This document discusses speed control and four quadrant operation of a brushless DC motor (BLDC). It presents the mathematical model of a BLDC motor and describes the PI speed controller and hysteresis current controller used. It explains how the motor can be controlled to operate in all four quadrants (forward/reverse speed and torque) by changing the phase energization based on rotor position from hall sensors. A simulation model of the complete BLDC drive system is developed using MATLAB to validate the four quadrant control approach. The model achieves direction reversal from clockwise to counterclockwise without stopping at a standstill position first.
SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR FOR RENEWAB...IAEME Publication
This paper deals with the simulation of dynamic model of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) in D-Q axes of the rotor rotating reference frame. The iron core losses and stray load losses of the machine are taken into account. The iron core losses are represented by iron core resistance connected in parallel with magnetizing inductance and then reflected into the stator side as a voltage drop to prevent increasing the number of differential equations in the model. The modified equivalent circuit can deal with all machine parameters without losing the accuracy of generator performance calculations. The modified equivalent circuit can be used as an efficient tool for analysis, design, and vector control algorithm of this type of generator, especially in renewable energy utilization. The model is executed by Matlab Simulink and very good results are obtained and compared with the results of the experimental model to display the validity and accuracy of the proposed dynamic model.
Fuzzy Logic Controller for Four Quadrant Operation of Three Phase BLDC MotorIJTET Journal
Abstract— Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are one of the electrical drives that are rapidly gaining popularity in industries. In this paper, proposed system gives a three phase Brushless DC (BLDC) in all four quadrant operation by using fuzzy logic controller. The average settling time delay in conventional PI controller drastically overcome by the fuzzy logic controller in order to achieve the constant speed of the motor in any one of the direction respectively. The back EMF is generated during the reverse motoring. In quadrant operation the breaking is applied leads to waste the kinetic energy as heat energy. Utilization of wasted kinetic energy is stored in a battery possible by proposed scheme. The four quadrant operations are Forward Motoring, Forward Braking, Reverse motoring and Reverse Braking. In forward driving the input feed to the BLDC motor up to the set time fastened. Subsequently the Forward Braking is applied then the motor speed reduced to zero. This helps to create a back emf and that is being converted to DC and stored in a battery. Then the Reverse Motoring is applied for rotating the motor at the reverse direction. At last the Reverse Braking is applied it also create the back emf and the converted energy stored in a battery. Rotor position is obtained by the Hall Sensor signal. The system consist of Input source, Fuzzy logic controller, Three phase inverter, Relay, Brushless DC motor (BLDC), Battery, Hall sensor.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Master slave vector controlled double induction motor using unity power facto...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In the recent days most of the industries uses Induction motors as the primary loads. In order to meet the total load requirement
multiple motors are used. In this paper two Vector Controlled (VC) Induction Motors and a double closed loop PWM rectifier are
used to explain the operation of Master Slave Configuration. The work mainly concentrates on the operation of a Unity Power factor
Controlled (UPFC) PWM Rectifier as the input source for both the Vector Controlled Induction Motors. This UPFC PWM Rectifier
uses two closed loop pi control algorithms the inner loop controls the current and the outer loop controls the DC voltage. The
proposed model is simulated in Matlab/ Simulink and the results shows good synchronization for two induction motors operated in
master slave configuration.
Keywords: Vector Control, Induction Motor, PWM Rectifier, and Unity Power Factor Control
Speed Control System for BLDC Motor by using Direct Back EMF Detection Mathodijtsrd
BLDC motors are used in many industrial and traction applications due to high efficiency, low maintenance and high torque. For good performance of BLDC motors, the accurate knowledge of the rotor position is required. The need for the rotor position information in BLDC motors have been satisfied by use of some form of rotor position sensors. But to reduce cost, complexity and also to improve reliability of the system, sensor less drive system is preferred. In this paper, the development of sensor less control system for BLDC motor using a direct back EMF detection method is presented and simulation for proposed system is done with the help of MATLAB SIMULINK. Soe Sandar Aung | Thet Naing Htun "Speed Control System for BLDC Motor by using Direct Back EMF Detection Mathod" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26624.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26624/speed-control-system-for-bldc-motor-by-using-direct-back-emf-detection-mathod/soe-sandar-aung
SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR FOR RENEWAB...IAEME Publication
This paper deals with the simulation of dynamic model of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) in D-Q axes of the rotor rotating reference frame. The iron core losses and stray load losses of the machine are taken into account. The iron core losses are represented by iron core resistance connected in parallel with magnetizing inductance and then reflected into the stator side as a voltage drop to prevent increasing the number of differential equations in the model. The modified equivalent circuit can deal with all machine parameters without losing the accuracy of generator performance calculations. The modified equivalent circuit can be used as an efficient tool for analysis, design, and vector control algorithm of this type of generator, especially in renewable energy utilization. The model is executed by Matlab Simulink and very good results are obtained and compared with the results of the experimental model to display the validity and accuracy of the proposed dynamic model.
