This document provides an overview of food, nutrition, and health in Pakistan. It discusses Pakistan's demographic indicators and food security situation. Key points of malnutrition are highlighted, including stunting, wasting, underweight rates, and micronutrient deficiencies. Overweight and obesity are also addressed as indicators of malnutrition. Chronic diseases related to overweight and obesity like high blood pressure and diabetes prevalence rates are also summarized.
Food Security in Nigeria: Impetus for Growth and DevelopmentPremier Publishers
One of the most important and crucial debates in the world today is how to provide sufficient food for over seven billion people in the world. In 2019, 690 million people were suffering from hunger globally while about 135 million people in 55 countries and territories were suffering from acute food insecurity with Africa accounting for 73 million of this figure. Food insecurity is one of the major challenges of most African governments occasioned by an increasing number of people living in extreme poverty, high-level corruption, incidences of conflicts/terrorism, low level of human capital and unfavorable climate change in the region. Nigeria has the highest number of people living in extreme poverty globally. The Global Food Security Index (GFSI) rank of Nigeria has been on the increase since 2013 while it was ranked 94th among 113 countries in 2019. Nigeria is facing the challenge of food insecurity, especially in the northeastern and north-central states where conflicts/insurgency, kidnapping, armed banditry, cattle rustling and weather extremes are aggravating the food insecurity situation. This paper therefore recommends that the Nigerian government should redouble efforts aimed at improving food production and processing activities to ensure food security across the states and also boost exports.
The document discusses global and South African issues related to food security and agriculture. Globally, food prices have risen significantly in recent years, pushing more people into hunger. Key challenges to ensuring global food security include poverty, conflicts, climate change, and the increasing use of food crops for biofuels. In South Africa, while the country produces enough food overall, many people still lack reliable access to adequate nutrition. High unemployment, HIV/AIDS, and historical inequalities continue to undermine food security. Government policies aim to address these challenges and transform the agricultural sector, but more support is needed, particularly for small-scale and women farmers through improved access to resources and markets.
Presentation made by Hina Nazli, Amina Mehmood, and Asma Shahzad on October 2, 2014 in Islamabad, Pakistan at the policy seminar "Food Consumption Pattern and Nutritional Status in Pakistan."
Food security at the national level refers to availability in the country of sufficient stocks of food to meet domestic demand through domestic supply or imports
Prof. CHEN Mengshan, Chair of State Food and Nutrition Consultant Committee (SFNCC), former Secretary of the Leading Party Group of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)
Ms. ZHAI Lin, Department of International Cooperation, CAAS
Mr. QIN Lang, Strategic Planning Office, CAAS
29 Nov 2018
This presentation is all about highlighting present scenario of food security in India and the Issues and challenges it is facing. Furthermore, some of the pragmatic measures have been given so as to make India a food secure nation.
A comparative study of food security in Africa amid growing populationHakeemSulaimon1
Using trend analysis, this study is an attempt to compare the nature of food security from 2000 to 2014 in Nigeria to selected African countries in each region
Food security, food crisis and its impact on the caribbeanDebbie-Ann Hall
The document discusses the 2006-2008 global food crisis and its impact on the Caribbean region. It provides the following key points:
1) International food prices rose sharply between 2006-2008, with the FAO Food Price Index increasing nearly 78% during this period. This represented the most significant rise in global food prices seen in 30 years.
2) The food crisis had significant economic and social impacts across the Caribbean. It contributed to accelerated inflation, with food inflation higher than non-food and headline inflation in most Caribbean countries. Rising food costs also likely increased poverty and indigence rates.
3) While international food prices have declined from their 2008 peaks, prices remain higher than pre-crisis levels in
Food Security in Nigeria: Impetus for Growth and DevelopmentPremier Publishers
One of the most important and crucial debates in the world today is how to provide sufficient food for over seven billion people in the world. In 2019, 690 million people were suffering from hunger globally while about 135 million people in 55 countries and territories were suffering from acute food insecurity with Africa accounting for 73 million of this figure. Food insecurity is one of the major challenges of most African governments occasioned by an increasing number of people living in extreme poverty, high-level corruption, incidences of conflicts/terrorism, low level of human capital and unfavorable climate change in the region. Nigeria has the highest number of people living in extreme poverty globally. The Global Food Security Index (GFSI) rank of Nigeria has been on the increase since 2013 while it was ranked 94th among 113 countries in 2019. Nigeria is facing the challenge of food insecurity, especially in the northeastern and north-central states where conflicts/insurgency, kidnapping, armed banditry, cattle rustling and weather extremes are aggravating the food insecurity situation. This paper therefore recommends that the Nigerian government should redouble efforts aimed at improving food production and processing activities to ensure food security across the states and also boost exports.
The document discusses global and South African issues related to food security and agriculture. Globally, food prices have risen significantly in recent years, pushing more people into hunger. Key challenges to ensuring global food security include poverty, conflicts, climate change, and the increasing use of food crops for biofuels. In South Africa, while the country produces enough food overall, many people still lack reliable access to adequate nutrition. High unemployment, HIV/AIDS, and historical inequalities continue to undermine food security. Government policies aim to address these challenges and transform the agricultural sector, but more support is needed, particularly for small-scale and women farmers through improved access to resources and markets.
Presentation made by Hina Nazli, Amina Mehmood, and Asma Shahzad on October 2, 2014 in Islamabad, Pakistan at the policy seminar "Food Consumption Pattern and Nutritional Status in Pakistan."
Food security at the national level refers to availability in the country of sufficient stocks of food to meet domestic demand through domestic supply or imports
Prof. CHEN Mengshan, Chair of State Food and Nutrition Consultant Committee (SFNCC), former Secretary of the Leading Party Group of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)
Ms. ZHAI Lin, Department of International Cooperation, CAAS
Mr. QIN Lang, Strategic Planning Office, CAAS
29 Nov 2018
This presentation is all about highlighting present scenario of food security in India and the Issues and challenges it is facing. Furthermore, some of the pragmatic measures have been given so as to make India a food secure nation.
A comparative study of food security in Africa amid growing populationHakeemSulaimon1
Using trend analysis, this study is an attempt to compare the nature of food security from 2000 to 2014 in Nigeria to selected African countries in each region
Food security, food crisis and its impact on the caribbeanDebbie-Ann Hall
The document discusses the 2006-2008 global food crisis and its impact on the Caribbean region. It provides the following key points:
1) International food prices rose sharply between 2006-2008, with the FAO Food Price Index increasing nearly 78% during this period. This represented the most significant rise in global food prices seen in 30 years.
