Glyphosate resistant weeds in ontario 2016

Glyphosate Resistant
Weeds in Ontario
Sikkema, UG
Giant ragweed
Common ragweed
Canada fleabane
Waterhemp
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG

Herbicide resistance is the ability of
a plant to survive and reproduce
after exposure to a previously lethal
dose of a herbicide.
Yuan et al. 2006
Herbicide Resistant Weeds
Definition

Glyphosate Resistant Weeds
1. Number of species
a. 32 species in the world
b. 14 species in the USA
c. 5 species in Canada
d. 4 species in Ontario
i. Giant ragweed (2008)
ii. Canada fleabane (2010)
iii. Common ragweed (2011)
iv. Waterhemp (2014)
Introduction

Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
History

Control 0.67 L/ac0.33 L/ac
Susceptible Resistant
Control 0.67 L/ac0.33 L/ac
Vink, UGVink, UG

Canada fleabane - Survey
Vink, UG
Vink, UG
Sikkema, UG

Essex
•Glyphosate Resistant Giant Ragweed
•occurrence in southern Ontario Counties
2010

•Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
Essex
Kent
Lambton
Elgin
Middlesex
Niagara
2011

2012
Essex
Kent
Lambton
Elgin
Middlesex
Huron
Haldimand
Niagara

2013
Essex
Kent
Lambton
Elgin
Middlesex
Huron
Norfolk
Oxford
Brant
Haldimand
Niagara
Durham

Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane – 2014
28 Counties
Budd, UG

Perth
Hastings
Kent Brant
Wentworth
Niagara
Oxford
Perth
Waterloo
Perth
Hastings
Lennox
Addington
Norfolk
Prescott
Russel
Prince Edward
Essex
Norfolk

The problem has become even worse …
Multiple Resistant Canada Fleabane
Glyphosate Resistant Multiple Resistant
Roundup + Broadstrike RC
Morpeth, ON Mull, ON

Multiple Resistant Canada Fleabane – 2014
Multiple Resistant
11 Counties
Budd, UG

1. Fleabane produces a large number of very small seeds
a. Up to 200 000 seeds per plant
2. Seeds are windblown and move easily under field conditions
a. 99% of seeds fall within 100 m
b. University of Arkansas study concluded that the seed can
move up to 500 km
c. Pennsylvania State University study found that seeds can
enter the planetary boundary layer and move long
distances
Why does it move so quickly?

1. Single field (grower) management
is not a viable management
option for GR Canada fleabane
2. Farmers may proactively
implement weed management
programs to reduce the potential
for GR weeds and still get the
problem
a. Due to wind blown seeds
Management
implications
Canada Fleabane
First known field in Ontario - 2010
A field in 2014
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG

Not surprisingly, Ontario farmers indicate that
glyphosate resistant Canada Fleabane is the
#1 weed management issue in the province
GFO, 2015

1. Target site resistance …
a. Occurs when the herbicide reaches the target site at a
lethal dose but there are changes at the target site that limit
herbicide impact
2. Non-target site resistance …
a. Involves mechanisms that minimize the amount of active
herbicide that reaches the target site
Classifications
Why is Canada fleabane resistant
to glyphosate?

Why is Canada fleabane
resistant to glyphosate?
1. Gene amplification
a. 2-3 fold increase in EPSPS mRNA
(Dinelli et al. 2005)
Target Site

Why is Canada fleabane resistant
to glyphosate?
1. Reduced translocation
a. Less than half as much glyphosate is translocated to
the roots (Feng et al. 2004) and apical meristem (Ge et
al. 2009)
2. Vacuolar sequestration (Ge et al. 2009)
a. 24 hours after application
i. Susceptible biotype – 0% in vacuole
ii. Resistant biotype – 85% in vacuole
Non-Target Site

Vacuole Sequestration
Susceptible Biotype
0%

Vacuole Sequestration
Resistant Biotype
85%

How can GR Canada fleabane be
controlled in a corn/soybean/wheat
rotation?
Sikkema, UGSikkema, UGSikkema, UG

Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane in Corn
Sikkema, UGSikkema, UG
Average 65% corn yield loss on Ontario farms – up to 99%

50
51
70
65
89
0 20 40 60 80 100
Atrazine
Banvel
Marksman
Callisto+Atrazine
Broadstrike RC
Converge+Atrazine
Integrity
Primextra
Battalion
Weed Control (%)
Summary of 6 experiments
Corn - Preplant
Sikkema, UG

50
90
95
91
51
70
92
65
89
0 20 40 60 80 100
Atrazine
Banvel
Marksman
Callisto+Atrazine
Broadstrike RC
Converge+Atrazine
Integrity
Primextra
Battalion
Weed Control (%)
Corn - Preplant
Sikkema, UG

Weedy Check
Canada Fleabane - Corn - PP
Callisto + Atrazine (91%)
Integrity (92%) Marksman (95%)
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG

13
71
38
72
76
67
42
43
38
0 20 40 60 80 100
Roundup
2,4-D
Atrazine
Banvel
Distinct
Marksman
Pardner + Atrazine
Peak + Banvel
Callisto + Atrazine
Impact + Atrazine
Vios G3
Liberty
Permit
Weed Control (%)
Corn - Postemergence
Sikkema, UG

13
71
38
96
91
96
91
72
76
67
42
43
38
0 20 40 60 80 100
Roundup
2,4-D
Atrazine
Banvel
Distinct
Marksman
Pardner + Atrazine
Peak + Banvel
Callisto + Atrazine
Impact + Atrazine
Vios G3
Liberty
Permit
Weed Control (%)
Corn - Postemergence
Sikkema, UG

Weedy Check
Canada Fleabane - Corn - POST
Pardner + Atrazine (91%)
Marksman (96%)Banvel (96%)
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG

50
68
77
91
97
0 20 40 60 80 100
Primextra
Converge
Primextra + Broadstrike
Integrity
Dual + Broadstrike +
Lontrel
Weed Control (%)
PREFord, UG
What about in Enlist corn?

99
100
100
100
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Primextra
Converge
Primextra + Broadstrike
Integrity
Dual + Broadstrike +
Lontrel
Weed Control (%)
PRE PRE; EnlistFord, UG
Excellent control with a two-pass programs
in Enlist corn

Primextra Primextra + BroadstrikeConverge
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Primextra;
Enlist
Converge;
Enlist
Primextra + Broadstrike;
Enlist
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Excellent control with a two-pass program in
Enlist corn

Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane in Soybean
Sikkema, UG
Average 70% soybean yield loss on Ontario farms – up to 99%
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG
Kent County
Kent County
Kent County
Sikkema, UG

Herbicide %
R+2,4-D 73
R+Aim 29
R+Liberty 74
R+Gramoxone 80
R+Eragon 77
R+Integrity 84
R+FirstRate 74
R+Classic 75
R+Valtera 29
Guardian Plus 72
Herbicide %
R+Classic 65
R+FirstRate 73
R+Lorox 37
R+Sencor 85
R+Broadstrike 73
R+Pursuit 30
R+Command 20
R+Fierce 22
Guardian Plus 56
R+Conquest 26
Herbicide %
R+Blazer 13
R+Reflex 16
R+Basagran 32
R+Pinnacle 17
R+Classic 45
R+FirstRate 51
R+Pursuit 25
R+Cleansweep 24
Flexstar 20
These 29 tankmixes were evaluated and
did NOT provide acceptable control …
Preplant Burndown
Herbicides
Soil Applied Residual
Herbicides
Postemergence
Herbicides

The bottom line in Canada
fleabane management is
that we are trying to
avoid having to control it
with postemergence
herbicides, since they
largely do not work.
Dr. Mark Loux
Ohio State University
Flexstar