Fuzzy Logic Controller for Four Quadrant Operation of Three Phase BLDC MotorIJTET Journal
Abstract— Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are one of the electrical drives that are rapidly gaining popularity in industries. In this paper, proposed system gives a three phase Brushless DC (BLDC) in all four quadrant operation by using fuzzy logic controller. The average settling time delay in conventional PI controller drastically overcome by the fuzzy logic controller in order to achieve the constant speed of the motor in any one of the direction respectively. The back EMF is generated during the reverse motoring. In quadrant operation the breaking is applied leads to waste the kinetic energy as heat energy. Utilization of wasted kinetic energy is stored in a battery possible by proposed scheme. The four quadrant operations are Forward Motoring, Forward Braking, Reverse motoring and Reverse Braking. In forward driving the input feed to the BLDC motor up to the set time fastened. Subsequently the Forward Braking is applied then the motor speed reduced to zero. This helps to create a back emf and that is being converted to DC and stored in a battery. Then the Reverse Motoring is applied for rotating the motor at the reverse direction. At last the Reverse Braking is applied it also create the back emf and the converted energy stored in a battery. Rotor position is obtained by the Hall Sensor signal. The system consist of Input source, Fuzzy logic controller, Three phase inverter, Relay, Brushless DC motor (BLDC), Battery, Hall sensor.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Master slave vector controlled double induction motor using unity power facto...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In the recent days most of the industries uses Induction motors as the primary loads. In order to meet the total load requirement
multiple motors are used. In this paper two Vector Controlled (VC) Induction Motors and a double closed loop PWM rectifier are
used to explain the operation of Master Slave Configuration. The work mainly concentrates on the operation of a Unity Power factor
Controlled (UPFC) PWM Rectifier as the input source for both the Vector Controlled Induction Motors. This UPFC PWM Rectifier
uses two closed loop pi control algorithms the inner loop controls the current and the outer loop controls the DC voltage. The
proposed model is simulated in Matlab/ Simulink and the results shows good synchronization for two induction motors operated in
master slave configuration.
Keywords: Vector Control, Induction Motor, PWM Rectifier, and Unity Power Factor Control
Speed Control System for BLDC Motor by using Direct Back EMF Detection Mathodijtsrd
BLDC motors are used in many industrial and traction applications due to high efficiency, low maintenance and high torque. For good performance of BLDC motors, the accurate knowledge of the rotor position is required. The need for the rotor position information in BLDC motors have been satisfied by use of some form of rotor position sensors. But to reduce cost, complexity and also to improve reliability of the system, sensor less drive system is preferred. In this paper, the development of sensor less control system for BLDC motor using a direct back EMF detection method is presented and simulation for proposed system is done with the help of MATLAB SIMULINK. Soe Sandar Aung | Thet Naing Htun "Speed Control System for BLDC Motor by using Direct Back EMF Detection Mathod" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26624.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26624/speed-control-system-for-bldc-motor-by-using-direct-back-emf-detection-mathod/soe-sandar-aung
Nowadays power electronics circuits are embedded to most of electrical application areas. This approached offers a great control mechanism with simple and easy circuit configuration. Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) is one of the most recent apparatus which draws a great number of researchers’ interests. Previously several attempts are made to use the power converters as driver for SRM such as Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) and bridge converters. This paper presents an analysis study of three level inverter to control the SRM. The inverter is controlled using space vector modulation SVM. The aim of this paper is to report the use the multilevel inverter to be fed into the SRM. The implementation of the multilevel inverter is abl to reduce the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD). Performance comparison are made between the multilevel and previous power electronics circuits that applied to the SRM. The simulation results have been conducted by MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Modeling and Simulation of Five Phase Induction Motor using MATLAB/SimulinkIJERA Editor
Three phase Induction motors are invariably used in many residential, commercial, industrial & utility
applications because of low cost, reliable operation, robust operation and low maintenance. Multiphase motor
drives with phase number greater than three phase leads to an improvement in the medium to high power drives
application. The multiphase induction motor find application in special and critical area where high reliability is
demanded such as Electric vehicles/Hybrid Electric vehicles, aerospace application, ship propulsion and
locomotive traction and in high power application. This paper presents the MATLAB/Simulink implementation
of Induction motor. Reference frame theory is used for simulation of the five phase induction motor. Dynamic
model are employed to better understand the behavior of the induction motor in both steady state and transient
state.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mathematical Modeling 15kW Standard Induction Motor using MATLAB/SIMULINKijsrd.com
Electric motors and motor systems in industrial and infrastructure applications with pumps, fans and compressors in buildings are responsible for 45% of the world's total electricity consumption. New and existing technologies offer the potential to reduce the energy demand of motor systems across the global economy by 20% to 30% with short payback period. This paper addresses the impact of load modeling in particular induction motor. The objective of paper is to analyze the performance of 15kw standard induction motor and extraction of parameter such as stator resistance, rotor resistance, stator and rotor inductance, torque, speed.