2) The food crisis had significant economic and social impacts across the Caribbean. It contributed to accelerated inflation, with food inflation higher than non-food and headline inflation in most Caribbean countries. Rising food costs also likely increased poverty and indigence rates.
3) While international food prices have declined from their 2008 peaks, prices remain higher than pre-crisis levels in
This document discusses food security in Pakistan. It begins with defining food security as reliable access to sufficient, affordable, and nutritious food. It then references Article 38 of Pakistan's constitution, which guarantees basic necessities including food for all citizens. The document outlines government initiatives to ensure food security through economic growth, agriculture development, poverty reduction programs, and irrigation projects. It also discusses ensuring adequacy of food supply, access to food, equitable distribution of food, and improving nutrition. The conclusion expresses optimism that Pakistan has the resources and potential to achieve food security.
The document discusses several factors impacting the global food situation:
1) Rising food prices in recent years due to slowing supply growth and increasing demand.
2) Supply factors like higher energy costs, diversion of crops to biofuels, and weather disasters reducing production.
3) Demand factors like rising incomes and dietary changes in places like China and India increasing consumption.
4) To increase supplies and moderate prices, more investment is needed in global agriculture, research, and small farmer support.
The document summarizes the status of food security in Afghanistan. It discusses that years of conflict have led to high poverty and food insecurity in Afghanistan. Food production, especially of wheat, is highly volatile and the country depends on imports to meet shortfalls. Over 30% of the population experiences food insecurity. Wheat accounts for over half of caloric intake but Afghanistan is not self-sufficient in wheat production. Rising food prices particularly affect food security.
Robert Johansson
SPECIAL EVENT
Discussion on the Key Findings of FAO’s 2019 State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World Report
Co-Organized by FAO North America and IFPRI
JUL 18, 2019 - 12:15 PM TO 01:45 PM EDT
Food security depends on availability, affordability, and quality/safety of food. The document analyzes threats to food security like weather events, economic and political instability, and population factors. It also discusses effects like hunger and policies by Nigerian governments to address food insecurity, including agricultural programs from the 1970s-2010s. Recommendations include collaborative planning, infrastructure, monitoring/evaluation, and credit access to promote food security.
6. agricultural development n food securityVivek Tiwari
This document discusses India's approach to agricultural development and food security since independence in 1947. Key points include:
1) Agricultural policies aimed to rapidly reduce hunger, food insecurity, malnutrition and poverty. This helped India overcome a severe food crisis in the 1960s and proved effective with economic reforms in the 1990s.
2) While food security has greatly improved, challenges remain with some households and individuals still facing hunger or malnutrition.
3) Recent policies focus on guaranteed rural employment, universal public distribution of food grains, and increasing minimum support prices for farmers.
4) Overall, India's experience shows that prioritizing agricultural development and ensuring access to food can help lift nations out of poverty and hunger.
This document is a student's economics project on the topic of food security in India. It introduces food security and defines it. It explains why food security is important as a basic human right and for survival. It then discusses factors affecting food security such as crop failures and natural disasters. The document outlines steps taken by the Indian government to ensure food security, such as maintaining buffer stocks of staple crops and setting minimum export prices. It concludes by emphasizing the need to continually improve agriculture, nutrition, and health to enhance food security.
Food security exists when all people have access to sufficient nutritious food. Nearly 800 million people face hunger globally. India has a large population living in poverty and facing malnutrition, though poverty has declined in recent years. Agricultural production and exports have fluctuated in India from 2007-2010. Ensuring food security for the growing global population will require increased agricultural output and addressing challenges like water scarcity, climate change, and land degradation. International organizations monitor food security indicators and work to promote initiatives and policies to achieve food security.
Agricultural transformation in Cambodia has had mixed effects on food and nutrition security according to a study analyzing survey data. While per capita expenditure and commercialization indicators like the share of food purchases were positively associated with dietary diversity, some farm households saw worse nutrition outcomes. Subsistence farmers in particular experienced lower child weight-for-age z-scores compared to commercializing farmers, suggesting current agricultural policy may not benefit the most vulnerable. The results indicate Cambodia needs policies that ensure agricultural growth improves nutrition for all households, especially the poorest.
Food safety and food security is a determinant of the well-being of the citizens of a country and how it translates to the development and transformation of the economy in a country specifically Nigeria was critically examined. Recent FAO figures indicate that over 60% of the world undernourished people live in Asia, and a quarter in Africa. Also there are 22 countries, 16 of which are in Africa, in which the undernourishment prevalence rate is over 35%. Hunger, food insecurity (chronic or transitory), malnutrition involving micronutrient malnutrition (MNM) and protein energy malnutrition (PEM) are some of the issues arising from food insecurity. Lack or absence of minerals and vitamins like Iodine, Iron and Vitamin A affects the growth and development of humans. The study revealed that several factors contributing to food insecurity includes wars, natural disasters, unemployment inadequate technological deployment and high post-harvest losses. Steps were taken to examine how agriculture contributes to food security, effects of various policies by past and present government on the food security and food safety situation in Nigeria. Also the emerging issue in combating food insecurity especially the use of biotechnology was further explained. Useful recommendations for enhancement of food security and safety includes: reduction of post-harvest losses through proper utilisation, processing and packaging of agricultural products, food fortification and supplementation to combat micronutrient and protein energy malnutrition, increased use of biotechnology; formulation of good agricultural policies including creation of agric cooperatives and the new Nigerian Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) that can lead to transformation of the economy.
The document discusses food security issues in South Asia. It notes that while cereal production has increased, food insecurity has not significantly decreased due to lack of access to food. It argues that poverty must be addressed to solve food insecurity. A proposed action plan has five pillars: increasing food availability, pro-poor growth strategies, pro-agriculture policies, social safety nets, and links between food/health/nutrition. Challenges to increasing production include water crisis, high energy costs, and need for agricultural diversification and improved marketing. Improving access requires inclusive pro-poor growth and increasing assets/education for the rural poor. An improved policy framework and social safety nets are also needed.