56
0 20 40 60 80 100
90-100%
80-89%
70-79%
50-69%
0-49%
% of studies
Summary of 25 studies in Essex and Kent county
Consistency of Control?
Sikkema, UG
Roundup + Eragon is the foundation for
GR Canada Fleabane control, but …

56
8
8
8
20
0 20 40 60 80 100
90-100%
80-89%
70-79%
50-69%
0-49%
% of studies
Summary of 25 studies in Essex and Kent county
Consistency of Control?
Sikkema, UG
Roundup + Eragon is the foundation for
GR Canada Fleabane control, but …

Variable control
Roundup + Eragon

The variable emergence pattern of Canada fleabane
and its tendency to emerge late in the season,
means there are no “bullet-proof” Canada fleabane
management programs
Dr. Mark Loux
Ohio State University

80
85 88 89 87 84
78
0
20
40
60
80
100
6 am 9 am 12 pm 3 pm 6 pm 9 pm 12 am
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane Control
Roundup + Eragon + Merge
WeedControl(%)8WAA
Time of Day affects
GR Canada Fleabane Control
Budd, UG

36
40
43 45 43 42
39
0
10
20
30
40
50
6 am 9 am 12 pm 3 pm 6 pm 9 pm 12 am
Soybean Yield (bu/ac)
Roundup + Eragon + Merge
SoybeanYield(bu/ac)
Time of Day affects
Soybean Yield
Budd, UG

12
84
0 20 40 60 80 100
Roundup
Roundup + Eragon
Roundup + Eragon +
2,4-D
Roundup + Eragon +
Gramoxone
Roundup + Eragon +
Sencor
GR Canada fleabane control (%) – 8 WAA
New Tankmixes
Budd, UG
Three-way tankmixes with Roundup + Eragon for
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane control?

12
84
92
95
97
0 20 40 60 80 100
Roundup
Roundup + Eragon
Roundup + Eragon +
2,4-D
Roundup + Eragon +
Gramoxone
Roundup + Eragon +
Sencor
Budd, UG
Three-way tankmixes provide effective control

Xtendimax provides excellent control in
Roundup Ready 2 Xtend Soybean
32
0 20 40 60 80 100
Roundup (PP); Roundup
(POST)
Rdup (PP); Rdup + Banvel 300
(POST)
Rdup + Banvel 300 (PP);
Roundup (POST)
Rdup + Banvel 300 (PP); Rdup
+ Banvel 300 (POST)
Roundup (POST)
Sikkema, UG

32
83
87
0 20 40 60 80 100
(POST)
Rdup (PP); Rdup + Banvel
300 (POST)
Roundup (POST)
Rdup + Banvel 300 (POST)
Roundup (POST)
Sikkema, UG

32
83
87
95
97
0 20 40 60 80 100
(POST)
Rdup (PP); Rdup + Banvel
300 (POST)
Roundup (POST)
Rdup + Banvel 300 (POST)
Roundup (POST)
Sikkema, UG

Roundup PP; Roundup POST Roundup + Dicamba 600 (PP); Roundup (POST)

1. If you do not have near perfect control of glyphosate resistant
Canada fleabane the day you seed you are behind the 8-ball
all season
a. The POST herbicides do not provide acceptable control
2. A three-way tankmix applied PP is required for consistent
control …
a. Roundup + Eragon + Sencor
3. Extendimax provides excellent control in RR2 Xtend soybean
Soybean - Summary

Canada Fleabane in Wheat
Sikkema, UGBrown, UG

89
72
81
62
61
80
59
0 20 40 60 80 100
2,4-D ester
MCPA ester
Target
Estaprop
Buctril M
Refine M
Trophy
Infinity
Peak+Pardner
Visual Weed Control (%)
Winter Wheat
Sikkema, UG

89
72
92
81
62
61
80
92
59
0 20 40 60 80 100
2,4-D ester
MCPA ester
Target
Estaprop
Buctril M
Refine M
Trophy
Infinity
Peak+Pardner
Weed Control (%)
Winter Wheat
Sikkema, UG