Induction motor modelling and applications reportUmesh Dadde
A three-phase induction motor is one of the most popular and versatile motor in electrical
power system and industries. It can perform the best when operated using a balanced three-phase
supply of the correct frequency. In spite of their robustness they do occasionally fail and their
resulting unplanned downtime can prove very costly. Therefore, condition monitoring of
electrical machines has received considerable attention in recent years.
Hydraulics now a days is a very distinguished area which has lot of major challenges often came in its
progress due to the realistic changes affecting on applicable working fluid viz. Water. Most occasions,
Water can be easily available but in certain times it may be scarce also. The available water vary according
to its properties. It exists in normal conditions as well as salty or hardy due to deposits. Majority of Water
is contaminated with minerals, dust or dirt. Often pure water which may be acidic or alkaline can be used
for making discharges through the Turbines
In this work, an accurate formulation and estimation of stray power losses in induction machines are proposed. Stray losses are estimated by derived formulas based on the leakage fluxes from the induction machine windings. These leakage fluxes induce voltage drops in the machine stator and rotor iron cores and eddy currents in the machine windings, causing stray power losses in the machine iron cores and windings. By adding these losses, a completed estimation of stray losses can be obtained and implemented in the equivalent machine circuit. The stray losses are represented by stray loss resistances connected in series with the stator and rotor circuits. Due to the stray loss in the rotor circuit depending largely on the machine slip this may be omitted without influencing the accuracy of stray loss calculations. The obtained formulas of stray loss estimation are practically satisfied. An accurate loss calculation in induction machines is very useful in the energy-saving issue.
This ppt shows the modelling and simulation of permanent magnet synchronous motor by using torque control method.
And this is the most advanced and soffestigated method to control the pmsm motors.
Induction motor modelling and applicationsUmesh Dadde
A three-phase induction motor is one of the most popular and versatile motor in electrical
power system and industries. It can perform the best when operated using a balanced three-phase
supply of the correct frequency. In spite of their robustness they do occasionally fail and their
resulting unplanned downtime can prove very costly. Therefore, condition monitoring of
electrical machines has received considerable attention in recent years.
A novel approach towards handling of bldc motor drive along with faulty hall ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Nowadays power electronics circuits are embedded to most of electrical application areas. This approached offers a great control mechanism with simple and easy circuit configuration. Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) is one of the most recent apparatus which draws a great number of researchers’ interests. Previously several attempts are made to use the power converters as driver for SRM such as Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) and bridge converters. This paper presents an analysis study of three level inverter to control the SRM. The inverter is controlled using space vector modulation SVM. The aim of this paper is to report the use the multilevel inverter to be fed into the SRM. The implementation of the multilevel inverter is abl to reduce the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD). Performance comparison are made between the multilevel and previous power electronics circuits that applied to the SRM. The simulation results have been conducted by MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Modeling and Simulation of Five Phase Induction Motor using MATLAB/SimulinkIJERA Editor
Three phase Induction motors are invariably used in many residential, commercial, industrial & utility
applications because of low cost, reliable operation, robust operation and low maintenance. Multiphase motor
drives with phase number greater than three phase leads to an improvement in the medium to high power drives
application. The multiphase induction motor find application in special and critical area where high reliability is
demanded such as Electric vehicles/Hybrid Electric vehicles, aerospace application, ship propulsion and
locomotive traction and in high power application. This paper presents the MATLAB/Simulink implementation
of Induction motor. Reference frame theory is used for simulation of the five phase induction motor. Dynamic
model are employed to better understand the behavior of the induction motor in both steady state and transient
state.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mathematical Modeling 15kW Standard Induction Motor using MATLAB/SIMULINKijsrd.com
Electric motors and motor systems in industrial and infrastructure applications with pumps, fans and compressors in buildings are responsible for 45% of the world's total electricity consumption. New and existing technologies offer the potential to reduce the energy demand of motor systems across the global economy by 20% to 30% with short payback period. This paper addresses the impact of load modeling in particular induction motor. The objective of paper is to analyze the performance of 15kw standard induction motor and extraction of parameter such as stator resistance, rotor resistance, stator and rotor inductance, torque, speed.
