Corn Disease Issues And Solutions - Dr. Pierce Paul, Ohio State University, from the 2018 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, March 6 - 7, Ada, OH, USA.
More presentations at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZBwPfKdlk4SB63zZy16kyA
This document discusses aquaculture and provides information on various topics related to aquaculture including:
- The importance of aquaculture as a lucrative food production industry and its 10% annual growth rate.
- Common diseases affecting shrimp farming such as vibriosis, white spot syndrome virus, and white patch disease.
- Problems with current disease treatment protocols that rely on chemicals and antibiotics and issues with antibiotic resistance.
- Potential of herbal medicines, probiotics, algal drugs, biosurfactants, and edible antibodies/vaccines as alternatives for disease control and treatment in aquaculture.
This document discusses emerging cassava pests and diseases in Southeast Asia and ongoing initiatives to address them. It outlines monitoring efforts of the cassava mealybug complex and cassava witches' broom disease across several countries. Applied research is exploring biological control of mealybugs and transmission of the broom disease. Capacity building includes training local experts in identification and monitoring. Outreach involves farmer videos and extension partnerships to promote integrated pest management. Regional collaboration aims to strengthen surveillance, research, and extension networks for cassava health in Southeast Asia.
This document outlines initiatives to address challenges from invasive pests and diseases affecting cassava production in Southeast Asia. Monitoring efforts have found three mealybug species and cassava witches broom disease widespread across several countries. Applied research is investigating biological control of mealybugs, heat treatments for infected cassava cuttings, and potential insect vectors of the disease. Capacity building includes training local experts in identification and symptom recognition. Outreach uses videos, booklets, and other ICT tools to educate farmers on integrated pest management. The initiatives involve partnerships across multiple research and extension organizations in the region.
This document summarizes disease control and pest management strategies for cassava production. It discusses the need to increase cassava yields to meet growing demand. The main challenges are poor adoption of improved varieties and threats from pests and diseases. It outlines the major cassava pests and diseases found across different regions. Effective management requires an integrated approach considering genotype, environment, and agronomic practices. Clean planting material and surveillance are important to control diseases like cassava mosaic and brown streak viruses.
GMO crops can potentially provide both benefits and risks. Proponents argue that GMO crops can increase food security and farmer incomes by improving yield and introducing traits like pest and disease resistance. This may help address issues like vitamin A deficiency and reduce deaths from diseases. However, critics are concerned about possible long term health effects and environmental impacts. Evaluating GMO crops requires considering perspectives like the precautionary principle as well as principles of substantial equivalence and analyzing impacts on nutrition, soils, and biodiversity. The impacts and risks associated with GMO crops must be weighed against their ability to potentially address important issues.
GMO crops can potentially provide both benefits and risks. Some key benefits include increased food security and yields through traits like pest and disease resistance. GM crops may also improve nutrition - for example, golden rice has been developed to help address vitamin A deficiencies. However, there are also concerns about possible negative environmental impacts and unknown long term health effects. Evaluating GM crops requires considering perspectives like the precautionary principle as well as principles of substantial equivalence by comparing GM crops to conventional crops. Overall, the impacts of GM crops are still being studied and debated.
The document discusses mycotoxins, which are toxic compounds produced by molds that can grow on agricultural crops such as corn, wheat, and peanuts. Some key points:
- Mycotoxins can be deadly even in small doses and cause problems like cancer, organ damage, and reduced animal productivity.
- The most common mycotoxins in the US are deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin), zearalenone, aflatoxins, and fumonisins.
- Factors like temperature, humidity, and moisture levels can encourage the growth of mold and mycotoxin production in stored crops.
- Mycotoxins
This document discusses glyphosate-resistant Canada fleabane, a problematic weed in Ontario. It began spreading rapidly after being first identified in 2010. The document outlines the biology and spread of Canada fleabane, mechanisms of its glyphosate resistance, and strategies for controlling it in corn and soybean systems. Control can be inconsistent, requiring multiple herbicide modes of action. New options like Enlist and Xtend systems show promise for improved control of glyphosate-resistant Canada fleabane.
