Food security at the national level refers to availability in the country of sufficient stocks of food to meet domestic demand through domestic supply or imports

1. “Nothing is more degrading than hunger,
especially when man made.”
Ban Ki Moon, United Nations Secretary
General

2. Food and nutritional security in India:
Performance and Challenges
Presented by :
JAGRITI ROHIT
Roll No: 10242

3. According to FAO, 1996 “food security exists when all people,
at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient,
safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life”
Physical and
economic
Availability
to food
Physical
and
economic
access to
food
Food
Utilization
Stability of
the other 3
dimensions
over time
dimensions

4. SWAMINATHAN (1986) has stressed the need for shifting to the
concept of ‘Nutrition Security’, which he has defined as
“physical, economic and social access to balanced diet, clean
drinking water, environmental hygiene, primary health care and
nutritional literacy”

5. Poverty
HungerMalnutrition
29.5% of the India population lives below the poverty line (FAO)
210 MILLION OF WORLD HUNGRY PEOPLE ARE IN INDIA. (FAO)
42.3 per cent children under the age of five years are underweight, 58.8 per
cent are stunted and 11.4 per cent are “wasted”. (FAO)
Food insecurity
Global losses in economic
productivity due to
undernutrition and
micronutrient deficiencies
have been estimated at more
than 10 percent of lifetime
earnings and 2–3 percent of
global gross domestic product
(GdP) (World bank, 2006a)

6. Reason for global food crisis

8. Food security at the national level refers to
availability in the country of sufficient stocks
of food to meet domestic demand through
domestic supply or imports

9. Crop 2011-12 2012-13
Rice 105.31 104.22
Wheat 94.88 93.62
Coarse cereals 42.04 39.52
Total cereals 242.23 237.3618
Pulses 17.09 18.00
Total food grains 259.32 255.36
Oilseeds 29.79 30.72
Sugar 24.60 26.00
Vegetables 156.325 156.445
Fruits 76.42 79.40
Milk 127.9 133.7
Source:-RBI Hand Book on India Economy 2011-12
(million tonnes)
Physical Availability of Food

10. Growth in production and yields of food grains, fruits and vegetables (%)
Rice Wheat
Coarse
Cereals
Pulses
Total food
grains
Fruits Vegetables
Production
1950s 4.46 5.17 3.66 4.10 4.24 NA NA
1960s 1.19 6.82 1.51 -1.29 1.85 NA NA
1970s 1.90 4.31 1.11 -0.39 2.07 NA NA
1980s 3.62 3.58 0.35 1.49 2.73 NA NA
1990s 2.02 3.57 -0.01 0.86 2.10 5.25 5.15
2000s 2.16 1.78 3.46 3.00 2.29 6.48 5.53
Overall 2.59 4.78 1.00 0.59 2.50 4.27 4.41
Productivity
1950s 3.15 1.08 2.33 0.94 2.26 NA NA
1960s 3.36 4.46 0.91 0.03 1.32 NA NA
1970s 1.01 1.87 2.00 -0.98 1.60 NA NA
1980s 3.19 3.10 1.71 1.59 2.97 NA NA
1990s 1.34 1.82 2.14 1.27 2.17 1.83 3.26
2000s 1.62 0.80 3.59 1.96 1.69 0.55 1.57
Overall 1.90 2.82 1.90 0.41 2.23 -0.09 1.67

11. 0
200,000,000
400,000,000
600,000,000
800,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,200,000,000
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11
Numbers
(inmillliontonne) Population vs Food
Food grain
Rice
Wheat
Pulses
Population
Source: Economic Survey, 2011-12

12. Production of major livestock products
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Milk (million tonne)
Egg ('000 million no.)
Fish ('00 thousand tonne)
Products CGR (%)
Milk 4.11
Fish 5.77
Egg 3.44

13.  Scope for increase in net sown area is limited
 Land degradation in the form of depletion of soil fertility and erosion
 Exposure of domestic agriculture to international competition has
resulted in a high price volatility
 Steeper decline in per capita agricultural land availability
 Shrinking of farm size
 Land issues such as SEZs, land going to non-agriculture
Factors responsible for stagnating growth

14. Per capita availability of foodgrains
• Net availability declined if we compare till 1997 with 2010
• Increase in foodgrains production has not been able to keep pace
with the increase in population.
• 2010, per capita availability of foodgrains was only 439
grams/day - much lower than 510 grams/day in 1991
• Pulses - from1951 to 2010, per capita availability of has declined
significantly
• Per capita availability of sugar and edible oils has increased over
time