Induction motor modelling and applications reportUmesh Dadde
A three-phase induction motor is one of the most popular and versatile motor in electrical
power system and industries. It can perform the best when operated using a balanced three-phase
supply of the correct frequency. In spite of their robustness they do occasionally fail and their
resulting unplanned downtime can prove very costly. Therefore, condition monitoring of
electrical machines has received considerable attention in recent years.
Hydraulics now a days is a very distinguished area which has lot of major challenges often came in its
progress due to the realistic changes affecting on applicable working fluid viz. Water. Most occasions,
Water can be easily available but in certain times it may be scarce also. The available water vary according
to its properties. It exists in normal conditions as well as salty or hardy due to deposits. Majority of Water
is contaminated with minerals, dust or dirt. Often pure water which may be acidic or alkaline can be used
for making discharges through the Turbines
In this work, an accurate formulation and estimation of stray power losses in induction machines are proposed. Stray losses are estimated by derived formulas based on the leakage fluxes from the induction machine windings. These leakage fluxes induce voltage drops in the machine stator and rotor iron cores and eddy currents in the machine windings, causing stray power losses in the machine iron cores and windings. By adding these losses, a completed estimation of stray losses can be obtained and implemented in the equivalent machine circuit. The stray losses are represented by stray loss resistances connected in series with the stator and rotor circuits. Due to the stray loss in the rotor circuit depending largely on the machine slip this may be omitted without influencing the accuracy of stray loss calculations. The obtained formulas of stray loss estimation are practically satisfied. An accurate loss calculation in induction machines is very useful in the energy-saving issue.
This ppt shows the modelling and simulation of permanent magnet synchronous motor by using torque control method.
And this is the most advanced and soffestigated method to control the pmsm motors.
Induction motor modelling and applicationsUmesh Dadde
A three-phase induction motor is one of the most popular and versatile motor in electrical
power system and industries. It can perform the best when operated using a balanced three-phase
supply of the correct frequency. In spite of their robustness they do occasionally fail and their
resulting unplanned downtime can prove very costly. Therefore, condition monitoring of
electrical machines has received considerable attention in recent years.
A novel approach towards handling of bldc motor drive along with faulty hall ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Closed Loop Speed Control of a BLDC Motor Drive Using Adaptive Fuzzy Tuned PI...IJERA Editor
Brushless DC Motors are widely used for many industrial applications because of their high efficiency, high
torque and low volume. This paper proposed an improved Adaptive Fuzzy PI controller to control the speed of
BLDC motor. This paper provides an overview of different tuning methods of PID Controller applied to control
the speed of the transfer function model of the BLDC motor drive and then to the mathematical model of the
BLDC motor drive. It is difficult to tune the parameters and get satisfied control characteristics by using normal
conventional PI controller. The experimental results verify that Adaptive Fuzzy PI controller has better control
performance than the conventional PI controller. The modeling, control and simulation of the BLDC motor have
been done using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Also, the dynamic characteristics of the BLDC motor (i.e.
speed and torque) as well as currents and voltages of the inverter components are observed by using the
developed model.
A BL-CSC Converter fed BLDC Motor Drive with Power Factor Correctioniosrjce
This paper presents a power factor correction (PFC) based bridgeless-canonical switching cell
(BL-CSC) converter fed brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive. The proposed BL-CSC converter operating in a
discontinuous inductor current mode is used to achieve a unity power factor at the AC mains using a single
voltage sensor. The speed of BLDC motor is controlled by varying the DC bus voltage of the voltage source
inverter (VSI) feeding BLDC motor via a PFC converter. Therefore, the BLDC motor is electronically
commutated such that the VSI operates in fundamental frequency switching for reduced switching losses.