This document discusses aquaculture and provides information on various topics related to aquaculture including:
- The importance of aquaculture as a lucrative food production industry and its 10% annual growth rate.
- Common diseases affecting shrimp farming such as vibriosis, white spot syndrome virus, and white patch disease.
- Problems with current disease treatment protocols that rely on chemicals and antibiotics and issues with antibiotic resistance.
- Potential of herbal medicines, probiotics, algal drugs, biosurfactants, and edible antibodies/vaccines as alternatives for disease control and treatment in aquaculture.
This document discusses emerging cassava pests and diseases in Southeast Asia and ongoing initiatives to address them. It outlines monitoring efforts of the cassava mealybug complex and cassava witches' broom disease across several countries. Applied research is exploring biological control of mealybugs and transmission of the broom disease. Capacity building includes training local experts in identification and monitoring. Outreach involves farmer videos and extension partnerships to promote integrated pest management. Regional collaboration aims to strengthen surveillance, research, and extension networks for cassava health in Southeast Asia.
This document outlines initiatives to address challenges from invasive pests and diseases affecting cassava production in Southeast Asia. Monitoring efforts have found three mealybug species and cassava witches broom disease widespread across several countries. Applied research is investigating biological control of mealybugs, heat treatments for infected cassava cuttings, and potential insect vectors of the disease. Capacity building includes training local experts in identification and symptom recognition. Outreach uses videos, booklets, and other ICT tools to educate farmers on integrated pest management. The initiatives involve partnerships across multiple research and extension organizations in the region.
This document summarizes disease control and pest management strategies for cassava production. It discusses the need to increase cassava yields to meet growing demand. The main challenges are poor adoption of improved varieties and threats from pests and diseases. It outlines the major cassava pests and diseases found across different regions. Effective management requires an integrated approach considering genotype, environment, and agronomic practices. Clean planting material and surveillance are important to control diseases like cassava mosaic and brown streak viruses.
GMO crops can potentially provide both benefits and risks. Proponents argue that GMO crops can increase food security and farmer incomes by improving yield and introducing traits like pest and disease resistance. This may help address issues like vitamin A deficiency and reduce deaths from diseases. However, critics are concerned about possible long term health effects and environmental impacts. Evaluating GMO crops requires considering perspectives like the precautionary principle as well as principles of substantial equivalence and analyzing impacts on nutrition, soils, and biodiversity. The impacts and risks associated with GMO crops must be weighed against their ability to potentially address important issues.
GMO crops can potentially provide both benefits and risks. Some key benefits include increased food security and yields through traits like pest and disease resistance. GM crops may also improve nutrition - for example, golden rice has been developed to help address vitamin A deficiencies. However, there are also concerns about possible negative environmental impacts and unknown long term health effects. Evaluating GM crops requires considering perspectives like the precautionary principle as well as principles of substantial equivalence by comparing GM crops to conventional crops. Overall, the impacts of GM crops are still being studied and debated.
The document discusses mycotoxins, which are toxic compounds produced by molds that can grow on agricultural crops such as corn, wheat, and peanuts. Some key points:
- Mycotoxins can be deadly even in small doses and cause problems like cancer, organ damage, and reduced animal productivity.
- The most common mycotoxins in the US are deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin), zearalenone, aflatoxins, and fumonisins.
- Factors like temperature, humidity, and moisture levels can encourage the growth of mold and mycotoxin production in stored crops.
- Mycotoxins
This document discusses glyphosate-resistant Canada fleabane, a problematic weed in Ontario. It began spreading rapidly after being first identified in 2010. The document outlines the biology and spread of Canada fleabane, mechanisms of its glyphosate resistance, and strategies for controlling it in corn and soybean systems. Control can be inconsistent, requiring multiple herbicide modes of action. New options like Enlist and Xtend systems show promise for improved control of glyphosate-resistant Canada fleabane.