Weedy Check
Canada Fleabane – Wheat - POST
Trophy Infinity
MCPA

Resistant Canada Fleabane In Ontario
Conclusion
Our research indicates and practices by
Ontario farmers show that this is a
manageable problem

Can Glyphosate Resistant Canada
Fleabane be managed in soybean?
Sikkema, UG

Resistant Canada Fleabane In Ontario
Conclusion
Our research indicates and practices
by Ontario farmers show that this is a
manageable problem,
BUT
Ontario farmers will lose a tremendous
amount of money due to …
a) Increased herbicide cost
b) Yield loss due to GR Canada
fleabane interference

1. Corn
a. PP – Banvel, Callisto + atrazine, Integrity or Marksman
b. POST – Banvel, Distinct, Marksman or Pardner + atrazine
2. Soybean
a. PP – Eragon (or Optill or Integrity) + Sencor
b. Extendimax in RR2 Xtend soybean
3. Wheat
a. POST - Infinity
Summary
Control of GR Canada fleabane?

Can Ontario Farmers Eliminate this
Problem through Good Management?
Sikkema, UG

Glyphosate Resistant Waterhemp
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG

1. In 2014, poor control of
waterhemp was reported
in a field in Kent county
2. Seed was collected,
plants were grown in the
greenhouse and sprayed
with glyphosate, and the
results were …
Waterhemp
History
Sikkema, UG

Roundup (0.67 L/ac)
Susceptible Resistant

2014
Lambton
Multiple Resistant
60% of populations

Why is waterhemp resistant to
glyphosate?
1. 5 of 5 plants tested had EPSPS gene amplification
(Glyphosate resistance)
a. Range of 6 to 13 extra copies per plant
Gene Amplification

Resistant Canada Waterhemp
Roundup (0.67 L/ac)
Sikkema, UG

61
10
60
74
59
41
9
35
75
0 20 40 60 80 100
Frontier
Prowl
Zidua
Dual
Valtera
Sencor
Eragon
Authority
Pursuit
Integrity
Fierce
Authority Supreme
Boundary
TriActor
Weed Control (%) – 84 DAE
Summary of 2 experimentsSchryver, UG
PRE herbicides in RR soybean

61
10
60
74
59
41
83
9
35
80
75
0 20 40 60 80 100
Frontier
Prowl
Zidua
Dual
Valtera
Sencor
Eragon
Authority
Pursuit
Integrity
Fierce
Authority Supreme
Boundary
TriActor
Schryver, UG

61
10
96
60
74
59
41
83
9
35
97
91
80
75
0 20 40 60 80 100
Frontier
Prowl
Zidua
Dual
Valtera
Sencor
Eragon
Authority
Pursuit
Integrity
Fierce
Authority Supreme
Boundary
TriActor
Schryver, UG

Weedy Check
Boundary (80%)
Authority Supreme (91%) Fierce (97%)
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG

91
59
0 20 40 60 80 100
Authority
Supreme
Boundary
Weed Control (%) – 84 DAB
PRE PRE; Roundup + Blazer PRE; Roundup + Reflex
Schryver, UG
Two-pass weed control programs in
Roundup Ready soybean

91
59
99
98
100
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Authority
Supreme
Boundary
PRE PRE; Roundup + Blazer PRE; Roundup + ReflexSchryver, UG
Two-pass weed control programs in
Roundup Ready soybean

96
87
72
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fierce
Authority
Supreme
Boundary
PRESchryver, UG
Two-pass weed control programs
in Liberty Link soybean

96
87
72
98
99
97
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fierce
Authority
Supreme
Boundary
PRE PRE; LibertySchryver, UG
Two-pass weed control programs
in Liberty Link soybean

This takes guts to say publicly
Dr. Michael Owen, Iowa State University
The evolution of glyphosate resistant weeds is not a
problem with the herbicide, glyphosate, or the
Roundup Ready technology.
Glyphosate resistant weeds developed because of the
way we used glyphosate and the Roundup Ready
technology.

