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At the end of the session
you will
Understand the Basic principle of flight
Identify the different parts of the Drone
@IMMANGWU 3
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Image Courtesy: Isaac Newton | Biography, Facts,
Discoveries, Laws, & Inventions | Britannica
Sir Isaac Newton
• Three Laws
• Newton’s 1st Law – Inertia
• Newton’s 2nd Law - F = ma
• Newton’s 3rd Law - Equal and
Opposite
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• Newton’s 2nd Law - F = ma
The acceleration of an object depends
directly upon the net force acting upon the object, and
inversely upon the mass of the object.
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Mass in
Kilo grams, kg
Force Applied
in newton, N
Acceleration
in metres/second2, m/s2
F m a
= .
700 kg
35 N
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Mass in
Kilo grams, kg
Force Applied
in newton, N
Acceleration
in metres/second2, m/s2
F
m
a =
.
700 kg
35 N
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Mass in
Kilo grams, kg
Force Applied
in newton, N
Acceleration
in metres/second2, m/s2
a =
700 kg
35 N
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Mass in
Kilo grams, kg
Force Applied
in newton, N
Acceleration
in metres/second2, m/s2
a = 0.05 m/s2
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FORWARD AND
SIDEWARD
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Thrust Force
Lift Force
Vertical Component
Weight = Lift Force (Vertical Component)
Unbalanced Horizontal force
will move the drone in forward
and sideward direction
Weight
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• Anything that isn’t specifically designed for racing is
often considered a freestyle frame
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Freestyle frame
This is a race frame.
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• A drone frame has two main parts:
the body and the arms.
• The body houses and protects your
electronic components including
flight controller, 4in1 ESC, FPV
camera, VTX etc.
• Typically it consists of a bottom
plate, top plate and some standoffs in
between to hold them together.
• The arms are for installing the
motors on.
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Construction
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Frame Size
• Quadcopter
frame size (a.k.a. wheel
base) is the diagonal
motor to motor distance
measured in
millimetres.
• when people say “a five-
inch frame,” it means
the frame is sized for 5″
props.
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Hint
• Use the biggest propellers a frame can support
to maximize its performance.
• If you run 4-inch props on a 5″ frame, it would
not perform as well as on a 4″ frame.
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• High efficiency, Small Volume.
• Stator inside, Rotor outside.
• Rotors have permanent magnets made from
iron and cobalt.
• Stators are electromagnets.
• A motor of rating of 1000 KV runs at 12000
rpm, producing a thrust of 500g.
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ESC
To Power
Signal
Command
To BLDC
Motor ESC helps to,
• Brake the motor
• Soft start the motor
• Control the speed of the motor
• 1000 KV motor draws a current of 20A,
ESC used must be 20% more amp rating , hence
ESC of 30A should be used.
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• A flight controller is a brain of the
aircraft.
• It is basically a circuit board with
sensors that detects orientation
changes of drone.
• It also receives commands and controls
the motor in order to keep the quad
copter in the air.
• The most used flight controller for
quadcopter is KK2.1.5 which has,
• IC Atmega 644PA,
• GYRO/Acc 6050 MPU Invensense,
• Input voltage of 4.8-6.0V,
• Standard 6 pin.
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• A radio control system is made up of
two elements,
• Transmitter – Handheld device
• Receiver - placed on drone.
• The most commonly used drones are
4-channel and 6- channel.
• The flysky FS-i6 is mostly available in
the market.
• It has a frequency of 2.4GHz with 2
km distance.
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BATTERY Types
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Batteries are of different types, made with different variety of materials.
Non rechargeable, such as alkaline batteries
Rechargeable such as Li-ion, Ni-Cd, LiPo, Ni-MH, lead acid.
• Wet cell batteries:
• A wet cell battery generates power from an electrode and a liquid electrolyte
solution.
• Eg. Lead Acid batteries, Ni-Cd batteries, etc.
• Dry cell batteries:
• A dry cell uses a paste electrolyte, with only enough moisture to allow current
to flow.
• Eg. AA, AAA, Li-ion, LiPo, etc.
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• A LIPO battery is a rechargeable battery
of lithium-ion technology using a
polymer electrolyte instead of a liquid
electrolyte.
• Less weight rechargeable battery which
can store more energy and the
discharge rate is high.
• As per the requirement 2200mah or
3300mah can be used.
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High Energy Density
LiPo batteries have a very high energy
density.
They can carry the maximum amount of
energy per unit of weight of the battery.
This keeps the battery light and with
sufficient energy to power an entire drone
+ its own weight.
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C-Rating
C-Rating of a battery refers to the maximum safe
discharge current that a battery can provide
(without exploding).
C-Rating is calculated as: (Max
safe current in mA) / (mAh capacity of the
battery).
Drone motors, especially multi-rotors, generally
require a very high current to lift it up.
Many drones use C-Rating between 15C to 25C.
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Propellers
• https://www.droneblog.com/drone-propellers/
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A propeller can have a 5×4.8×2. The
first number, 5, relates to the size,
mostly in inches. 4.8, the second
number, indicates pitch and is also in
inches. Lastly, 2 is the number of
blades, which shows a 2-bladed
propeller. So, it’s Size x Pitch x Number
of Blades. As simple as that!
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Diameter
• https://www.droneblog.com/drone-propellers/
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A propeller with a larger diameter enables more
contact with the air. As a result, it causes more
stability when the drone is hovering.
a smaller diameter takes more effort when
maneuvering smoothly in the air. Still, they speed up
or slow down easily hence being more responsive
than their larger counterparts.
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Pitch
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Pitch is the traveling distance of the propeller per
each revolution.
low pitch generates less turbulence and more force
in the air. This makes the motors work effortlessly in
carrying heavy payloads. Also, it results in increased
flight time since the motors use less current from the
battery.
high pitch produces less force and more turbulence
in the air.
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Are 3 blade props better than 2 for
drones?
• In terms of speed and efficiency, 2-blade
props are better, especially in lightweight
drones using less powerful motors. But, 3-
blade props are a suitable choice when
prioritizing stability and extra thrust.
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2-Blade Propellers 3-Blade Propellers
More efficient Powerful with better thrust
Higher speed Highly stable
Light and portable Less noisy
More durable Heavy hence not affected by wind
Affected by wind since it’s lightweight Not fast
Noisy More vulnerable to damage
Reduced stability Not portable
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