This presentation, discussing some concepts of ecological based pest management and vegetable entomology research findings, was given by Dr. Ayanava Majumdar at the Alabama Food and Farm Forum, 2010, in Selma, AL (USA). Please acknowledge the author and Alabama Cooperative Extension System when using the data for education and training. The research data is preliminary and should be interpreted with caution. For further information about this or other slideshows contact Dr. A at 251-331-8416.
This document discusses aflatoxins, which are toxic metabolites produced by Aspergillus fungus that commonly infect crops in sub-Saharan Africa like maize, groundnuts, and cassava. It outlines the health and economic impacts of aflatoxin contamination and techniques for reducing contamination, including proper drying and storage, sorting contaminated grains, using a biopesticide called Aflasafe, and breeding resistant crop varieties. The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) is researching ways to better detect, prevent, and mitigate the spread of aflatoxins across Africa.
Clonostachys rosea is being investigated as a biological control agent to reduce Fusarium graminearum and the accumulation of mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in wheat. Field experiments were conducted treating artificially infected maize residues with C. rosea and another antagonist. C. rosea reduced DON levels by up to 82% and ZEN by up to 93%, with oil formulations performing best. Further experiments aim to improve formulations to protect antagonists from UV light and investigate the impact on wheat varieties under natural disease pressure.
Aflasafe is a biocontrol product developed by IITA to reduce aflatoxin contamination in crops in Africa. It consists of atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus that are able to outcompete toxigenic strains when applied to soils. Field trials in multiple African countries have demonstrated Aflasafe's ability to reduce aflatoxin levels in maize and groundnuts by over 80% on average. Further work is still needed to refine formulations and expand commercialization efforts before Aflasafe can provide widespread prevention of aflatoxin contamination in Africa.
The Effect of Dipel and Spruzit Biopesticides on Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830...IJEAB
Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) is one of the important harmful insect species of the coastal areas of Eastern Black Sea Region. This insect poses a danger by feeding on the juices of hundreds of plants in the region. This study was designed to create a fight strategy against M.pruinosa, which has posed an intense danger in Artvin - Kemalpaşa in recent years, and the effect of Spruzit Neu and Dipel biopesticides on the nymphs and adults of the insect was investigated, and the applicability of these biopesticides was revealed. The study was conducted in the summer season of 2016 when the nymphs and adults of the insect are abundant in the region. In in vitro conditions, the Spruzit Neu (Pyrethrum) and Dipel DF (Bacillu thuringiensis) biopesticides were sprayed at different doses (DiPel® DF BT 100gr / 100lt, Dipel® DF BT 300gr / 100lt, Dipel® DF BT 500gr / 100lt ve Spruzit® Neu) on the nymphs and adults of the insect. The adults and nymphs were checked with 2-day intervals, and the results were assessed according to the One-Way Variance Analysis (ANOVA) and the Duncan Test. It was determined that the most effective applications for the nymphs were Dipel DF 300gr/100lt and 500gr/100lt. It was also determined that the most effective applications for the adult individuals were Spruzit Neu 600ml/100lt and Dipel DF 500gr/100lt doses. The highest death rates in the nymphs were determined in Spruzit Neu 600ml/100lt dose as 72,5%; and in Dipel DF dose as 80%. These rates were determined in Pyrethrum 600 ml/100lt dose as 78%, and in Dipel DF 500 gr/100lt dose as 75%. As a conclusion, it was determined that both biopesticides are influential on the nymphs and adults of M.pruinosa. However, it was also determined that the fight will be more influential in the nymph period of the insect.
Golden Rice has the potential to reduce vitamin A deficiency by more than half according to multiple studies. It is a cost-efficient and sustainable solution to deliver vitamin A compared to other interventions like supplementation and fortification which have limitations and are not reaching all people in need. The development of Golden Rice and other biofortified staple crops through conventional breeding or modern biotechnology can help address micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries. International programs are working to biofortify important staple crops with provitamin A, iron, zinc and protein.
