Dr Ram Kumar - Maternity and Neonatal Learning System: Stabilisation of the pre-term infant
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Presentation by Dr Ram Kumar, Consultant Paediatric Neurologist, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust at the Maternity and Neonatal Learning System: Stabilisation of the pre-term infant event on Tuesday 2 October at Haydock Park Racecourse.
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Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture due to damage to the developing brain. It was first identified by William Little in the 19th century. While difficult births were originally blamed, Sigmund Freud suggested other prenatal factors were involved. CP can be caused by problems before, during, or after birth. The majority of cases are congenital. Risk factors include preterm birth, low birthweight, infections during pregnancy, and brain injuries. Treatment focuses on improving mobility, function, and development through physical, occupational, and speech therapies. While there is no cure, early intervention can greatly improve quality of life.
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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are caused by prenatal alcohol exposure and can cause facial abnormalities, growth retardation, and central nervous system anomalies. Individuals with FASD often exhibit cognitive impairments including deficits in executive function, learning and memory, language, visual-spatial ability, motor skills, and attention. They are also at risk for academic problems, secondary disabilities like mental health issues, and trouble with the law. Neuropsychological testing reveals that individuals with FASD perform relatively well on simple tasks but show greater impairment on more complex tasks involving skills like problem-solving, concept formation, verbal fluency, and inhibitory control.
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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are caused by prenatal alcohol exposure and can cause facial abnormalities, growth retardation, and central nervous system anomalies. Individuals with FASD often exhibit cognitive impairments including deficits in executive function, learning and memory, language, visual-spatial ability, motor skills, and attention. They are also at risk for academic problems, secondary disabilities like mental health issues, and trouble with the law. Neuropsychological testing reveals that individuals with FASD perform relatively well on simple tasks but show greater impairment on more complex tasks involving skills like problem-solving, concept formation, verbal fluency, and inhibitory control.
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Down syndrome is caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. It is neither dominant nor recessive as it results from an error in chromosome translation. The amyloid precursor protein gene on chromosome 21 may cause Down syndrome by interfering with cell signaling and leading to cell death. People with Down syndrome have distinct physical features like a flattened face and webbed fingers or toes. Treatments focus on managing any related health issues and providing early intervention programs. Life expectancy is around 50 years on average.
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Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture due to abnormalities in brain development. It is the most common motor disability in childhood, affecting 1 in 303 children in the US. There are four main types of CP: spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, and mixed. CP is caused by abnormalities before birth, often due to prematurity or low birth weight. While there is no cure for CP, treatment aims to help individuals be as independent as possible through therapies, medications, and assistive devices. A team approach is needed to manage CP and its related conditions.
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Cerebral palsy (CP) is a well-recognized neurodevelopmental
condition beginning in early childhood and persisting throughout
the lifespan. Cerebral palsy describes a group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture causing
activity limitation that is attributed to non-progressive the disturbance that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain. The motor disorders of cerebral palsy are often accompanied
by disturbances of sensation, perception, cognition, communication, and behavior, by epilepsy, and by secondary musculoskeletal problems. Sometimes we can identify by symptoms of children such as delayed milestones, spasticity, unable to neck control, muscle weakness. there are 4 types of CP that are dependent upon parts of brain damage.
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Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is characterized by delayed physical and intellectual development. Affected individuals typically have mild to moderate intellectual disabilities and characteristic facial features such as a flat nasal bridge. While signs and symptoms vary, early intervention can help maximize development. Prenatal screening and testing can detect Down syndrome, but the only definitive test is chromosome analysis after birth. Lifelong support is important for managing associated medical issues.
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Turner syndrome is a genetic condition that affects females, caused by missing or abnormal X chromosome. It can cause short stature, lack of sexual development at puberty, infertility, and other issues. Klinefelter syndrome is a condition in males caused by an extra X chromosome, resulting in enlarged breasts and reduced facial/body hair. Fragile X syndrome is caused by a gene on the X chromosome shutting down, leading to intellectual disabilities, large ears, joint issues, and other traits.
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Down syndrome is caused by an extra chromosome 21. It has several characteristic physical features and causes intellectual disabilities. Eye problems are very common in Down syndrome, including squints, refractive errors like myopia and astigmatism, and eye infections. Regular eye exams from birth are important to monitor vision and treat any issues early. Common treatments include glasses, eye muscle surgery, and occasionally cataract surgery.
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A baby was born to an epileptic mother who had taken phenytoin until 10 weeks of pregnancy. The baby exhibited multiple congenital anomalies including a short neck, slanted eyes, depressed nasal bridge, and nail and digit hypoplasia. Based on the maternal history and features of the newborn, the baby was diagnosed with fetal hydantoin syndrome. Fetal hydantoin syndrome is characterized by a pattern of abnormalities caused by exposure to hydantoin anti-epileptic drugs in utero. The case report discusses the potential teratogenic effects of hydantoin and importance of counseling women of reproductive age taking anti-epileptics.