Moreover, the bridgeless configuration of CSC converter offers low conduction losses due to partial elimination
of diode bridge rectifier at the front end. The proposed configuration shows a considerable increase in
efficiency as compared to the conventional scheme,a combination of switch, capacitor (C1) and diode (D) is
known as a ‘canonical switching cell’ and this cell combined with an inductor (Li) and a DC link capacitor (Cd)
is known as a CSC converter.With proper design and selection of parameters, this combination is used to
achieve PFC operation when fed by a single phase supply via a DBR (Diode Bridge Rectifier) and a DC filter.
ITS A PPT ON BRUSHLESS DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR GIVING YOU A GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE WOKING OF THE BLDC MOTOR AND COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL DC MOTORS
Brushless DC motor Drive during Speed regulation with Current ControllerIJERA Editor
Brushless DC Motor (BLDC) is one of the best electrical drives that have increasing popularity, due to their
high efficiency, reliability, good dynamic response and very low maintenance. Due to the increasing demand for
compact & reliable motors and the evolution of low cost power semiconductor switches and permanent magnet
(PM) materials, brushless DC motors become popular in every application from home appliances to aerospace
industry. The conventional techniques for controlling the stator phase current in a brushless DC drive are
practically effective in low speed and cannot reduce the commutation torque ripple in high speed range. This
paper presents the PI controller for speed control of BLDC motor. The output of the PI controllers is summed
and is given as the input to the current controller. The BLDC motor is fed from the inverter where the rotor
position and current controller is the input. The complete model of the proposed drive system is developed and
simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software. The operation principle of using component is analysed and the
simulation results are presented in this to verify the theoretical analysis.
Analysis and control of four quadrant operation of three phase brushless dc (...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Speed Control of BLDC Motor with Four Quadrant Operation Using dsPICijsrd.com
Brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives are becoming more popular in industrial and traction applications. Hence the control of BLDC motor in four quadrants is very vital. The flexibility of the drive system is increased using digital controller. In this paper the PWM signals for driving the power inverter bridge for BLDC motor have been successfully implemented using a dsPIC controller and the motor can be controlled in all the four quadrants without any loss of power .Energy is conserved during regenerative braking period. The digital controller dsPIC, is advantageous over other controller, as it combines the calculation capability of digital signal processor and controlling capability of PIC microcontroller to achieve a precise control. Simulation of the proposed model is done by using MATLAB/Simulink.
The trend in the motor applications is to reduce weight and volume by increasing the efficiency. Because of the advantage of high efficiency and high density, interest in brushless DC motors and drives is increasing. Unlike DC motors, the brushless DC (BLDC) motors require inverter circuit and position detector. In this paper, we deal with the optimization of the BLDC motor, the inverter, and the position detector. The inverter is optimized to be mounted on the BLDC motor. This paper deals primarily with the design and implementation aspects of the BLDC motor and the integrated drive circuit. Experimental results for the prototype of the BLDC motor with integrated dirve circuit in the laboratory are presented to validate the feasibility.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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An introduction to the cryptocurrency investment platform Binance Savings.
Dr32733737
1. Ms. Snehalata Y. Dhenge, Prof.V.S.Nandanwar / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.733-737
733 | P a g e
To Study Speed Control and Four Quadrant Operation of BLDC
Motor
Ms. Snehalata Y. Dhenge, Prof. V.S. Nandanwar
(Department of Electrical Engg. PCE, Nagpur, India)
(Department of Electrical Engg. PCE, Nagpur, India)
ABSTRACT
Brushless DC motor drives are becoming
more popular in industrial, Traction applications.
This make the control of BLDC motor in all four
quadrant very vital. This paper deals with the
control of three phase BLDC motor. The motor is
controlled in all the four quadrants without any
loss of power in fact energy is conserved during
the regenerative period. In this paper, The BLDC
motor drive system along with the control system
for speed and current has been present using
MATLAB.
Keywords: BLDC Motor, PI Controller, Hysteresis
Current Controller, Four quadrant operation.
I. INTRODUCTION
Brushless DC Motor has a rotor with
permanent magnets and stator with windings. It is
essentially a Dc motor turn inside out. The brushes
and commutator have been eliminated and the
windings are connected to the electronics. The
control Electronics replace the function of
commutator and energize the proper windings. The
motor has less inertia, therefore easy to start and stop.
BLDC motor are permanently cleaner, faster, more
efficient, less noisy and more reliable .