Nepal faces challenges with food security. Agriculture is important for Nepal's economy and livelihoods, with one-third of GDP and two-thirds of the population engaged in it. The country produces staples like rice, maize, and wheat, but production does not always meet requirements. Food security has chronic and acute dimensions. Chronically, many households do not have adequate nutrition throughout the year. Acute food insecurity occurs when shocks like natural disasters disrupt food sources. The government monitors food security indicators to understand situations and needs.
Food security and public distribution systemshivalika sood
This document provides information about India's agriculture sector, food production, food security challenges, and the Public Distribution System (PDS). It notes that while India achieved food self-sufficiency 35 years ago, about 35% of the population remains food insecure due to low incomes and high food prices. The PDS aims to distribute subsidized food to those in need through a network of fair price shops, but currently only meets less than 10% of the consumption needs of the poor. It provides details on the evolution and workings of the PDS in India.
The document discusses challenges to global food security, including rising populations, decreasing agricultural land, climate change, natural disasters, conflicts, and poverty. It notes that over 900 million people worldwide do not have enough food. Key factors exacerbating food insecurity are increases in food and fuel prices, biofuel production, and imbalanced international trade policies. The document also outlines Malaysia's national food security policy and initiatives to increase agricultural output and ensure adequate, safe food supplies.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPEMNT EFFORTS FOR PAKISTAN TO BECOME A DEVELOPED COUNTRY by Tariq Sarwar Awan A Research Analyst, Scholar and Public Representative Tariq Sarwar Awan in his Public Awareness program. I am working on all the core issues to give their SOLUTIONS for rapid growth of my Nation, Great Pakistan
Food security a global & national perspective by ayaz soomroAyaz Ali
Food insecurity in Pakistan specially in Sindh province which is contributing high share of oil & gas but majority of masses is facing food insecurity.
The Mt. Whitney trail is an 11 mile round trip hike gaining over 6,000 feet in elevation to the summit at 14,497 feet. The hike is divided into 3 stages: the first 6 miles gain 4,000 feet to Trail Camp, the infamous 2.2 mile section with 99 switchbacks gains 1,600 feet, and the final 2.8 miles gain 800 feet to the peak. Hikers should start very early to avoid afternoon thunderstorms and allow plenty of time due to the risk of altitude sickness. Proper gear, hydration, and pacing oneself are essential to safely complete the hike.
Tom Quick Inn Restaurant Menu Milford,PAtom-quick-inn
"The menu is subject to change based on availability and daily specials."
The Lutfy family is back.
Milford PA's most prominent landmark hotel, restaurant, and banquet facility, is now back under the dedicated management of the Lutfy family, who for 30 years operated perhaps the number one restaurant, hotel, sports bar, banquet facility in the Poconos/Upper Delaware Valley.
So come by and experience Lutfy hospitality at a Genuine Historic Landmark, Milford’s one and only Tom Quick Inn
This document discusses food security in Pakistan. It begins with defining food security as reliable access to sufficient, affordable, and nutritious food. It then references Article 38 of Pakistan's constitution, which guarantees basic necessities including food for all citizens. The document outlines government initiatives to ensure food security through economic growth, agriculture development, poverty reduction programs, and irrigation projects. It also discusses ensuring adequacy of food supply, access to food, equitable distribution of food, and improving nutrition. The conclusion expresses optimism that Pakistan has the resources and potential to achieve food security.
The document discusses several factors impacting the global food situation:
1) Rising food prices in recent years due to slowing supply growth and increasing demand.
2) Supply factors like higher energy costs, diversion of crops to biofuels, and weather disasters reducing production.
3) Demand factors like rising incomes and dietary changes in places like China and India increasing consumption.
4) To increase supplies and moderate prices, more investment is needed in global agriculture, research, and small farmer support.
The document summarizes the status of food security in Afghanistan. It discusses that years of conflict have led to high poverty and food insecurity in Afghanistan. Food production, especially of wheat, is highly volatile and the country depends on imports to meet shortfalls. Over 30% of the population experiences food insecurity. Wheat accounts for over half of caloric intake but Afghanistan is not self-sufficient in wheat production. Rising food prices particularly affect food security.
Robert Johansson
SPECIAL EVENT
Discussion on the Key Findings of FAO’s 2019 State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World Report
Co-Organized by FAO North America and IFPRI
JUL 18, 2019 - 12:15 PM TO 01:45 PM EDT
Food security depends on availability, affordability, and quality/safety of food. The document analyzes threats to food security like weather events, economic and political instability, and population factors. It also discusses effects like hunger and policies by Nigerian governments to address food insecurity, including agricultural programs from the 1970s-2010s. Recommendations include collaborative planning, infrastructure, monitoring/evaluation, and credit access to promote food security.
6. agricultural development n food securityVivek Tiwari
This document discusses India's approach to agricultural development and food security since independence in 1947. Key points include:
1) Agricultural policies aimed to rapidly reduce hunger, food insecurity, malnutrition and poverty. This helped India overcome a severe food crisis in the 1960s and proved effective with economic reforms in the 1990s.
2) While food security has greatly improved, challenges remain with some households and individuals still facing hunger or malnutrition.
3) Recent policies focus on guaranteed rural employment, universal public distribution of food grains, and increasing minimum support prices for farmers.
4) Overall, India's experience shows that prioritizing agricultural development and ensuring access to food can help lift nations out of poverty and hunger.
This document is a student's economics project on the topic of food security in India. It introduces food security and defines it. It explains why food security is important as a basic human right and for survival. It then discusses factors affecting food security such as crop failures and natural disasters. The document outlines steps taken by the Indian government to ensure food security, such as maintaining buffer stocks of staple crops and setting minimum export prices. It concludes by emphasizing the need to continually improve agriculture, nutrition, and health to enhance food security.
Food security exists when all people have access to sufficient nutritious food. Nearly 800 million people face hunger globally. India has a large population living in poverty and facing malnutrition, though poverty has declined in recent years. Agricultural production and exports have fluctuated in India from 2007-2010. Ensuring food security for the growing global population will require increased agricultural output and addressing challenges like water scarcity, climate change, and land degradation. International organizations monitor food security indicators and work to promote initiatives and policies to achieve food security.
Agricultural transformation in Cambodia has had mixed effects on food and nutrition security according to a study analyzing survey data. While per capita expenditure and commercialization indicators like the share of food purchases were positively associated with dietary diversity, some farm households saw worse nutrition outcomes. Subsistence farmers in particular experienced lower child weight-for-age z-scores compared to commercializing farmers, suggesting current agricultural policy may not benefit the most vulnerable. The results indicate Cambodia needs policies that ensure agricultural growth improves nutrition for all households, especially the poorest.