This document summarizes a doctoral seminar presentation on research related to grafting of vegetable crops. The presentation covered the definition and purpose of grafting, the history of vegetable grafting, common grafting methods, and research examining the effects of grafting on various vegetable crops such as watermelon, cucumber, tomato, brinjal, chilli, and okra. Specific rootstocks were highlighted for their ability to improve yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses for different vegetable crops.
S3 orlandini presentation about prognosis modelsĐomla Čučak
This document summarizes an agrometeorological monitoring and forecasting system for pest and disease control. It discusses using input data like field stations, leaf wetness sensors, remote sensing, and numerical weather models to develop crop protection models. Models can be mechanistic, empirical, or use other approaches. The models output is used for climatic classification, future climate scenarios, and field monitoring/forecasts. The information is applied to determine optimal treatment times considering pathogen presence, crop susceptibility, and treatment efficacy. Model application has provided economic benefits through increased yields and reduced input costs in several countries.
Global developments of genome editing in agricultureOECD Environment
This presentation covers the scope of agricultural applications of genome editing by describing the relevance of these techniques to agriculture especially crop plants, farm animals as well as the foods and feeds derived from them.
Presentation on biotech in agriculture for educational purposes. Thanks to Kevin Folta. I borrowed his concept of showing who benefits from various traits from one of his excellent slide sets.
Presentation 27 June - 1 July 2016. Asaba, Nigeria. Workshop organised by the PAEPARD supported consortium: Knowledge transfer towards cost–effective poultry feeds production from processed cassava products to improve the productivity of small-scale farmers in Nigeria.
This document summarizes research on using biocontrol to manage aflatoxin contamination in crops in Africa. It finds that applying atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus, formulated as the product AflaSafe, significantly reduces aflatoxin levels in maize and groundnuts in multiple countries. Trials show reductions of 75-99% from pre-harvest application. The product works by competitively excluding toxigenic strains, without increasing total fungus levels. Strong partnerships between research institutions and national partners were key to developing in-country solutions to this food safety challenge.
This document discusses aflatoxins, which are toxic metabolites produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus that commonly infect crops like maize and groundnuts. Aflatoxins pose serious health risks to consumers and reduce trade. The document summarizes research showing that applying atoxigenic strains of A. flavus through products like Aflasafe can competitively exclude toxigenic strains, reducing aflatoxin levels in crops by over 80% both before and after storage. Aflasafe works through soil application and has shown promise in on-farm trials across Africa led by IITA and partners to improve food security and health while enabling trade.
Fungicide use in corn and soybeans is growing in Canada, with approximately 10% of acres receiving applications in 2012. DuPont's Acapela fungicide was successful in its 2012 launch year, being applied to over 100,000 acres and ranking as the #2 brand in corn and #3 brand in soybeans. Field trials of Acapela showed consistent yield advantages. Acapela has unique movement properties that provide broad-spectrum disease control and helps suppress white mould in soybeans. It can deliver healthier crops and higher yields.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on mycotoxins in food crops. It begins with background on climate change issues and their context for fungal diseases and mycotoxins. Studies show interactions between temperature, water stress, and CO2 levels impact fungal growth and mycotoxin production. The document summarizes research modeling these effects and predicting risks of increased mycotoxins globally under climate change scenarios. It also discusses the effects of climate factors on specific mycotoxins like aflatoxins and ochratoxin A.
This document discusses the development of an aflatoxin biocontrol product called Aflasafe for use in maize and groundnuts in Rwanda. It provides background on aflatoxin contamination issues in Africa, summarizes previous research on aflatoxin levels in Rwandan crops, and outlines the goals and methods of the project. The project aims to identify atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus native to Rwanda, evaluate their ability to reduce aflatoxins in crops, and develop Aflasafe for use by farmers. Experience with a similar project in Nigeria is also discussed.