The brushless DC motor is driven by rectangular or
trapezoidal voltage strokes coupled with rotor
position. The voltage strokes must be properly
aligned, between the phase a, so that the angle
between the stator flux and rotor flux is kept close to
90 degree, to get maximum developed torque. BLDC
motor either incorporates either internal or external
position sensors to sense the actual rotor position or
its position can also be detected without sensors.
BLDC motor are used in Aerospace, Consumer,
Medical ,Industrial Automation equipment and
Instrumentation.
In addition, the ratio of torque delivered to
the size of the motor is higher, making it useful in
applications where space and weight are critical
factors. BLDC motor require an inverter and position
sensors that exposes rotor position for appropriate
alternation of current. the rotation of the BLDC
motor is built on the feedback of rotor position that is
gained from hall sensors .BLDC motor generally
utilizes three hall sensors for deciding the
commutation sequence. In BLDC motor the power
losses are in stator where heat can be easily shifted
through the frame or cooling system are utilized in
massive machines. BLDC motors have many benefits
are better speed torque characteristics, high dynamic
response, high efficiency, long operating life,
noiseless operation, higher speed ranges. Till now
80% of the controllers are PI controllers because they
are facile and easy to comprehend.
As the name implies, BLDC motors do not use
brushes for commutation; instead they are
electronically commutated. Brushless DC motors
have been used in various industrial and domestic
applications. Due to overweighing merits of this
motor, there is continuing trend to propose improved
control schemes to enhance the performance of the
motor. BLDC Motor considered in these models is
star connected with neutral grounding, but several
applications require isolated neutral. Keeping merits
of these developments in view, in this paper the
motor with windings placed in the slots that are
axially cut along the inner periphery or around stator
salient poles. The rotor is made of permanent
magnets and can vary from two to eight pole pairs
with alternate north (N) and south (S) poles. In order
to rotate a BLDC motor, the stator windings should
be energized in a sequence. . It is essential to know
the rotor position in order to understand as to which
winding must be energized. In the brushless DC
motor, polarity reversal is performed by power
transistors switching in synchronization with the
rotor position. This paper is organized as follows:
section II describes the three phase BLDC motor and
controllers. In section III, the realization of four
quadrant control operation of the BLDC motor. The
complete drive system is reviewed in section IV.
II . BLDC MOTOR And CONTROLLERS
Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motors
are one of the motor types rapidly gaining popularity.
BLDC motors are used in industries such as
Appliances, Automotive, Aerospace, Consumer,
Medical, Industrial Automation Equipment and
Instrumentation. As the name implies, BLDC motors
do not use brushes for commutation; instead, they are
electronically commutated. BLDC motors have many
advantages over brushed DC motors and induction
motors. A few of these are:
• Better speed versus torque characteristics
• High dynamic response
• High efficiency
2. Ms. Snehalata Y. Dhenge, Prof.V.S.Nandanwar / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.733-737
734 | P a g e
• Long operating life
• Noiseless operation
• Higher speed ranges
BLDC motors are a type of synchronous motor. This
means the magnetic field generated by the stator and
Brushless DC Motors are driven by DC voltage
the magnetic field generated by the rotor rotate at the
same frequency. BLDC motors do not experience the
“slip” that is normally seen in induction motors.
Brushless DC motors have been used in various
industrial and domestic applications. Due to
overweighing merits of this motor, there is
continuing trend to propose improved control
schemes to enhance the performance of the motor.
For analysis of the BLDC motor drives system under
various conditions, models such as d-q model and
a,b,c phase variable models have been developed .
Several simulation models were proposed based on
non-linear state-space equations. BLDC Motor
considered in these models is star connected with
neutral grounding, but several applications require
isolated neutral . Keeping merits of these
developments in view, in this paper the motor is
modeled as star connected with isolated neutral and
the voltages supplied are line-line but current
commutation is controlled by solid state switches.
The commutation instants are determined by the rotor
position. The rotor shaft position is sensed by a Hall
Effect sensor, which provides signals. Whenever the
rotor magnetic poles pass near the Hall sensors, they
give a high or low signal, indicating either N or S
pole is passing near the sensors. Based on the
combination of these three Hall sensor signals, the
exact sequence of commutation can be determined.
These signals are decoded by combinational logic to
provide the firing signals for 120° conduction on
each of the three phases. The rotor position decoder
has six outputs which control the upper and lower
phase leg MOSFETs.
[2.1] Mathematical Model of the Brushless
DC Motor
The BDCM has three stator windings and
permanent magnets on the rotor. Since both the
magnet and the stainless steel retaining sleeves have
high resistivity, rotor-induced currents can be
neglected and no damper windings are modeled.