Food safety and food security is a determinant of the well-being of the citizens of a country and how it translates to the development and transformation of the economy in a country specifically Nigeria was critically examined. Recent FAO figures indicate that over 60% of the world undernourished people live in Asia, and a quarter in Africa. Also there are 22 countries, 16 of which are in Africa, in which the undernourishment prevalence rate is over 35%. Hunger, food insecurity (chronic or transitory), malnutrition involving micronutrient malnutrition (MNM) and protein energy malnutrition (PEM) are some of the issues arising from food insecurity. Lack or absence of minerals and vitamins like Iodine, Iron and Vitamin A affects the growth and development of humans. The study revealed that several factors contributing to food insecurity includes wars, natural disasters, unemployment inadequate technological deployment and high post-harvest losses. Steps were taken to examine how agriculture contributes to food security, effects of various policies by past and present government on the food security and food safety situation in Nigeria. Also the emerging issue in combating food insecurity especially the use of biotechnology was further explained. Useful recommendations for enhancement of food security and safety includes: reduction of post-harvest losses through proper utilisation, processing and packaging of agricultural products, food fortification and supplementation to combat micronutrient and protein energy malnutrition, increased use of biotechnology; formulation of good agricultural policies including creation of agric cooperatives and the new Nigerian Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) that can lead to transformation of the economy.
The document discusses food security issues in South Asia. It notes that while cereal production has increased, food insecurity has not significantly decreased due to lack of access to food. It argues that poverty must be addressed to solve food insecurity. A proposed action plan has five pillars: increasing food availability, pro-poor growth strategies, pro-agriculture policies, social safety nets, and links between food/health/nutrition. Challenges to increasing production include water crisis, high energy costs, and need for agricultural diversification and improved marketing. Improving access requires inclusive pro-poor growth and increasing assets/education for the rural poor. An improved policy framework and social safety nets are also needed.
Nepal faces challenges with food security. Agriculture is important for Nepal's economy and livelihoods, with one-third of GDP and two-thirds of the population engaged in it. The country produces staples like rice, maize, and wheat, but production does not always meet requirements. Food security has chronic and acute dimensions. Chronically, many households do not have adequate nutrition throughout the year. Acute food insecurity occurs when shocks like natural disasters disrupt food sources. The government monitors food security indicators to understand situations and needs.
Food security and public distribution systemshivalika sood
This document provides information about India's agriculture sector, food production, food security challenges, and the Public Distribution System (PDS). It notes that while India achieved food self-sufficiency 35 years ago, about 35% of the population remains food insecure due to low incomes and high food prices. The PDS aims to distribute subsidized food to those in need through a network of fair price shops, but currently only meets less than 10% of the consumption needs of the poor. It provides details on the evolution and workings of the PDS in India.
The document discusses challenges to global food security, including rising populations, decreasing agricultural land, climate change, natural disasters, conflicts, and poverty. It notes that over 900 million people worldwide do not have enough food. Key factors exacerbating food insecurity are increases in food and fuel prices, biofuel production, and imbalanced international trade policies. The document also outlines Malaysia's national food security policy and initiatives to increase agricultural output and ensure adequate, safe food supplies.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPEMNT EFFORTS FOR PAKISTAN TO BECOME A DEVELOPED COUNTRY by Tariq Sarwar Awan A Research Analyst, Scholar and Public Representative Tariq Sarwar Awan in his Public Awareness program. I am working on all the core issues to give their SOLUTIONS for rapid growth of my Nation, Great Pakistan
Food security a global & national perspective by ayaz soomroAyaz Ali
Food insecurity in Pakistan specially in Sindh province which is contributing high share of oil & gas but majority of masses is facing food insecurity.
The Mt. Whitney trail is an 11 mile round trip hike gaining over 6,000 feet in elevation to the summit at 14,497 feet. The hike is divided into 3 stages: the first 6 miles gain 4,000 feet to Trail Camp, the infamous 2.2 mile section with 99 switchbacks gains 1,600 feet, and the final 2.8 miles gain 800 feet to the peak. Hikers should start very early to avoid afternoon thunderstorms and allow plenty of time due to the risk of altitude sickness. Proper gear, hydration, and pacing oneself are essential to safely complete the hike.
Tom Quick Inn Restaurant Menu Milford,PAtom-quick-inn
"The menu is subject to change based on availability and daily specials."
The Lutfy family is back.
Milford PA's most prominent landmark hotel, restaurant, and banquet facility, is now back under the dedicated management of the Lutfy family, who for 30 years operated perhaps the number one restaurant, hotel, sports bar, banquet facility in the Poconos/Upper Delaware Valley.
So come by and experience Lutfy hospitality at a Genuine Historic Landmark, Milford’s one and only Tom Quick Inn
Through your web browser type in the URL : www.slideshare.netOnce there click on “Login or Signup” on the top right.Step 2Step 1Click on “create one” to create a new account.Step 3Enter a username, password, and email address.Step 4Once you have created an account you are ready to start working in Slideshare.The easiest way to begin is to select the “Upload” button.If you click on the page link “Formats Supported” to see what native formats Slideshare will handle.You can choose to upload “private” or “public” documents. Private allows you to control access to the file while Public allows any user of SlideShare to
Hands-on learning is effective but raises questions about time, safety, resources, and measuring its impact. The document proposes using technology to supplement hands-on learning, noting available online resources, and that this approach could improve grades, content understanding, and technology skills while being evaluated through class discussions and assessments of deeper learning and multi-modal expression.
Jessica Haggerty introduces herself as a student at Grosse Pointe South High School taking Honors Chemistry. She discusses her experience using Google Apps such as blogs, wikis, and webquests for chemistry. She also mentions using virtual labs and data collection.
“Timeless. On the contrary, inside time. And beyond. It rains this light rain of words. Significant. Blunt. Stirring, most of all. / And then the images, evoked, drawn, painted. Strokes and shadows. Black. Intensity, liberty. And love. Thank you Stefano.”
Marco Mathieu, Writer and Journalist, "La Repubblica", Milan
This document provides an overview of food, nutrition, and health in Pakistan. It discusses Pakistan's demographic indicators and food security situation. Key points of malnutrition are highlighted, including stunting, wasting, underweight rates, and micronutrient deficiencies. Overweight and obesity are also addressed as indicators of malnutrition. Chronic diseases related to overweight and obesity like high cholesterol, hypertension, and diabetes are examined.