This document summarizes the results of selection experiments conducted by beekeepers in France to develop varroa mite resistance in honey bees. It describes chemical treatment tests from 1983-1991 that had varying levels of effectiveness. Survival tests from 1993-2009 showed that about 1/3 of colonies survived infestation without treatment. A "Bond test" conducted in 2001 resulted in 2/3 of colonies dying while 1/3 survived with very low mite levels. The authors propose a "soft bond test" method which they believe is more acceptable to beekeepers because it has fewer risks than the standard bond test. They recommend grafting queens from bond test hives with lowest mite levels and monitoring but not treating other hives
This factsheet discusses the use of kaolin clay, the main ingredient in Surround WP, for insect pest management in apples. It provides an overview of how Surround works by creating a particle film barrier between pests and plants. Studies show it can control or suppress many key apple pests while also providing horticultural benefits like reduced heat stress. Reports from growers in Maryland and Arkansas found that Surround was effective against pests like plum curculio and did not harm beneficial insects, though full tree coverage with spraying equipment can be challenging. While not a complete replacement for synthetic pesticides, kaolin clay seems to be a promising reduced-risk option when used as part of a full IPM system.
1) The document summarizes research on reducing the risk of mycotoxins in cereals through cropping factors. Surveys of wheat, barley, and oat samples from Swiss farms found Fusarium graminearum and F. poae were dominant species producing DON and NIV respectively.
2) Further research tested the effect of previous crops, tillage practices, and fungicide use on mycotoxin levels. Variety trials found some barley varieties with higher beta-glucan contents had lower DON levels after artificial inoculation.
3) The researchers are developing "Healthy & Safe" cereal varieties with high levels of healthy compounds that may inhibit toxigenic fungi. If
Dr. Alison Van Eenennaam - What Role Will Animal Biotechnology Play in Feedin...John Blue
What Role Will Animal Biotechnology Play in Feeding the World? - Dr. Alison Van Eenennaam, Cooperative Extension Specialist, Animal Genomics & Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, University of California - Davis, from the 2013 NIAA Merging Values and Technology conference, April 15-17, 2013, Louisville, KY, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2013-niaa-merging-values-and-technology
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This presentation, discussing some concepts of ecological based pest management and vegetable entomology research findings, was given by Dr. Ayanava Majumdar at the Alabama Food and Farm Forum, 2010, in Selma, AL (USA). Please acknowledge the author and Alabama Cooperative Extension System when using the data for education and training. The research data is preliminary and should be interpreted with caution. For further information about this or other slideshows contact Dr. A at 251-331-8416.
This document discusses aflatoxins, which are toxic metabolites produced by Aspergillus fungus that commonly infect crops in sub-Saharan Africa like maize, groundnuts, and cassava. It outlines the health and economic impacts of aflatoxin contamination and techniques for reducing contamination, including proper drying and storage, sorting contaminated grains, using a biopesticide called Aflasafe, and breeding resistant crop varieties. The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) is researching ways to better detect, prevent, and mitigate the spread of aflatoxins across Africa.
Clonostachys rosea is being investigated as a biological control agent to reduce Fusarium graminearum and the accumulation of mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in wheat. Field experiments were conducted treating artificially infected maize residues with C. rosea and another antagonist. C. rosea reduced DON levels by up to 82% and ZEN by up to 93%, with oil formulations performing best. Further experiments aim to improve formulations to protect antagonists from UV light and investigate the impact on wheat varieties under natural disease pressure.
Aflasafe is a biocontrol product developed by IITA to reduce aflatoxin contamination in crops in Africa. It consists of atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus that are able to outcompete toxigenic strains when applied to soils. Field trials in multiple African countries have demonstrated Aflasafe's ability to reduce aflatoxin levels in maize and groundnuts by over 80% on average. Further work is still needed to refine formulations and expand commercialization efforts before Aflasafe can provide widespread prevention of aflatoxin contamination in Africa.