Hence the circuit equations of the three windings in
phase variables are
𝑉𝑎
𝑉𝑏
𝑉𝑐
=
𝑅 0 0
0 𝑅 0
0 0 𝑅
𝑖 𝑎
𝑖 𝑏
𝑖 𝑐
+ 𝑝
𝐿 𝑎 𝐿 𝑏𝑎 𝐿 𝑐𝑎
𝐿 𝑏𝑎 𝐿 𝐵 𝐿 𝑐𝑏
𝐿 𝑐𝑎 𝐿𝑐𝑏 𝐿 𝑐
𝑖 𝑎
𝑖 𝑏
𝑖 𝑐
+
𝑒 𝑎
𝑒 𝑏
𝑒𝑐
(1 )
Where it has been assumed that the stator resistances
of all the windings are equal. The back EMF's ea, eb,
and ec, have trapezoidal shapes. Assuming further
that there is no change in the rotor reluctances with
angle, then
La = Lb = Lc
Lab = Lca = Lbc
Hence,
𝑉𝑎
𝑉𝑏
𝑉𝑐
=
𝑅 0 0
0 𝑅 0
0 0 𝑅
𝑖 𝑎
𝑖 𝑏
𝑖 𝑐
+ 𝑝
𝐿 𝑀 𝑀
𝑀 𝐿 𝑀
𝑀 𝑀 𝐿
𝑖 𝑎
𝑖 𝑏
𝑖 𝑐
+
𝑒 𝑎
𝑒 𝑏
𝑒𝑐
(2)
But,
Ia+ ib+ ic = 0
(3)
M ib + M ic = Mia
(4)
Hence,
𝑉𝑎
𝑉𝑏
𝑉𝑐
=
𝑅 0 0
0 𝑅 0
0 0 𝑅
𝑖 𝑎
𝑖 𝑏
𝑖 𝑐
+ 𝑝
𝐿 − 𝑀 0 0
0 𝐿 − 𝑀 0
0 0 𝐿 − 𝑀
𝑖 𝑎
𝑖 𝑏
𝑖 𝑐
+
𝑒 𝑎
𝑒 𝑏
𝑒𝑐
(5)
In state-space form the equations are arranged as
follows:
P
𝑖 𝑎
𝑖 𝑏
𝑖 𝑐
=
1/𝐿 − 𝑀 0 0
0 1/𝐿 − 𝑀 0
0 0 1/𝐿 − 𝑀
𝑉𝑎
𝑉𝑏
𝑉𝑐
−
𝑅000𝑅000𝑅 𝑖𝑎𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑐 − 𝑒𝑎𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑐 (6)
And the Electromagnetic torque is
Te =(eaia +ebib ecic)/wr (7)
The equation of motion is
Pwr = (Te – TL – Bwr )/J
(8)
The currents ia, ib, and ic, needed to produce a steady
torque without torque pulsations are shown in Fig.
With ac machines that have sinusoidal back EMF's, a
transformation can be made from the phase variables
to d, q coordinates either in the stationary, rotor, or
synchronously rotating reference frames. Inductances
that vary sinusoid ally in the a, b, c frame become
constants in the d, q reference frame. The back EMF
being non-sinusoidal in the BDCM means that the
mutual inductance between the stator and rotor is non
sinusoidal, hence transformation to a d, q reference
frame cannot be easily accomplished. A possibility is
to find a Fourier series of the back EMF, in which
case the back EMF in the d, q reference frame would
also consist of many terms. This is considered too
cumbersome, hence the a, b,c phase variable model
already developed will be used without further
transformation.
3. Ms. Snehalata Y. Dhenge, Prof.V.S.Nandanwar / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.733-737
735 | P a g e
Fig. Back EMF and current waveform of BLDC
motor
[2.2] PI CONTROLLER
The speed controllers are conventional PI
controller and current controller are the P
controllers to achieve high performance.
Conventional PI controller is used as a speed
controller for recovering the actual motor speed to
the reference. The reference and the measured speed
are the input signals to the PI controller. The KP and
KI values of the controller are determined by trial and
error method for each set speed. The controller output
is limited to give the reference torque.80%of the
controller are PI controllers because they are facile
and easy to comprehend.
[2.3] HYSTERESIS CURRENT
CONTROLLER
Hysteresis controller limits the phase
currents within the hysteresis band by switching
ON/OFF the power devices. The switching pattern is
given as:
If
i a
err
>UL , S1 is on and S4 is off.