This document provides instructions for creating and using Google Forms. It explains how to make a Google account, create a form by giving it a title and questions, choose question types, view and analyze responses in a spreadsheet or summary format, and provides examples of using forms for surveys, quizzes, and collecting other student work and feedback. Additional resources for learning more about Google Forms are also listed.
Report :- MIMO features In WiMAX and LTE: An OverviewPrav_Kalyan
This document provides an overview of MIMO techniques used in WiMAX and LTE wireless standards. It discusses key MIMO concepts like diversity, spatial multiplexing, and beamforming. For diversity, it describes transmit and receive diversity techniques like space-time coding. For spatial multiplexing, it explains how multiple low data rate streams can be transmitted in parallel to increase capacity. For beamforming, it notes the technique focuses transmission in a specific direction to improve signal gain and coverage. The document also provides high-level descriptions of open-loop and closed-loop MIMO schemes in WiMAX and LTE.
The document discusses principles of surgical management of jaw tumors. There are three main surgical excision modalities: (1) enucleation with or without curettage, (2) marginal or partial resection, (3) composite resection. The aggressiveness of the lesion, its histologic diagnosis, and anatomical location determine the appropriate treatment, ranging from conservative enucleation to more extensive resection. Malignant tumors of the oral cavity can arise from various tissues and may be treated with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or surgery.
The document compares MIMO features in WiMAX and LTE mobile communication standards. Both standards use MIMO techniques like spatial multiplexing and beamforming to achieve high data rates and spectral efficiency. However, LTE typically has higher uplink spectral efficiency using SC-FDMA, while WiMAX utilizes more advanced receivers and feedback techniques for improved performance. Overall, both WiMAX and LTE are well-suited to meet 4G requirements through the use of similar MIMO channel access methods.
Egypt faces significant food security challenges including a high poverty rate, undernutrition, and a double burden of malnutrition. Over one quarter of the population is considered poor while 5% experience undernourishment. Children suffer from increasing rates of wasting, stunting, and anemia. Malnutrition reduces economic growth and increases healthcare costs. Food security is threatened by population growth, limited resources, waste in the supply chain, and overdependence on imports. Urbanization is driving a nutrition transition to more protein and increasing overweight rates. Improved infrastructure, storage, transportation and reduced waste across the supply chain could increase availability to meet rising demand.
Foodborne disease hazards and burden in Ethiopia: A systematic literature rev...ILRI
Poster by Lina Mego, Silvia Alonso, Florence Mutua, Kristina Roesel, Johanna F. Lindahl, Kebede Amenu, Filipe Maximiano Sousa, Pattama Ulrich, Tadesse Guadu, Michel Dione, Guy Ilboudo, Theo Knight-Jones and Delia Grace presented at the 16th International Symposium of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Halifax, Canada, 8 August 2022.
Contextualization nutrition food system and food safety issues in VietnamILRI
Presented by Truong Tuyet Mai, Fred Unger and Stef de Haan at the CRP-A4NH, Vietnam Partner Day Sharing Progress and Planning ahead for Collaborative Research Workshop, Hanoi, Vietnam, 23 March 2018
India has made progress in increasing food grain production and GDP over the last 50 years, but chronic hunger and starvation still persist for large sections of the population. The document discusses India's food security situation, key indicators of child well-being and malnutrition in South Asia, growth of India's GDP, issues related to agriculture and poverty. It also summarizes India's major food schemes, the Right to Food case in the Supreme Court and its impact in increasing food entitlements and budget allocations to reduce hunger.
as part of the IFPRI-Egypt Seminar Series- funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) project called “Evaluating Impact and Building Capacity” (EIBC) that is implemented by IFPRI.
Food insecurity persists in Iraq, particularly for rural families with low incomes. Approximately 11% of Iraqis, or 2.6 million people, live in extreme poverty and are highly vulnerable to food insecurity. An additional 3.6 million Iraqis could become food insecure if the Public Distribution System providing subsidized food was discontinued. Chronic poverty, lack of jobs, and insufficient purchasing power contribute to ongoing food insecurity problems in Iraq, especially for women, children, and the elderly in rural areas. Targeted food assistance, nutrition education, school feeding programs, and micronutrient interventions could help alleviate suffering from poverty and hunger.
Global food crisis: causes severity and outlookVijay Keraba
Most immediate are the urgent hunger needs in over 37 developing countries, 20 of which are LDCs.
The global food crisis undermines one of the most fundamental human rights – “The right to be free from hunger and malnutrition.”
The 3 billion people living on $2 or less spend between 50 - 80% on food.
Food prices have increased by 83% in just three years.
The price increase has been observed particularly very sharp for staple food crops.
In June-Sept, 2012,
Price of maize increased by 50%
That of wheat increased by 45%
And price of soybean by 40%
“Rebellion of the Hungry”
From Mexico to Pakistan, food prices have doubled in three years and have sparked riots in numerous countries.
Cameroon, Africa- a strike over high fuel prices changed to protest about food prices, 20 people dead.
Egypt - at least 70 people killed, riots due to high price of bread.
The Sunday Herald described the world’s food situation as:
” The Biggest Crisis of the 21st Century”
Global food crisis-a most devastating phenomena: causes, severity and outlook...Vijay Keraba
global food crisis is becoming a very serious and most devastating phenomena of mankind. it need to be stopped, or else our next generation will witness a viral evil, food crisis.
Transforming Food and Agriculture Systems to Improve Food Security and Nutrition in Sri Lanka by Manoj Thibbotuwawa, Institute of Policy Studies, Sri Lanka.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Leveraging food-based recommendations for women and children in Nairobi slums...ILRI
Poster prepared by P. Dominguez-Salas, P. Alarcon, S. Alonso, K. Colverson, L. Cornelsen, E. Ferguson, E. Fèvre, D. Grace, B. Häsler and J. Rushton for the Workshop on Emergency Nutrition Network Technical Meeting on Nutrition, Oxford, UK, 7-9 October 2014.