The Effect of Dipel and Spruzit Biopesticides on Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830...IJEAB
Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) is one of the important harmful insect species of the coastal areas of Eastern Black Sea Region. This insect poses a danger by feeding on the juices of hundreds of plants in the region. This study was designed to create a fight strategy against M.pruinosa, which has posed an intense danger in Artvin - Kemalpaşa in recent years, and the effect of Spruzit Neu and Dipel biopesticides on the nymphs and adults of the insect was investigated, and the applicability of these biopesticides was revealed. The study was conducted in the summer season of 2016 when the nymphs and adults of the insect are abundant in the region. In in vitro conditions, the Spruzit Neu (Pyrethrum) and Dipel DF (Bacillu thuringiensis) biopesticides were sprayed at different doses (DiPel® DF BT 100gr / 100lt, Dipel® DF BT 300gr / 100lt, Dipel® DF BT 500gr / 100lt ve Spruzit® Neu) on the nymphs and adults of the insect. The adults and nymphs were checked with 2-day intervals, and the results were assessed according to the One-Way Variance Analysis (ANOVA) and the Duncan Test. It was determined that the most effective applications for the nymphs were Dipel DF 300gr/100lt and 500gr/100lt. It was also determined that the most effective applications for the adult individuals were Spruzit Neu 600ml/100lt and Dipel DF 500gr/100lt doses. The highest death rates in the nymphs were determined in Spruzit Neu 600ml/100lt dose as 72,5%; and in Dipel DF dose as 80%. These rates were determined in Pyrethrum 600 ml/100lt dose as 78%, and in Dipel DF 500 gr/100lt dose as 75%. As a conclusion, it was determined that both biopesticides are influential on the nymphs and adults of M.pruinosa. However, it was also determined that the fight will be more influential in the nymph period of the insect.
Golden Rice has the potential to reduce vitamin A deficiency by more than half according to multiple studies. It is a cost-efficient and sustainable solution to deliver vitamin A compared to other interventions like supplementation and fortification which have limitations and are not reaching all people in need. The development of Golden Rice and other biofortified staple crops through conventional breeding or modern biotechnology can help address micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries. International programs are working to biofortify important staple crops with provitamin A, iron, zinc and protein.
This document summarizes a doctoral seminar presentation on research related to grafting of vegetable crops. The presentation covered the definition and purpose of grafting, the history of vegetable grafting, common grafting methods, and research examining the effects of grafting on various vegetable crops such as watermelon, cucumber, tomato, brinjal, chilli, and okra. Specific rootstocks were highlighted for their ability to improve yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses for different vegetable crops.
S3 orlandini presentation about prognosis modelsĐomla Čučak
This document summarizes an agrometeorological monitoring and forecasting system for pest and disease control. It discusses using input data like field stations, leaf wetness sensors, remote sensing, and numerical weather models to develop crop protection models. Models can be mechanistic, empirical, or use other approaches. The models output is used for climatic classification, future climate scenarios, and field monitoring/forecasts. The information is applied to determine optimal treatment times considering pathogen presence, crop susceptibility, and treatment efficacy. Model application has provided economic benefits through increased yields and reduced input costs in several countries.
Global developments of genome editing in agricultureOECD Environment
This presentation covers the scope of agricultural applications of genome editing by describing the relevance of these techniques to agriculture especially crop plants, farm animals as well as the foods and feeds derived from them.
Presentation on biotech in agriculture for educational purposes. Thanks to Kevin Folta. I borrowed his concept of showing who benefits from various traits from one of his excellent slide sets.
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This document summarizes research on using biocontrol to manage aflatoxin contamination in crops in Africa. It finds that applying atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus, formulated as the product AflaSafe, significantly reduces aflatoxin levels in maize and groundnuts in multiple countries. Trials show reductions of 75-99% from pre-harvest application. The product works by competitively excluding toxigenic strains, without increasing total fungus levels. Strong partnerships between research institutions and national partners were key to developing in-country solutions to this food safety challenge.
This document discusses aflatoxins, which are toxic metabolites produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus that commonly infect crops like maize and groundnuts. Aflatoxins pose serious health risks to consumers and reduce trade. The document summarizes research showing that applying atoxigenic strains of A. flavus through products like Aflasafe can competitively exclude toxigenic strains, reducing aflatoxin levels in crops by over 80% both before and after storage. Aflasafe works through soil application and has shown promise in on-farm trials across Africa led by IITA and partners to improve food security and health while enabling trade.