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Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. It is characterized by cognitive delays, slower physical development, and distinctive facial features. Individuals with Down syndrome often have health issues such as heart defects, hearing or vision problems, thyroid issues, and an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Their development follows a specific pattern, with relative strengths in social skills but delays in motor skills, language, and short-term verbal memory. Early intervention and education can help maximize their learning potential over their lifetime.
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This document discusses Down syndrome, including its causes, characteristics, and effects. Down syndrome occurs in about 1 in 800-1,100 births and results from a chromosomal abnormality involving an extra copy of chromosome 21. It can cause intellectual disabilities and developmental delays, as well as health issues such as heart defects, vision and hearing problems, and infections. The document outlines some of the facial features and oral issues associated with Down syndrome and how they can affect speech. While there is no cure for Down syndrome, many signs and symptoms can be improved with medical care and therapy.
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2) It provides guidance for treating such patients in dental offices, including moving at a slower pace, using sedation if needed, and prescribing adequate analgesia since patients may not express pain clearly.
3) The document also outlines specific oral health challenges faced by patients with each condition and suggestions for home care, such as using the smallest toothbrush for those with misaligned teeth.
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activity limitation that is attributed to non-progressive the disturbance that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain. The motor disorders of cerebral palsy are often accompanied
by disturbances of sensation, perception, cognition, communication, and behavior, by epilepsy, and by secondary musculoskeletal problems. Sometimes we can identify by symptoms of children such as delayed milestones, spasticity, unable to neck control, muscle weakness. there are 4 types of CP that are dependent upon parts of brain damage.
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This document discusses the signs and symptoms of cerebral palsy. It notes that signs are clinical effects that a doctor can observe through exams and tests, while symptoms are effects the child feels. Signs and symptoms vary between individuals and can include developmental delays, abnormal muscle tone, impaired motor skills and coordination, poor posture, and associative conditions like seizures. Many signs and symptoms may not appear until ages 3 to 5 as the brain develops, but early signs can include delays in milestones like sitting, crawling and walking.
Pervasive developmental disorders (turner syndrome, klinefelter's syndrome)
Turner syndrome is a genetic condition that affects females, caused by missing or abnormal X chromosome. It can cause short stature, lack of sexual development at puberty, infertility, and other issues. Klinefelter syndrome is a condition in males caused by an extra X chromosome, resulting in enlarged breasts and reduced facial/body hair. Fragile X syndrome is caused by a gene on the X chromosome shutting down, leading to intellectual disabilities, large ears, joint issues, and other traits.
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Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is an umbrella term describing the range of effects that can occur in individuals whose mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy, including physical, mental, behavioral, and learning disabilities. FASD is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation and birth defects in the United States, affecting an estimated 1 in 100 live births annually. The document outlines the various effects of prenatal alcohol exposure such as growth deficiency, facial features, neurological damage, structural abnormalities, motor skills delays, cognitive deficits, and attention problems. It emphasizes that FASD is completely preventable by avoiding alcohol during pregnancy.
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Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. It is characterized by distinctive facial features, intellectual disabilities, and developmental delays. While life expectancy has increased to around 55 years, individuals with Down syndrome often experience various health issues such as congenital heart defects, thyroid problems, gastrointestinal issues, and mental retardation. Proper management includes screening and treatment for common comorbidities as well as early intervention services to support development.
Rett syndrome
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This document discusses physical disabilities and health problems that may impact children's development and participation in early childhood programs. It describes several common physical disabilities like cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy that can cause limited mobility or motor control issues. It also outlines various health conditions such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, diabetes and seizures that early childhood programs may need to accommodate. The document emphasizes the importance of an interdisciplinary team approach using specialized equipment and adapted materials to meet the needs of children with disabilities or health issues.
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(1) It is a motor function disorder caused by permanent brain damage present at birth or shortly after.
(2) The most common types are spastic cerebral palsy (stiff muscles) and athetoid cerebral palsy (uncontrolled movements).
(3) Treatment aims to improve symptoms through physical therapy, bracing, medication, botulinum toxin injections, and sometimes surgery. The goal is improving quality of life and function rather than curing the underlying brain damage.
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14. Cerebral palsy.pptx with it's course
Cerebral palsy is a disorder of movement and posture caused by non-progressive damage to the developing brain, which can occur during pregnancy, birth, or early childhood. The main types are spastic, which causes increased muscle tone and stiffness; dystonic, characterized by involuntary movements; and ataxic, with lack of coordination. Cerebral palsy results in difficulties with motor skills, movement, muscle tone, reflexes, posture, and balance. Early intervention with a multidisciplinary team including physical therapists, occupational therapists, and doctors can help improve development and prevent complications.