The global livestock sector: Trends and health implicationsILRI
Presented by Timothy Robinson, William Wint, Giulia Conchedda, Giuseppina Cinardi, Thomas Van Boeckel, Bernard Bett and Marius Gilbert at the Workshop on Measuring Progress, Biennial Meeting of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (RSTMH), Oxford, 27 September 2014
UERM NSTP-CWTS2 Unit 4: Millennium Development Goalsguesta21538
The document discusses the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which are 8 targets established by the UN to reduce poverty by 2015. It provides an overview of the MDGs and their focus on issues like poverty, education, health, and environmental sustainability. It also analyzes the Philippines' progress and challenges in meeting targets related to reducing poverty, child mortality, maternal health, disease prevention, access to water and sanitation, and slum upgrading.
Multi-Sectoral linkages to improve diet, nutrition and food security workIFPRIMaSSP
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1. 1
An Overview
Of
Food,Nutrition & Health
in
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Presented By:
Prof.Dr.Perveen Liaqat
COUNTRY PRESENTATION
Intercountry Technical Consultation on National Food based
Dietary Guidelines.6th
to 9th
Dec.2004
WHO-EMRO,Cairo,Egypt
3. 3
Demographic Indicators
Population 130.580 million (PCP 1998)
140 million (Economic Survey03-04)
Population Growth Rate 2.2% (Economic Survey 2003-2004)
1.9% (World Development Report 2003)
Economy Agriculture Based
Main Food Crops Wheat,Rice,Sugarcane
Literacy Rate 43.9% (Population census 1998)
54.0% (Economic Survey,estimated 03-04)
(66.25 %M & 41.75% F)
Life Expectancy M: 64 years;
F:66 years(Pak Dev.House hold survey 1999)
Mortality Rate(Infant) 91 (PCP 1998)
81 (Economic survey 2003-2004)
Mortality Rate(Under Five) 120 (PCP 1998)
105 (Economic survey 2003-2004)
4. 4
1. Food Security Situation in Pakistan
Food security according to World Food Summit is defined as
“When all people, at all times, have physical and economic
access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food and to meet their
dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy
life”.
1. Adequacy of Food
2. Ample Access to Food
3. Reliability of Both Supply and Access
5. 5
1.1 Adequacy of Food
1. Food Production
Production of major Food Crops (000 Tonnes)
Source: (Economic Survey of Pakistan 2003)
a) Major Food Crops
Years Sugar Cane Rice Maize Wheat
1999-00 46333 5156 1652 21079
2000-01 43606 (-5.9) 4803 (-6.8) 1643 (-0.5) 19024 (-9.7)
2001-02 48042 (10.2) 3882 (-19.2) 1664 (1.3) 18227 (-4.2)
2002-03 52056 (8.3) 4478 (15.3) 1771 (4.4) 19767 (5.2)
7. 7
Source: (Economic Survey of Pakistan 2003)
b) Other Important Foods Commodities
Live Stock:
Accounts for 49.1% of agricultural value added and about 11.4% of the GDP
30-35 million rural population is engaged in livestock raising
Live Stock include cattle, buffalos, sheep, goats, camels, horses assess and
mules
Poultry:
Good substitute of beef and mutton
According to Live Stock Wing of Ministry of food, agriculture and livestock,
almost every family in rural area and every fifth family in urban area in
associated with poultry production
Fisheries:
Fisheries contribute substantially to the national income through export
earnings
During July-March 2003-04, 101256 m.tones values at Rs.7.9 billion fish and
fishery products were estimated to be exported to Japan, USA, UK, Germany,
Middle East, Sri Lanka, China etc.
During the same period, the total fish production is estimated at 630,000
m.tones
The total number of persons engaged in fisheries during 2003-04 is estimated
at 395,000
8. 8
c) Exports and Imports of Food Products
Exports:
Cumulative Exports by Food Commodities
Commodities July-Aug,
2004
in millions
July-Aug,
2003
in millions
% Change
July-Aug, 2004
July-Aug, 2003
Rice 5,575.61 5,743.94 -2.93%
Fruits, Vegetables and
preparation thereof
1,538.97 1,297.41 +18.62%
Fish and Fish
preparation
981.33 1,330.59 -26.25%
9. 9
c) Exports and Imports of Food Products
Imports:
Cumulative Imports by Food Commodities
Commodities July-Aug,
2004
in millions
July-Aug,
2003
in millions
% Change
July-Aug, 2004
July-Aug, 2003
Palm Oil 7,401.00 5,522.43 +34.02%
Tea 2,240.11 1,479.39 +51.42%
Pulses 1,140.71 477.36 +138.96%
Soybean oil 238.39 274.29 -13.09%
Milk and Milk products
for infants
194.61 113.13 +72.02%
10. 10
Items Units 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2001-2002
Cereals Kg 159.7 171.0 163.5 149.3
Pulses Kg 5.9 6.8 7.2 6.1
Sugar Kg 32.8 31.2 26.4 26.1
Milk ltr 147.3 148.0 148.8 150.8
Eggs Doz 2.2 5.1 25.1 5.2
Edible Oil ltr 11.6 12.3 11.1 11.3
Meat Kg 17.9 18.2 18.7 18.9
Calories
(per day)
2,655 2,728 2,625 2,306
Protein
(per day) gms
68.37 71.85 70.00 67.00
Source: Planning & Development Division (PES, 2001-2002)
2. Food Consumption
Food availability per Capita
Per capita availability of calories and Protein
13. 13
1.3 Reliability of both Supply and Access
40% total farm area 7% landowners
60% total farm area 93% farmers
• Landowners have more access to water for irrigation,
fertilizers and other resources
1. Inequity in land holdings
2. Inequity in food supply in different provinces
14. 14
2. Nutrition Indicators of Malnutrition
i. Low Birth weight
ii. Childhood Growth
a) Time trend in prevalence of stunting,wasting & underweight
b) Prevalence of Stunting & Wasting among Gender
Source NSWP MNS NNS NHS NNS
Year 1965 1977 1985-7 1990-4 2001-2
Underweight - 53.3 47.9 40.1 37.4
Stunted 49 43.3 41.8 36.3 40
Wasted 11 8.6 10.8 11.8 14.9
Source NHS NNS
Year 1990-4 2001-2
Males Females Males Females
Stunted 36.0 36.3 40.5% 39.5%
Wasted 11.9 11.7 15.4% 14.4%
Underweight 39.8 40.5 37.6% 37.2%
15. 15
c) Prevalence of Stunting and Wasting among Rural/Urban
children under five.
