This document provides an overview of the gut microbiome and how it can become disrupted or "messed up". It discusses the role of ancestral diets and fermented foods in supporting a healthy gut biome. When the gut is compromised, it can lead to issues like small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and leaky gut, which are associated with many chronic health conditions. The document outlines approaches for assessing dysbiosis, eliminating pathogens, and recolonizing the gut with beneficial bacteria in order to restore health.
Probiotics are used to help get your gut working properly, and different probiotics may serve different functions. There is a reason for the constipation, and while probiotics might not cure constipation, it can certainly help relieve it as long as you can find the underlying issues.
Fivelac is the successor to threelac one of the most popular probiotics for treating candida. I go through an extensive review of the fivelac probiotic.
Probiotics are used to help get your gut working properly, and different probiotics may serve different functions. There is a reason for the constipation, and while probiotics might not cure constipation, it can certainly help relieve it as long as you can find the underlying issues.
Fivelac is the successor to threelac one of the most popular probiotics for treating candida. I go through an extensive review of the fivelac probiotic.
Biogaia probiotics are quite popular among mothers. Babies benefit greatly from the use of them. What does Biogaia probiotics contain, and why is it necessary for babies? In what circumstances are they unnecessary?
Probiotics in diarrhea in India - Special Ref to LrGG Lactobacillus Rhamnosus...Gaurav Gupta
Probiotics in diarrhea in India - Special Ref to LrGG Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG - june 2018 unobiotic, superflora GG,
Talk taken in Chandigarh in June 2018
Assist other natural antimicrobial agents
Cardiovascular diseases
Assist the liver in the detoxification process
Bolster the immune system.
Decrease the incidence and duration of diarrhea
Enable better growth development in children.
Lower blood pressure
Have anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic, and anti-allergic activities.
Help prevent osteoporosis.
Help prevent colon cancer
Improve digestion and balance cholesterol metabolism.
Increase nutritional value of foods through better digestibility and an increased absorption of
nutrients.
Manufacture lactase, which promotes intestinal lactose digestion.
Prevent and reduce intestinal tract infections
Promote a feeling of well-being.
12
Bacterial colonisation of the intestine has a major role in the post-natal development and maturation of the immune and endocrine systems. These processes are key factors underpinning central nervous system (CNS) signaling. Regulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis is essential for maintaining homeostasis, including that of the CNS. Moreover, there is now expanding evidence for the view that commensal organisms within the gut play a role in early programming and later responsivity of the stress system. Research has focused on how the microbiota communicates with the central nervous system (CNS) and thereby influences brain function. The routes of this communication are not fully elucidated but include neural, humoral, immune and metabolic pathways. This view is underpinned by studies in germ-free animals and in animals exposed to pathogenic bacterial infections, probiotic agents or antibiotic agents which indicate a role for the gut microbiota in the regulation of mood, cognition, pain and obesity. Thus the concept of a microbiota-gut brain axis is emerging which suggests that modulation of the gut microflora may be a tractable strategy for developing novel therapeutics for complex stress-related CNS disorders where there is a huge unmet medical need.
Biogaia probiotics are quite popular among mothers. Babies benefit greatly from the use of them. What does Biogaia probiotics contain, and why is it necessary for babies? In what circumstances are they unnecessary?
Probiotics in diarrhea in India - Special Ref to LrGG Lactobacillus Rhamnosus...Gaurav Gupta
Probiotics in diarrhea in India - Special Ref to LrGG Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG - june 2018 unobiotic, superflora GG,
Talk taken in Chandigarh in June 2018
Assist other natural antimicrobial agents
Cardiovascular diseases
Assist the liver in the detoxification process
Bolster the immune system.
Decrease the incidence and duration of diarrhea
Enable better growth development in children.
Lower blood pressure
Have anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic, and anti-allergic activities.
Help prevent osteoporosis.
Help prevent colon cancer
Improve digestion and balance cholesterol metabolism.
Increase nutritional value of foods through better digestibility and an increased absorption of
nutrients.
Manufacture lactase, which promotes intestinal lactose digestion.
Prevent and reduce intestinal tract infections
Promote a feeling of well-being.