If
ia
err
< LL , S1 is off and S4 is on.
If
ib
err
>UL , S3 is on and S6 is off.
If
Ib
err
< LL , S3 is off and S6 is on.
If
Ic
err
>UL , S5 is on and S2 is off.
If
Ic
err
< LL , S5 is off and S2 is on.
Where
ik
err
= ik
ref
- ik
mes
and UL, LL are the upper and
lower limits of hysteresis band. Thus, by regulating
the current desired quasi-square waveforms can be
obtained. Small hysteresis band however imply a
high switching frequency, which is practical
limitation the power device switching capability
increased switching also implies increased inverter
losses. The shape of the reference current of
Hysteresis current controller is rectangular for BLDC
Motor. Because of the nonzero inductance of the
stator phase windings, the actual phase current unable
to assume the desired rectangular form. Instead, the
current are trapezoidal due to the finite rise time. This
has consequence on the torque production and the
drive performance.
II. FOUR QUADRANT CONTROL
OPERATION
There are four possible modes or quadrants
of operation using a Brushless DC Motor. In an X-Y
plot of speed versus torque, Quadrant I is forward
speed and forward torque. The torque is propelling
the motor in the forward direction. Conversely,
Quadrant III is reverse speed and reverse torque.
Now the motor is “motoring” in the reverse direction,
spinning backwards with the reverse torque.
Quadrant II is where the motor is spinning in the
forward direction, but torque is being applied in
reverse. Torque is being used to “brake” the motor,
and the motor is now generating power as a result.
Finally, Quadrant IV is exactly the opposite. The
motor is spinning in the reverse direction, but the
torque is being applied in the forward direction.
Again, torque is being applied to attempt to slow the
motor and change its direction to forward again.
Once again, power is being generated by the motor.
The BLDC motor is initially made to rotate in
clockwise direction, but when the speed reversal
command is obtained, the control goes into the CW
regeneration mode, which brings the rotor to the
standstill position. Instead of waiting for the absolute
standstill position, continuous energization of the
main phase is attempted. This rapidly slows down the
rotor to a standstill position. Therefore, there is the
necessity for determining the instant when the rotor
of the machine is ideally positioned for reversal.
Hall-effect sensors are used to ascertain the rotor
position and from the Hall sensor outputs, it is
determined whether the machine has reversed its
direction. This is the ideal moment for energizing the
stator phase so that the machine can start motoring in
the CCW direction.
IV. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
Fig. shows the block diagram of the BLDC
motor drives system used in the paper. The rotor
position information supplied by the Hall Effect
sensors of the BLDC motor. To control motor
current, a proportional controller is used to supply
proper switching pattern for inverter where three hall
sensors are used. As shown in figure to control the
BLDC drives system, PI controller and Hysteresis
current controller is used.
4. Ms. Snehalata Y. Dhenge, Prof.V.S.Nandanwar / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.733-737
736 | P a g e
Fig. Model of BLDC Drive System
SIMULATION RESULTS
V. CONCLUSION
MOTOR SPECIFICATION
The performance of the developed BLDC
system model is examined using motor parameters as
listed in table In this paper, A control scheme is
proposed for BLDC motor to change the direction
from CW to CCW without going through the
standstill position. the time taken to achieve this
braking is comparatively less. The generated voltage
during the regenerative mode can be returned back to
the supply mains which will result in considerable
saving of power. The modeling procedure presented
in this paper helps in simulation of various operating
conditions of BLDC drive system. The performance
evaluation results show that, such a modeling is very
useful in studying the drive system before taking up
the dedicated controller design, accounting the
relevant dynamic parameters of the motor.
5. Ms. Snehalata Y. Dhenge, Prof.V.S.Nandanwar / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.733-737
737 | P a g e
REFERENCES
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[4] Sheeba Joice,C., Dr. S.R. paranjothi, Dr.
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[5] S.K.Safi, P.P.Acarnley and A. G. Jack.
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[6] C.Gencer and M,Gedikpinar “Modelling and
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[7] Vinatha U, Swetha Pola, Dr
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Books:
[9] Krishnan R motor “Drives Modeling, Analysis
and Control”, Prentice Hall of India, First Edn,
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[10] Gopal K Dubey “Fundamentals of Electrical
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V(v) 380 Kb(v/rad/sec) 0.13658
P 4 J(kg-m2
) 0.0022
Rs(ohm) 0.7 Wrated 4000
Lt(H) 0.00521 T(N-M) 2.73