Source NHS NNS
Year 1990-4 2001-2
Urban Rural Urban Rural
Stunted 32.1 39.0 34.7% 43.1%
Wasted 11.2 11.5 15.5% 14.6%
Underweight 34.5 41.6 34.7% 39.0%
16. 16
Underweight Non-pregnant mothers 12.5% (Malnourished with BMI<18.5)
Underweight Lactating Mothers 16.1% (Malnourished with BMI<18.5)
Mothers with normal limits of Nutrition 54%
Lactating Mothers More underweight as compare to
less Obese non-pregnant women
Source: NNS 2001-2002
iii. BMI as Nutrition Indicator during Pregnancy & Lactation
17. 17
2.1 Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies as Malnutrition Indicators
a) Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia
Moderate Severe
Children 33.0% 2.6%
Mothers 23.7% 1.8%
Iron deficiency Anemia among Children under five & their Mothers
18. 18
b) Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency
Clinical Deficiency
Bitot spots,night blindness,xerophthalmia
Prevalence of Bitot spots among children under five 1.2%(NNS 2001-2002)
Prevalence of Night blindness among mothers (during last
pregnancy and current)
7.8% to 9.9% respectively
Sub-clinical Deficiencies
Serum Retinol level <0.74 (µmol/l) among pre-school children & their mothers
NHS1998 NNS2001-
2002
Children Severe retinol level<0.35 µmol/l (%) 3.3% 0.8%
Children Moderate retinol level b/w 0.35-0.7 µmol/l (%) 31.8% 11.7%
Mother Moderate retinol level b/w 0.35-0.69 µmol/l (%) 5.9 %
rural Urban
6.7% 5.4%
Bio-chemical levels of vitamin A among Mothers
Severe(<0.35(µmol/l) 0.5%
Moderate(B/w 0.35-0.69) 5.4 %
Source: NNS 2001-2002
19. 19
c) Prevalence of Iodine Deficiency
Clinical Signs
Visible goitre among mothers 12.2%
Palpable goitre among mothers 8.9%
Prevalence of goitre among Mothers by place of Residence
Place of Residence Palpable Visible No Goitre
Urban 7.4% 8.9% 83.8%
Rural 9.8% 14.1% 76.3%
National 8.9% 12.2% 79.1%
Palpable goitre% Visible % No Goitre
Urban 2.1% 1.9% 96.0%
Rural 5.8% 2.6% 91.6%
National 4.4% 2.3% 93.3%
Prevalence of goitre among school-aged children 6-12 years
20. 20
Pre school Children 37.1%
(Serum Concentrations< 60 µ/dl Zinc level)
Pregnant Women 41.4%
(mother of children under five)
d) Prevalence of Zinc Deficiency (NNS 2001-2002)
21. 21
Sub Clinical Signs (urinary excretion levels)
a) Thiamine
Adults 0.87%
Children 1.85%
b) Riboflavin
adults 0.25%
children 0.71%
e) Vitamin B Deficiencies
Source: NNS 1985
22. 22
2.2 Childhood Morbidity as an indicator
Clinical Signs of Rickets
i. Enlarged Wrist 0.8%
ii. Bowed legs 0.5%
iii. Fontenelle (<2 years) 41.8%
iv. Frontal Bossing(3-5 years) 2.9%
a) Prevalence of vitamin D Deficiency among children
upto 59 months
b) Prevalence of Diarrhoea among Children
National level 25%
Urban 20.8%
Rural 27.5%
23. 23
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Percent urban Male & Female
LOW Middle High
Female
LOW Middle High
Male
2.3 Overweight and Obesity as indicators of Malnutrition
Source: (NHS 1998)
Obese
Overweight
Desirable
Underweight
Severe thin
24. 24
2.4 Chronic Diseases Related with Overweight and Obesity
i. Serum Cholestrol level
ii. Blood pressures and Hypertension
iii. Non-insulin dependent diabetes
25. 25
2.4.1 Prevalence of elevated cholestrol levels
People with ECL requiring Nutritional/medical advice 7.3 million
12.6% population
Over 15 years of ages
Urban women over 65 years of age 1/every 3
much higher than their male counter parts
ECL: Elevated Cholestrol Levels (random blood cholestrol of at least 200 mg/ml)
Source: NNS 1990-94
26. 26
2.4.2 Prevalence of high blood pressure & Hypertension
Blood Pressure(systolic>140 mmHg & Diastolic 90mmHg)
Urban 21.5%
Rural 16.2%
Hypertension
Men 5.5 million
Women 5.3 million
Severe Hypertension 4% urban women of high economic status
Systolic pressure > 180 mmHg
Diastolic pressure> 105 mmHg
Obese urban Female Over 45 years of age 65% hypertensive
Obese rural Female Over 45 years of age 48% hypertensive
Overweight Male(age 45+) 58% hypertensive
both rural & urban
Source: (NHS 1994)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Obese Overweight Normal Underweight Thin
Percent urbanPercent rural
Female Male MaleFemale
*
*
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Obese Overweight Normal Underweight Thin
27. 27
2.4.3 Prevalence of Diabetes among 45-64 years age
Non recorded diabetes 2.7million
Diagnosed diabetes 0.8 million
Urban Male(over 65 yrs age) 15%
Urban Female(45 to 64 yrs) 18%
Rural Male 5%
Rural Female(45 to 64 yrs) 7%
Prevalence of diabetes
among urban female one in every 4th
of 45 years & above
Source: (NHS 1994)
28. 28
2.5 Other Health Diseases Common
a) Chronic Bronchitis caused by Tuberculosis & Chronic
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Rural Women(age 65 and above) 14%
Rural Men 6%
Urban(both sexes) 9%
b) Renal Impairment
Chronic Kidney problems *
(Among 40-49 yrs of age group ) 7%
(Among 50-59 yrs of age group) 17%
60+ in both rural and urban areas 13%
* It includes renal insufficiency and creatinine.
Renal insufficiency is a clinical condition in which blood urea
nitrogen is over 40 mg/dl and creatinine is over 1.2 mg/dl. It is
used to monitor kidney function and early screening.