12
Bacterial colonisation of the intestine has a major role in the post-natal development and maturation of the immune and endocrine systems. These processes are key factors underpinning central nervous system (CNS) signaling. Regulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis is essential for maintaining homeostasis, including that of the CNS. Moreover, there is now expanding evidence for the view that commensal organisms within the gut play a role in early programming and later responsivity of the stress system. Research has focused on how the microbiota communicates with the central nervous system (CNS) and thereby influences brain function. The routes of this communication are not fully elucidated but include neural, humoral, immune and metabolic pathways. This view is underpinned by studies in germ-free animals and in animals exposed to pathogenic bacterial infections, probiotic agents or antibiotic agents which indicate a role for the gut microbiota in the regulation of mood, cognition, pain and obesity. Thus the concept of a microbiota-gut brain axis is emerging which suggests that modulation of the gut microflora may be a tractable strategy for developing novel therapeutics for complex stress-related CNS disorders where there is a huge unmet medical need.
Scientific Validation Of Polydextrose As A Fibre AndGeoffreyOsullivan
Presents an overview of the scientific evidence and methods used to prove polydextrose is a safe and effective soluble prebiotic fibre with high toleration
Kenny De Meirleir : ME/CFS, hydrogen sulfide and aberrant prion diseaseguest478151
London, May 28, 2009
Kenny De Meirleir (1), Chris Roelant (2), Marc Fremont (2), Kristin Metzger (2), Henry Butt (3)
(1) Vrije Universiteit Brussel & HIMMUNITAS foundation, Brussels, Belgium
(2) Protea BioPharma, Brussels, Belgium
(3) Bioscreen & Bio 21, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
Dr. Shikhman discusses reasons why you still may not feel well even after going gluten free. Covering leaky gut syndrome, yeast overgrowth, food allergies, endocrine abnormalities.
Probiotics are well known and routinely used additives in the main livestock species. They claim to improve gut health by stabilising gut flora being their effect reflected in a better overall health status, welfare and performance of the animals.
Ankylosing Spondylitis the gut and the bugs: an integrative approach to treat...IFSMED
Rheumatologist Dr. Alex Shikhman makes the connection between ankylosing spondylitis and the gut. Offering natural dietary supplements to help manage many of the side effects associated with the disease
Learn more about probiotics!
Probiotics are live micro-organisms and are often referred to as "friendly bacteria" or "good bacteria" as they support gut health, digestion and the immune system. 70% of all antibody-producing cells are located in the gut - working hard to prevent unwanted bacteria from proliferating.
Probiotics may be useful when the balance of "good" and "bad" bacteria in the bowel has been disrupted. This can happen for a number of reasons, including the use of medication, following illness, as a result of stress, travel to a foreign country and also as we get older. An imbalance of bowel flora can lead to unpleasant symptoms such as IBS, bloating, constipation and diarrhoea.
Probiotics are thought to have a positive impact on gut health, digestion and the immune system if we have an imbalance.
Specialist Supplements Ltd is based in the UK and has been supplying health clinics, detox spas, colonic hydrotherapists, surgeries, health stores and the public with high potency, GMP-manufactured health products and organic foods since 1995.
Our product ranges include probiotics, digestive aids, colon cleansers, cleanse and detox, meal replacement shakes, antioxidants and superfoods, organic products, weight management support supplements, sports and muscle mass products, vegetarian and vegan supplements and protein powders and shakes.
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The storyline behind the modern epidemic of inflammation driven disease goes as follows:
• Chronic degenerative conditions (Diseases of Civilization – DOCs) are on the rise and have overtaken infections as the major source of death and illness.
• This epidemiological transition is due, at least in part, to environmental changes that have increased the disease liability of genetic profiles that were previously benign.
• These DOCs are associated with increased systemic inflammation stemming from inappropriate stressor-response mechanisms.
• Much of this inflammation is generated and/or perpetuated by the gut-brain axis.
• Gut-brain axis derived inflammation leads to disruptions in psycho-neuro-immunological (PNI) balances.
• Pathophysiological mediators of PNI disturbances can be measured and treated.
• A cornerstone of said treatment is the regular consumption of a high quality multi-strain probiotic.