Fungicide use in corn and soybeans is growing in Canada, with approximately 10% of acres receiving applications in 2012. DuPont's Acapela fungicide was successful in its 2012 launch year, being applied to over 100,000 acres and ranking as the #2 brand in corn and #3 brand in soybeans. Field trials of Acapela showed consistent yield advantages. Acapela has unique movement properties that provide broad-spectrum disease control and helps suppress white mould in soybeans. It can deliver healthier crops and higher yields.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on mycotoxins in food crops. It begins with background on climate change issues and their context for fungal diseases and mycotoxins. Studies show interactions between temperature, water stress, and CO2 levels impact fungal growth and mycotoxin production. The document summarizes research modeling these effects and predicting risks of increased mycotoxins globally under climate change scenarios. It also discusses the effects of climate factors on specific mycotoxins like aflatoxins and ochratoxin A.
This document discusses the development of an aflatoxin biocontrol product called Aflasafe for use in maize and groundnuts in Rwanda. It provides background on aflatoxin contamination issues in Africa, summarizes previous research on aflatoxin levels in Rwandan crops, and outlines the goals and methods of the project. The project aims to identify atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus native to Rwanda, evaluate their ability to reduce aflatoxins in crops, and develop Aflasafe for use by farmers. Experience with a similar project in Nigeria is also discussed.
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This factsheet discusses the use of kaolin clay, the main ingredient in Surround WP, for insect pest management in apples. It provides an overview of how Surround works by creating a particle film barrier between pests and plants. Studies show it can control or suppress many key apple pests while also providing horticultural benefits like reduced heat stress. Reports from growers in Maryland and Arkansas found that Surround was effective against pests like plum curculio and did not harm beneficial insects, though full tree coverage with spraying equipment can be challenging. While not a complete replacement for synthetic pesticides, kaolin clay seems to be a promising reduced-risk option when used as part of a full IPM system.
1) The document summarizes research on reducing the risk of mycotoxins in cereals through cropping factors. Surveys of wheat, barley, and oat samples from Swiss farms found Fusarium graminearum and F. poae were dominant species producing DON and NIV respectively.
2) Further research tested the effect of previous crops, tillage practices, and fungicide use on mycotoxin levels. Variety trials found some barley varieties with higher beta-glucan contents had lower DON levels after artificial inoculation.
3) The researchers are developing "Healthy & Safe" cereal varieties with high levels of healthy compounds that may inhibit toxigenic fungi. If
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3. Fusarium graminearum Diseases
Head Scab
Wheat
Milling and Baking
quality
Barley
Malting Quality
Corn
Ethanol Co-products
(DDGS)
Gibberella
Ear rot
Seed and seedling
diseases
Stalk, Stem and Root
Diseases
4. A whitish to pinkish-red mold
covering the tip of the ear.
Associated with the mycotoxins
Deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin)
Zearalenone
Infections occur through the silk.
Outbreaks associated with:
Cool and wet weather during the 7
to 10 days after silking
Damage caused by insects, hail,
and other mechanic means
Ear position at dry-down
Hybrids vary in susceptibility
Gibberella ear rot
12. Slide courtesy G. Munkvold
Vomitoxin (DON) in DDGS
Schatzmayr and Streit, 2013
2010 Growing Season
Toxin not degraded
Not found in distilled
ethanol fraction
DDGS = 1/3 of
original grain mass
14. Why do hybrids react differently to GER?
Some hybrids are more susceptible that others
Genetic resistance
Silking characteristics
Ear characteristics
o Tightness
o Position at dry-down
Insect Damage
Bt vs non-Bt
Maturity vs weather
Unfortunately, information pertaining to susceptibility of
hybrids is not readily available.
15. Slide courtesy G. Munkvold
Mycotoxin Management Strategies
Bowers and Munkvold, 2014
16. Management of GER and DON
What about crop rotation and tillage?
Not as effective as with other diseases
o Spore travel long distances
o Wide infection window
o Need to be practiced on a large scale
What about fungicides?
Very little data on fungicide efficacy against Gibberella
ear rot and vomitoxin in corn.