Source: NHS 1990-4
29. 29
3. DAILY FOOD INTAKE PATTERN
3.1 Average daily intake of food by Mothers (NNS 2001-02)
3.2 Average Intake of Food by Children-by Food Groups
3.3 Type of Bread Consumed by Regions
3.4 Consumption Frequency of different food items for weak
3.5 Pakistan Food Basket based on 2100 Calories
31. 31
3.2 Average Intake of Food by Children-by Food Groups
Food Groups Rural Urban National
Total Cereals 235 271 226
Wheat 174 156 165
Rice 61 61 61
Egg 2.5 1.4 1.9
Meat 29 33 31
Milk/Milk Products 229 233 231
N 379 242 621
3.3 Types of Wheat Bread Consumed by Regions
Region N Roti Khameeri
(Hot Plate)
Roti Pateeri
(Hot Plate)
Roti Pateeri
(Baked)
Nan
(Baked)
National
Urban
Rural
621
242
379
17
12
18
68
71
65
10
10
10
5
7
5
Grams/child/day
Source: NNS 2001-02
32. 32
Most frequent Foods used N Once Twice 3-4 times 5-6 times Daily
All Meat
Urban
Rural
National
242
379
621
23
30
27
25
20
22
18
12
14
3
2
2
5
2
4
Chicken
Urban
Rural
National
242
379
621
35
33
34
19
12
15
9
8
9
1
1
1
1
10
7
Milk/Milk Products
Urban
Rural
National
242
379
621
17
13
14
5
8
7
7
6
6
2
2
2
24
24
24
Carrots
Urban
Rural
National
242
379
621
3
5
4
1
1
1
2
2
2
0
1
1
1
0
1
Green Leafy Vegetables
Urban
Rural
National
242
379
621
36
31
33
18
19
19
10
16
14
1
4
3
6
5
5
Wheat Bread
Urban
Rural
National
242
379
621
7
2
4
6
2
3
5
5
5
15
13
14
82
85
84
3.4 Consumption Frequency of Different Food Items Per Week
Percent
Source: NNS 2001-02
33. 33
3.5 Pakistan Food Basket Based on (2100 calories)
Average Caloric Requirement/ Capita/ day (proposed)
(at physiological Level)
Sl. Food Item Quantity (gm)
1. Wheat (Atta) 300
2. Rice 60
3. Other Cereals 15
4. Pulses 30
5. Meat & Products, Poultry & Fish. 40
6. Milk and Milk Products 150
7. Added Fat 30
8. Sugar 50
9. Fruits and Vegetables 100
34. 34
4. Food and Nutritional National policies
9th
five year programme(2003-08)
Capacity development at all levels to address nutritional
problems
Control of nutritional disorders
Universal accessibility to safe and balanced food
Awareness through education for healthy lifestyle and
adopting improved nutritional practices
Initiation of community based growth monitoring policy
for young child and maternal nutrition.
Promotion and protection of breastfeeding.
Development of strategic frame work. Consensus
building among stakeholders for graphical & practical
national nutrition strategic plan
National fond fortification
Research
a) Food Dietary Guidelines
b) Efficiency of single close vitamin A and Serum
retinol level in lactating mothers
Micro nutrient supplementation
4.1 Existing
35. 35
Tawana Pakistan: School Nutrition Package for girls
National Programme for Family Planning and Primary Health
Care/ The Lady Health Workers Programme
Bait-ul-Mal’s Food Support Programme
Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority
4.2 Ongoing Nutrition programmes and Projects
36. 36
World Health Organization
Micronutrient Initiative (MI) US aid Supported Programme
FAO
British Council
DFID
Save the Children Fund
Unicef
Unesco
4.3 International Organizations (working on Food,Nutrition and Health)
37. 37
Department of Preventive Peadiatrics, KEMC, Punjab
Faisalabad Agricultural University, Punjab
Department of Human Nutrition, NWFP Agriculture University
Pakistan Institute of Community Ophthalmology (PICO), NWFP
Nuclear Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), NWFP
Agha Kahn University, Sindh
Department of Pediatrics, Unit 1, Civil Hospital, Karachi
Department of Home and Health Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University
(National Level)
Departments of Food & Nutrition at Home Economics Colleges at Provincial level
4.4 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES IMPARTING NUTRITION EDUCATION
AND RESEARCH
38. 38
Society for the Protection of the Rights of Child (SPARC), Islamabad
Society for the Advancement of Community, Health, Education and Training
(SACHET), Islamabad
Punjab Lok Sujag
Jahandad Society for Community Development (JSCD), Punjab
Oxfam NGO, Balochistan
4.5 NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS(working on nutrition & health)
39. 39
Ministry of Health: Nutrition Wing
National Nutrition Programme
USI/ IDD Prevention Programme
Vitamin A supplementation Programme
World Food programme
CBNP/ Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) Programme
Nutrition rehabilitation unit (NRU) programme in NWFP
Nutrition Support Programme in Sindh
National food fortification programme
4.6 GOVERNMENT stake holders (working on Different Nutrition Programmes)
Nutrition Section, Planning and Development Division, Government of
Pakistan
Universal Salt Iodization Programme
IDD Workshop
Research, Publications, Literature
Micronutrient fortification in collaboration with MI
National Institute of Health
Applied Research
Laboratory Services
IDD control Programmes in AJK, NA and Parts of NWFP
40. 40
Under Nutrition
PEM in Infants and Children
Poverty
Illiteracy and lack of nutritional sp. awareness
Poor Sanitation
Rising Unemployment viza viz price instability
Maternal malnutrition
Young girls
Dietary imbalances
Early marriages
Frequent pregnancies
Non-affordability of health food due to poverty
Inflation(Low purchasing power)
Rural/Urban disparities
Cultural Norms
Micronutrient disorders
• Anemia
• IDD
• Vitamin A deficiencies
• Zinc
Lack of awareness
Excessibility and affordability to
nutritional foods(Iodized salt,fortified foods)
Non-bioavailability of some important nutrients
Dietary Norms
Resistance to diet modification
Vitamin D deficiency Lack of awareness
Over weight/Obesity
Leading to diet related chronic
diseases such as cardiovascular disease,
hypertension, diabetes,Renal and dental
carries
Excess to extra calories(Fat and simple
sugar based)
Reduced physical activities
Cultural Norms
Lack of low cost health clubs
Casual attitude on middle and old age
Nutritional health
4.7 Summary of Nutritional Problems and Underlying Causes:
41. 41
5. Pakistan’s Vision for Food Based Dietary Guide lines
a) Healthy Balanced Diet for average Pakistani
42. 42
6. Pakistan’s Vision for Food Based Dietary Guide lines
b) Healthy Balanced Diet for average Pakistani Child