The carefully selected strains in Tri-Flora have been shown to:
• Decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines;
• Increase anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10;
• Stimulate regulatory immune cells;
• Inhibit immune response to LPS (lipopolysaccharide) transduction;
• Improve intestinal barrier function;
• Enhance mucosal and systemic immune responses;
• Produce and deliver neurotransmitters such as GABA and serotonin.
And in so doing accomplish some very intriguing clinical feats:
1. Lessen symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome;
2. Act as an adjunct to standard care in the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder;
3. Improve anxiety and reduce brain cell death; and
4. Help women lose weight.
It is for reasons such as this, that my most commonly recommended supplement for most people is a high quality probiotic. Tri-Flora by IP Formulas is my new favorite.
For over 25 years, ALCAT has been the pioneer in developing kits used for testing of gluten allergy. A gluten allergy kit from ALCAT is capable of determining the extent of allergy that a patient has to the 350 plus chemicals that cause gluten sensitivity.
Robert Hutkins (University of Nebraska, USA) explored the interactions between ingested microorganisms and the gut microbiota, and the way exogenous microorganisms can change the gut environment.
Get started today with the Gut flora & probiotic 11 to enjoy good health and a 15% discount...:0)
Simply, copy and paste the link below at your web browser address barpelase visit the l
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AHS13 Grayson Wheatley - What is Optimal Health? Complexity Science, Chaos Th...Ancestral Health Society
An ancestral lifestyle relies on alignment of nutrition, physical activity and sleep for achieving optimal health and well-being. New research in complexity science - a rapidly evolving body of work that studies dynamic networking systems - has cast doubt on the effectiveness of how we measure expected outcomes in health and medicine. Complex systems may better explain human health by focusing not on single data elements as “cause-and-effect” but on the interactions among complex biological systems. The implications of complexity science and chaos theory on leading an ancestral lifestyle and achieving optimal health will be discussed.
AHS13 Adele Hite - The Real Paleo Challenge: How a Fad on the Fringe Can Beco...Ancestral Health Society
Adele's AHS13 talk, The Real Paleo Challenge: How a Fad on the Fringe Can Become a Force for Change, may be viewed on our youtube channel:
http://youtu.be/l1r8yF02oc8
For complete schedule, bios, abstracts, please see our website:
http://www.ancestralhealth.org/post/ahs13-detailed-schedule
Dr. Lassek's talk may be viewed here:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJhT_ANNy4E
Abstract: One puzzle is why human males have such a strong preference for women with hourglass figures and low weights that can compromise fertility. The second is why slender young women typically have about one third of their weight in body fat, more than bears starting to hibernate, and why human infants are also very fat. Finally, why do women typically gain another twenty pounds or more during their reproductive years? The answer may lie in the roles that fat plays in providing essential fatty acids needed for the growth of a very large brain and in regulating overall fetal growth.
Over the past century, industrialized societies have seen a meteoric rise in the so-called diseases of civilization: obesity, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, autoimmune disease and cancer. These disorders are often associated with apparent "deficiencies" in critical nutrients such as vitamins, minerals and hormones. This talk will examine the arguments for and against supplementation, together with the evidence from interventional studies. The focus will be on the supplementation with Vitamin C, Vitamin D, and calcium. I will argue that the case for supplementation as a long-term preventive strategy has not be made, and often overlooks the compensating effects of homeostatic regulation.
AHS13 Stephan Guyenet Insulin and Obesity: Reconciling Conflicting Evidence Ancestral Health Society
The pancreatic hormone insulin regulates the trafficking and metabolism of carbohydrate and fat. Since insulin influences fatty acid flux in fat tissue, and manipulating insulin can influence body fatness, this has raised the possibility that insulin plays a role in common obesity. Two competing hypotheses propose that 1) elevated insulin is a compensatory response to insulin resistance that develops with fat gain, or 2) elevated insulin outpaces insulin resistance and favors fat gain. Each hypothesis appears to be supported by a large amount of evidence. This presentation will outline a framework capable of reconciling this seemingly conflicting evidence.
AHS13 Tony Federico — Processed Foods and Processed Friends: Is Facebook a Ne...Ancestral Health Society
Human beings crave social connection in much the same way that we crave sugary, salty, and fatty foods. In this sense, smartphone enabled social media use parallels the fast food drive-through. Chronic daily use of social media can create dependency and is a threat to emotional and psychological well-being just as over consumption of energy dense foods can lead to diabetes, heart disease, and other diseases of civilization. Moderating the consumption of "processed friends" is just as important as moderating the consumption of processed foods for maintaining and improving total health and wellness.
