue,
edema in extremities, potential sign of heart failure, or pul. oedema.
2. Avoid excessive heat which contributes to fluid loss through
perspiration.
3. Consume adequate amount of plain water.
4. Stop medication if severe hypotension exists.
5. Immediately report any change in consciousness, specially felling
faint.
6. Change position slowly.
7. Receiving loop or thiazide diuretic to eat food high in potassium.
22. 8. Receiving potassium – sparing diuretic to avoid foods high in
potassium.
9. To consult which health care provider before using vitamin/minerals
supplements or electrolyte fortified sports drinks.
10. To report any changes in hearing or vision.
Contd.
29. Urinary Antiseptics
• Introduction: Drugs used for urinary tract infects which kill or
inhibit the growth of microorganism.
• Mechanism of Action: There are bacteriostatic drug. They inhibit
the growth of different species of bacteria in urine.
• Indication & Uses:
1. Sulphonamide are used to treat infection causes by susceptible
organism in urinary tract.
2. Methenamine is used to prevent recurrent urinary tract infection
• Adverse effects: Fever, Rash, Crystalluria, Nausea, Vomiting,
Photosensitivity reaction, Stevens Johnson's syndrome
8/23/2018 29
31. Contd
• Contraindication & Precautions:
1. Contraindicated in pregnant and breast feeding women, children
younger than age 2yr.
2. History of Stevens Johnson syndrome.
3. Hypersensitive patients with sulphonamides.
4. Cautiously use in patient with mild to moderate renal or hepatic
disorders, severe allergies, blood Dyscrasias urinary obstruction.
• Drug interaction:
• Sulphonamides may increase the effect of oral hypoglycemics.
• It may decrease the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives.
• Increase risk of bleeding in patient who are taking anticoagulants.
8/23/2018 31
32. Nursing Responsibilities.
• Assess the sign and symptoms of urinary tract infections.
• Advice to patient for intake of fluid 2000 – 3000 ml/day to
reduce Crystalluria.
• Teach the patient proper hygiene measures to reduce the risk of
reinfection.
• Monitor the patient urinary elimination patterns.
• Instruct to women who are taking oral conceptives to use an
alternative method such as barrier method during the entire
course of therapy.
8/23/2018 32
37. References
1. Dr. P.K. Panwar, Essentials of pharmacology for nurses, AITBS pub. 2017,
India, Pg no. 63 – 70.
2. Dr. Suresh k sharma, Textbook of pharmacology, pathology & genetics for
nurses, Jaypee pub. 2016 India Pg no 206 – 226.
3. Tara v. Shanbhag, Smita shenoy, Pharmacology preparation manual for
undergraduate, Elsevier pub. 2014. Pg no. 150 – 160.
4. Marilyn Herbert – Ashton, Nancy Clarkson, Pharmacology, Jones & Barlet
pub 2010 India, Pg no 486.
5. Govind s. mittal, Pharmacology at a glance, Paras medical book pub. 2009
India Pg no.20.
6. Madhuri Inamdar, Pharmacology in nursing, Vora medical pub. 2006 India
1st edition, Pg no 111 – 119.