North American corn and soybean
farmers have indicated by their
purchasing patterns that they value
Roundup Ready crops and the use of
glyphosate for weed control
Dr. Peter Sikkema
University of Guelph
I think you will agree …

1. It must be used less frequently, or
2. It must be used differently than it was
in the past
I think you will agree …
For farmers to continue to get benefit
from this technology in the future …
Insanity: doing the same thing over and over
again and expecting different results
Albert Einstein

Cropping system diversity is the
foundation for resistance management
Dr. Stephen Powles
University of Western Australia
Glyphosate Stewardship

1. Would you consider …
1. Adding a non-RR crop to your rotation, or, adding an
additional non-RR crop to your diversified crop rotation?
a. Conventional corn
b. IP soybean
c. Cereals - Winter wheat or spring cereals
d. Dry beans
e. Forages

2. Would you consider…
1. Applying multiple herbicides modes-of-action on every acre,
every year (ie) two-pass weed control?
a. Corn
i. Converge, Engarde, Integrity, Lumax EZ, Primextra
b. Soybean
i. Boundary, Canopy, Conquest, Fierce, Freestyle,
Integrity, Optill, Pursuit or TriActor

1. Applying multiple herbicides modes-of-action on every acre,
every year (ie) adding a tankmix partner to Roundup applied
POST?
a. Corn
i. Banvel, Halex, Marksman, Vios G3
b. Soybean
i. Classic, FirstRate, Flexstar, Pursuit

1. Strategically incorporating some of the alternate/new
technologies when they become available?
a. Corn
i. Liberty Link, Enlist
b. Soybean
i. Liberty Link, RR2 Xtend, Enlist

1. Including tillage at strategic points in your diversified crop
rotation?
Cowbrough, OMAFSikkema, UG

1. Seeding a cover crop after winter wheat harvest to reduce
Canada fleabane emergence?

1. Seeding a cover crop after winter wheat harvest to reduce
Canada fleabane emergence?
Sikkema, UG

1. Inter-seeding a cover crop in your corn
to reduce Canada fleabane
emergence?
Schaus, Maizex
Schaus, Maizex

1. Making near-perfect weed control your objective in your
corn/soybean/wheat rotation?
a. Reduce weed seed return to the soil
Sikkema, UGSikkema, UGSikkema, UG
Corn Soybean Wheat

The intensive use of glyphosate in the absence
of other weed management tools is not a
sustainable practice.
Dr. John Soteres
Monsanto
February 2013
Closing Quotes

We found that grower management practices
was the number one factor that influenced
the selection for glyphosate resistant
waterhemp on individual farms.
Dr. Pat J. Tranel
University of Illinois
Closing Quotes

That Ontario farmers will implement weed
management practices that limit the
selection of additional glyphosate resistant
weeds. This will ensure the usefulness of
glyphosate and Roundup Ready crops for
many years in the future.
Dr. Peter Sikkema
My hope is …

Acknowledgements
• Graduate Students – Joe Vink,
Joanna Follings, Holly Byker,
Laura Ford, Annemarie Van Wely,
Chris Budd
• Research Technician - Chris
Kramer
• Summer research assistants
• Funding agencies

If you do not have glyphosate resistance on your
farm yet – adopt
Integrated Weed Management
now.
Use glyphosate judiciously at strategic points in
your long term crop rotation.
Dr. Peter Sikkema
Final Thought

Glyphosate resistant weeds in ontario 2016

Glyphosate resistant weeds in ontario 2016

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (10)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (11)

Similar to Glyphosate resistant weeds in ontario 2016

Similar to Glyphosate resistant weeds in ontario 2016 (20)

More from EasternOntarioCropConference

More from EasternOntarioCropConference (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (13)

Glyphosate resistant weeds in ontario 2016