AHS13 Tim Gerstmar - It Ain't Your Great-Grandparents World: Environmental To...Ancestral Health Society
Humanity has released approximately 100,000 new chemical compounds into the environment, mostly in the past 100 years. Compounds our bodies have never seen before and weren't designed to deal with. In this talk we will discuss some of the common environmental toxins and how they have been shown to be harmful to human health. We will also discuss: testing methods for quantifying toxicity, how the body detoxifies (the seven organs involved) and provide simple methods audience members can take to reduce their toxic burden, as well as briefly discuss more intensive, physician practices for detoxification for people who need it.
AHS13 Hamilton Stapell — The End of Paleo: Is the Ancestral Health Movement G...Ancestral Health Society
Hamilton's talk may be viewed at http://youtu.be/ArcSIg3cYcw
Complete abstracts along with presenter bios and photos, are available on our website:
http://www.ancestralhealth.org/post/2013-ancestral-health-symposium-ahs13
Abstract:
The current Ancestral Health movement is often thought to be on the verge of going mainstream. Many within the movement believe this would lead to positive health (and financial) outcomes for both individuals and society as a whole. However, the transition from a small, highly-devoted group of adherents to a mass following will be far more difficult than commonly assumed. In addition, this presentation will gauge the current size of the Ancestral Health movement by examining empirical data. It also identifies the two types of individuals that typically go paleo. The key commonality between both groups is a very high level of motivation, which also suggests limited penetration of the Ancestral Health movement in the future.
AHS13 Alyssa Rhoden — Give Them Grains? Analyzing Approaches to World Hunger Ancestral Health Society
Feeding the world is a compelling problem that is expected to worsen. A proposed solution is to increase the number of available calories by diverting more crops from animal feed to direct human consumption. I analyze this approach, taking into account the types of food that can be produced. The results indicate that current crops are rather poor at delivering nutritious food and that repurposing grains is an unlikely solution to world hunger. I will discuss alternative methods by which we can maximize production of nutritious foods and the importance of the ancestral health community’s involvement in the sustainable agriculture movement.
Depression is an insidious issue in the US and elsewhere. Lifestyle habits that are very different from our ancestral environment may be to blame, and one particularly problematic area is food choice. Depressive symptoms share much in common with the adaptive features of sickness behavior, which is functional when operating in an environment of ancestrally normal immune stressor. Modern diets likely activate the immune system (primarily the inflammatory response) and induce the cascade of adaptive responses that collective make up sickness behavior. Due to their similarities, these may then diagnosed as depression. In this talk, I discuss the links among diet, depression, and inflammation, as well as highlighting some specific dietary components that contribute to this response.
AHS13 Paul Ralston — The Effect of Diet on Chronic Spinal Pain Disorders Ancestral Health Society
Despite the high frequency of spinal related pain disorders, few patients or physicians understand or even acknowledge the role nutrition plays in pain perception. This presentation will explain the anatomy of the most common spinal structures responsible for being sources of pain. The lecture will also examine the robust role diet plays in increasing or decreasing the perception of pain.
AHS13 Shilpi Mehta — Nutrition for the Eyes, Brain and Heart: An Eye Doctor's...Ancestral Health Society
Ocular health is strongly connected to systemic body health especially in cardiovascular, neuronal, and inflammatory diseases. The eye is the window to the health of the body and inflammation elsewhere can manifest symptoms in the eye. I suggest an anti-inflammatory Paleolithic inspired diet is likely to improve and possibly prevent ocular diseases such as dry eyes, cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma, etc. which have inflammatory origins. I will discuss common ocular conditions that have inflammatory causes, an evolutionary perspective on eye diseases, and offer practical recommendations for food and supplements to optimize eye health, which also help the body, especially the heart and brain.