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Cerebral Palsy CP.pdf
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture, caused by non-progressive brain abnormalities early in development. It has several causes including prematurity, infections, trauma, and hypoxia. The types of cerebral palsy include spastic (the most common, affecting the legs more than arms), dyskinetic, ataxic, and mixed. Spastic cerebral palsy can be unilateral (hemiplegia), bilateral and affecting both legs more than arms (diplegia), or all four limbs (quadriplegia). Associated problems include epilepsy, visual and hearing impairments, feeding difficulties, respiratory issues, and intellectual disability.
Cerebral palsy.pptx
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture due to abnormal brain development or brain damage. CP is the most common motor disability in childhood. The symptoms of CP can range from mild, such as walking awkwardly, to more severe, where special equipment is needed or the person cannot walk at all. While the symptoms may change over a person's lifetime, CP does not get worse. CP can be caused before, during, or after birth from issues like infection, lack of oxygen, or head injury. The type and severity of CP depends on which areas of the brain are affected.
Cerebra palsy Management - Dr. Ramya -Pediatrics
This document provides an overview of cerebral palsy (CP), including its definition as a non-progressive disorder caused by brain lesions or abnormalities that causes impaired movement and posture. It discusses the history of CP and risk factors like prematurity. The most common type is spastic CP, which can affect limbs differently. Associated problems include intellectual impairment, seizures, feeding and respiratory issues. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and medical history. Treatment involves physical, occupational and speech therapy, orthotics, surgery and medications to manage symptoms, along with special education and supportive services.
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CP-Care Module 0 - Introduction
CP-Care curriculum, training course and assessment mechanism (ECVET based)
Website: http://cpcare.eu/en/
This project (CP-CARE - 2016-1-TR01-KA202-035094) has been funded with support from the European Commission. This communication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
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Dr Ram Kumar - Maternity and Neonatal Learning System: Stabilisation of the pre-term infant
- 1. Impact of Cerebral Palsy (and other brain consequences of premature delivery) Dr Ram Kumar Consultant Paediatric Neurologist Alder Hey Children’s Hospital October 2018
- 2. Summary • Cerebral palsy – what is it, how common, what types • Relation to premature delivery • Functional impact of cerebral palsy • Other neuro consequences of premature delivery and impact
- 3. Cerebral palsy – what is it? • Abnormality of muscle tone and posture due to damage or disrupted development of the developing brain, causing disability • Usually but not always accompanied by learning difficulty and other problems not just related to motor skills (walking, hand use)
- 4. How common is CP, in relation to prematurity • Rates vary worldwide: Africa more than 4 to 10 per 1000 children; US 3 to 4 per 1000 children; UK – North of England 2.5 per 1000 children, Oxford 1.5 per 1000; Sweden 1.1 per 1000 • In the developed world, most CP caused by brain disruption/damage before or close to time of birth • Most children with CP are born at term • Estimated 10% of CP due to term hypoxic/intrapartum injury • At population level, about 45% of CP are born preterm, although majority at 32 to 36 weeks (i.e. not often in NICU or tertiary centre) • Highest gestation-specific risk is in lower gestations: ~10% at 26 weeks
- 5. Types or classification of cerebral palsy • Muscle tone: spastic, dystonic, ataxic, hypotonic, mixed • Distribution: diplegia, hemiplegia, quadriplegia, mixed • Mobility level: Level 1 – able to walk up stairs easily; Level 5 – not able to sit without support
- 6. Functional impact of cerebral palsy • 1 in 3 unable to walk • 1 in 4 unable to talk • 1 in 10 severe vision problems • 3 in 4 have pain • 1 in 4 have epilepsy • 1 in 2 have learning problems (mild to severe) • 1 in 4 have emotional and behavioural problems • 1 in 5 have drooling • 1 in 15 need feeding tube • 1 in 5 have sleep disorder • 1 in 3 have hip problems • 1 in 4 have bowel and bladder problems • Life expectancy typically reduced, but the great majority live well into middle or late adult years
- 7. Other neuro consequences of premature delivery • Milder forms of physical problems – not quite cerebral palsy • Reading, writing, arithmetic, fine motor and balance problems • ADHD, Autism • Social, behavioural and mood problems • More common in lower gestations and the longer children are followed up
- 8. Summary • Cerebral palsy – what is it, how common, what types • Relation to premature delivery • Functional impact of cerebral palsy • Other neuro consequences of premature delivery and impact