Timing is a concern
Unanswered questions about epidemiology
o Infection process
17. Fungicide Effect on Gibberella Ear Rot/DON
Slide courtesy G. Munkvold
Limay-Rios and Schaafsma, 2013
21. Agronomic Crop Updates for 2018 - Cereal Pathology
Southern Rust of Corn:
Identification and Management
Dr. Pierce Paul, Professor
Dept. of Plant Pathology
28. Product/Trade name Common rust Southern rust
Quadris 2.08 SC E G
Headline 2.09 EC/SC E VG
Aproach 2.08 SC VG-E G
Tilt 3.6 EC VG F-G
Proline 480 SC VG G
Folicur 3.6 F U F-G
Domark 230 ME U G
Quilt Xcel 2.2 SE VG-E VG
Trivapro U E
Aproach Prima 2.34 SC U G-VG
Priaxor 4.17 SC VG G
Headline AMP 1.68 SC E G-VG
Stratego YLD 4.18 SC E G-VG
Affiance 1.5 SC U G
Management with Fungicides
39. Acknowledgments
We thank USDA NIFA (Award # 2014-70006-22507) for providing funds
to purchase weather monitoring units; Bayer CropScience for
providing partial support to cover salaries for the Graduate Student;
and contributors to the Ohio Corn Performance trials.
Editor's Notes
A look back at the 2017 growing season – Gibberella ear rot showed up at the end of the season in some fields – very hybrid- and location-dependent
Fusarium graminearum infects major field crops, causing several diseases
A look back at the 2017 growing season – Vomitoxin the biggest concern, especially in those areas with wet humid conditions during the week after tasseling/silking
A look back at the 2017 growing season – infects may occur at the end of the season, especially on ears that dry down in an upright position
A look back at the 2017 growing season – infects may occur at the end of the season, especially on ears that dry down in an upright position
Researching GER and vomitoxin in corn in OH
Identifying important weather variables associated with GER and DON in Ohio
A look back at the 2017 growing season – data from the corn performance trials showing average GER severity across 15 hybrids. Note variation among locations
Grain quality deteriorates as Gibberella ear rot severity increases
but most importantly, GER leads to grain contamination with vomitoxin, which is harmful to livestock and contaminates co-products of ethanol production
Vomotoxin (DON) increases three-fold in DDGS
A look back at the 2017 growing season – data from the corn performance trials showing average GER severity across 10 locations. Note variation among hybrids – hybrid selection is therefore key for reducing the risk of GER as fungicide application show inconsistent results – drop nozzles seem to provide the best results, but application timing is still an issue.
Resistance is important for GER/DON control, but hybrid reaction is influenced by factors other than genetic resistance.
ECB and CEW traits may reduce the incidence of some mycotoxins (fumonisins) in DDGS – largely due to reduction in damage caused by insects.
Research with Proline in Canada: Fungicide treatments applied at tassel-silking provided the best results in terms of vomitoxin reduction
Results not so great in Ohio – we may have overkilled with too high inoculum levels and used inappropriate fungicide application methods
Results not so great in Ohio – we may have overkilled with too high inoculum levels and used inappropriate fungicide application methods
Folks in Canada used drop nozzles; we used high-clearance sprayers – more research needed
A look back at the 2017 growing season – the biggest and most widespread disease problem was southern rust – by Ohio standards southern rust, generally not a major concern in the state, was widespread in 2017 – planting was delayed (or replant) in several locations due to wet early-season conditions, both of which favored southern rust, a disease that develops best under warm, wet conditions. However, losses were generally not severe, likely because dryer mid-season conditions prevented rapid spread of the disease during grain development.
A look back at the 2017 growing season – common rust, a disease more prevalent in the state, was also widespread in 2017. However, unlike southern rust, it generally does not impact grain yield – partly because this disease develops best under cool, wet conditions, and as such usually slows down as conditions become warm and dry during drain fill. Very important to distinguish between the two…
Treatments applied at tassel-Silking and 10 ears in each plot inoculated with Fusarium graminearum 3-5 days after