Persistent lack of progress by mainstream (non-evolutionary) medicine suggests evolutionary thinking is necessary for progress, but many examples – involving Weston Price, sleep, depression, weight control, omega-3, acne, depression, and fermented foods -- suggest it is far from sufficient. Evolutionary thinking helps solve health problems because it greatly narrows the possibilities worth study but it does not narrow the possibilities far enough (there is too much uncertainty) to by itself produce practical solutions. For example, evolutionary thinking helped me find a new theory of weight control but I had learn more to find a practical way to lose weight.
Dry Eye Disease (DED) has become a substantial economic burden to industrialized society. It is estimated to cost as much as $18K/year/patient in lost productivity for a total of $55B/year in the United States alone. Severe, untreated dry eye disease can result in significant morbidity and potential loss of vision. The role that diet plays in the inflammation and lipid abnormalities associated with dry eye disease has only recently been discovered and is still not widely accepted in the medical community.
AHS13 Colin Champ — Intermittent Fasting and Carbohydrate Restriction in Canc...Ancestral Health Society
Dietary manipulation, including intermittent fasting, carbohydrate restriction, and ketogenic diets, all ancestral in etiology, appear to increase the efficacy of radiation therapy for cancer treatment in preclinical and clinical trials. Clinical trials incorporating such dietary manipulation are necessary.
AHS13 Anastasia Boulais — Is Sun Worshipping Increasing Your Risk of Melanoma? Ancestral Health Society
Those of us familiar with the evolutionary medicine model have come to question many of the conventional public health recommendations and, along with them, the complete sun avoidance. Dr Anastasia Boulais will describe the delicate balance between the benefits and risks of sun worshipping based on current evidence. The talk will focus on particular patterns of sun exposure which may increase the risk of formation of cutaneous melanoma. Other factors, such as diet, vitamin D status and even training patterns, contributing to that risk will be discussed. Anastasia will conclude with an overview of protective lifestyle factors.
AHS13 Jeffrey Rothschild — Time-restricted Feeding, an Overview of the Curren...Ancestral Health Society
Time-restricted feeding is a method of intermittent fasting which allows ad libitum energy intake within a window of 4-12 hours, inducing a 12-20h daily fasted window. A wide variety of health benefits have been seen in animal and human trials, this presentation will review the current research and suggest practical applications.
AHS13 Russ Crandall and Paul Jaminet — The Perfectly Healthy Meal: How Ancest...Ancestral Health Society
We examine the principles of recipe and meal design in three approaches – standard Paleo, traditional cuisines, and Perfect Health Diet – to evaluate their similarities and differences. We then compare and contrast how various traditional recipes are implemented in the three approaches, and discuss the relative merits of each approach. Our goal is to answer the question: how can we synthesize the best of each approach to design the most healthful, satisfying, nourishing, delicious food possible?
AHS13 Russ Crandall and Paul Jaminet — The Perfectly Healthy Meal: How Ancest...
AHS Slides_DrBG and Tim Gerstmar
1. The Rainforest In Your Gut Brief Tour of the Biome, Why It’s Messed Up and How To Fix It Art Credit ‘The Happy Enterocyte’: By Gill Danielsen, associated with lab group that studies enterocyte membrane trafficking
46. So what are you going to do about it? 1. Diet 2. Herbal medicines 3. Prescription medicines 4. Gut healing formulas 5. Pre/Probiotics 6. “Brain support”
53. Prescription anti-microbials Broad spectrum or targeted by sensitivity testing Synergism - pair anti-microbials with natural compounds Example: Green tea extracts have been shown to reverse antibiotic resistance
54. Gut healing formulas Glutamine DGL Aloe vera extract Marshmallow Slippery Elm Gamma oryzanol MSM Spanish moss Calendula Chamomile
55. Pre and Probiotics Prebiotics – soluble fibers, “bacteria food” Probiotics – friendly cultures that have been extracted and can be given supplementally Human strain not cow strain Implantable, colonizing strains Personally: Start with probiotics only. Minimum 25 billion/day. Given with food. Later transition to lower doses with prebiotics included. MUST with antimicrobial use (natural or prescription), given at different times of the day. Fermented foods – eaten daily
56. Brain support Another presentation Increase brain output through vagus nerve 1. Modulate neurodegeneration 2. Reduce inflammation 3. Balance blood sugar 4. Neurotransmitter support
58. Feel free to contact us: Tim Gerstmar, ND Aspire Natural Health Redmond, WA (425) 202-7849 www. aspirenaturalhealth .com Facebook.com/AspireNaturalHealth I'm trying out Twitter/Tgerstmar Dr. BG, PharmD Email: RamaRaMAX @ gmail .com Using Science To Recover Health: Hurricane Jillian
B, subtilis S. Thermophilus Stimulate IFN Combat and kill mold, yeasts, fungi, candida otherwise no lush growth
An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Turnbaugh, et al. Nature. 2006;444(7122):1027-1031 • Purpose : To transplant microbiota from lean and obese mice into germ free mice to show the composition of the gut microbiota is important in determining weight • Results: Mice colonized with obese microbiota extracted more calories from food and showed a significantly greater weight gain than did mice that received the microbiota from lean mice • Suggests : Difference in caloric extraction of ingested food substances may be determined by the composition of the gut microbiota
Eat with our eyes…Mastication
Compromised Permeability Absorption of substances not normally Food: undigested proteins, fats, gluten, casein Pathogens: bacteria, yeasts, viruses Leaky gut, Small intestinal overgrowth (SIBO) Food allergies start Bacterial Translocation Autoimmunity, CICs Chronic Diseases of Western Civilizations
Immunological cross reactivity between Candida albicans and human tissue. Vojdani A, Rahimian P, Kalhor H, Mordechai E. J Clin Lab Immunol. 1996;48(1):1-15. IgA and IgG serum antibodies to Candida albicans in women of child-bearing age. Manning-Zweerink M, Maloney CS, Mitchell TG, Weston H. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Jan;23(1):46-52. Anti-ovarian and anti-lymphocyte antibodies in patients with chronic vaginal candidiasis. Mathur S, et al . J Reprod Immunol. 1980 Dec;2(5):247-62. Antibrain antibodies in children with autism and their unaffected siblings. Singer HS, Morris CM, Williams PN, Yoon DY, Hong JJ, Zimmerman AW. J Neuroimmunol. 2006 Sep;178(1-2):149-55. Brain-specific autoantibodies in the plasma of subjects with autistic spectrum disorder. Cabanlit M, Wills S, Goines P, Ashwood P, Van de Water J. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Jun;1107:92-103. Maternal antibrain antibodies in autism. Zimmerman AW, Connors SL, Matteson KJ, Lee LC, Singer HS, Castaneda JA, Pearce DA. Brain Behav Immun. 2007 Mar;21(3):351-7. Detection of maternal antibodies in infantile autism. Warren RP, Cole P, Odell JD, Pingree CB, Warren WL, White E, Yonk J, Singh VK. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1990 Nov;29(6):873-7. Autoantibodies to cerebellum in children with autism associate with behavior. Goines P, Haapanen L, Boyce R, Duncanson P, Braunschweig D, Delwiche L, Hansen R, Hertz-Picciotto I, Ashwood P, Van de Water J. Brain Behav Immun. 2011 Mar;25(3):514-23. Klebsiella pneumonia: nitrogenase, etc [anti-collagen] – HLA B27 Yersinia, Candida, etc -- Hashimoto’s/Graves – HLA DR3 or DR4 Gut flora, enterobacter, candida, casein/gluten [anti-cerebellar, fetal brain protein] -- HLA-DR B1 gene is associated with both RA and infantile autism, implying that RA and infantile autism may have some common genetic background. Other immune-based genes found associated with ASDs include HLA-DR4,25,26 HLA-DR13,25 and HLA-A2.27
Antibiotics not work long-term in studies for IBS 14-Day Elemental diet controlled SIBO in IBS with long-term efficacy (n=93), Pimental et al Results: 85% normalized LBT with 66.4% sx improvement (11.9% p < 0.001) Why? Eliminated food allergens: FODMAPs, gluten, dairy Allowed healing of enterocytes Sealing up of epithelial lining prevented undigest food to initiate circulating immune complexes Functional enterocytes nurture beneficial gut flora and brush border enzymes produced for digestion of food Bohme M, Diener M, Mestres P, Rummel W. Direct and indirect actions of HgCl2 and methyl mercury chloride on permeability and chloride secretion across the rat colonic mucosa. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 114: 285–294, 1992.