15. 15
Year Cereal Pulses Total
1950-51 334.2 60.7 394.9
1960-61 399.7 69.0 468.7
1970-71 417.6 51.2 468.8
1980-81 417.3 37.5 454.8
1990-91 468.5 41.6 510.1
2000-01 366.2 30.0 416.2
2005-06 390.9 31.5 422.4
2006-07 412.1 32.5 444.5
2007-08 407.4 32.5 442.8
2008-09 374.6 41.8 436.0
2009-10 407.0 37.0 444.0
2010-11 407.0 31.6 438.6
Source: Indian Economy,Gaurav Datt and Ashwani Mahajan,2013
(in gram)
Per capita Net Availability Per Day

16. 16
Commodity Per capita availability Minimum per capita
requirement
Total cereals 528.70 400
Pulses 46.78 80
Total food grains 568.79 480
Oil 39.73 30
Sugar 54.79 20
Vegetables 348.47 300
Fruits 176.86 150
Milk 297.81 300
Source:-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad
(in gram per day)
Per capita availability, 2012-13

17. NSS round 43th 50th 55th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th
Year 1987-88 1993-94 1999-00 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
RURAL
Cereals 26.14 23.8 22.16 17.38 17.02 16.51 16.07
Gram 0.24 0.17 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.17 0.15
Edible oil 4.98 4.37 3.74 4.44 4.08 3.92 4.31
Milk & milk products 8.62 9.33 8.75 8.17 8.16 8.09 7.79
Egg, fish and meat 3.23 3.29 3.32 3.21 3.89 3.5 3.41
Vegetables 5.21 5.94 6.17 5.88 6.07 6.19 6.28
Fruits & nuts 1.63 1.71 1.72 1.8 1.88 1.79 1.76
URBAN
Cereals 14.79 13.85 12.35 9.58 9.38 9.05 8.88
Gram 0.16 0.17 0.11 0.1 0.11 0.13 0.12
Edible oil 5.29 4.33 3.14 3.29 2.99 2.86 3.16
Milk & milk products 9.54 9.67 8.68 7.54 7.26 7.43 7.25
Egg, fish and meat 3.54 3.34 3.13 2.58 2.76 2.61 2.68
Vegetables 5.25 5.38 5.13 4.24 4.25 4.33 4.37
Fruits & nuts 2.51 2.63 2.42 2.14 2.18 2.13 2.11
Source: Household consumption expenditure in India, 2007-08, NSSO, Government of India
Table 5: Share of different food items in per capita expenditure over NSS rounds (%)
Changes in consumption patterns

18. Share of different food items in per capita expenditure of consumer (%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
43th 50th 55th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th
Percentage
NSSO rounds
0
5
10
15
20
25
43th 50th 55th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th
Percentage
NSSO rounds
0
10
20
30
43th 50th 55th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th
Percentage
NSSO rounds
Cereals, grams and edible oil
Milk, fish, egg and meat
Vegetables, nuts and fruits
Rural
Urban

19. According to NCAP report, India will require 280.6
million tonnes of food grains by 2020. Demand
for pulses and oil seeds would increase by 140 per
cent and 243 per cent respectively. India would
require about 130 million tonne of rice in 2020
while requirement of wheat would reach 110
million tonne in 2020.
Food Grain Requirement Projection
Source: Policy Brief on demand for foodgrains during
2020,Ramesh Chand, NCAP, New Delhi

20. Projected Scenario of 2030
ICAR Vision Document 2030

21. Strategies to increase food production
• Defending the gains
conservation farming . ‘National Biosecurity System’ ,
“bright spots” and “hot spots” , Good Weather Code
• Extending the gains
Indo-Gangetic plains , ‘Ganges Water Machine’
• Making new gains
• post-harvest technology, agro-processing and value
addition to primary produce

22. STRATEGIES TO INCREASE AVAILABILTIY
• Community farming
• Emphasis on nutrient rich indigenous foods such as
Ragi (called food of the poor)
• Reduction in cost of production through R&D
interventions
• Targeting increased productivity, Expand utilization of
public storage food facilities, and encourage private
sector investment in these facilities

23. PERFORMANCE IN ACCESS TO FOOD AND
NUTRITION

24. PERFORMANCE IN ACCESS TO FOOD AND NUTRITION
 Individual level: food security means that all members of the
society have access to the food
 Own production
 The market
 The government’s transfer mechanism
 Two ways to ensuring the adequate purchasing power
1. Employment
2. Increase incomes and subsidize food through social
protection programmes

25. Employment Growth
Employment  Income  Purchasing power  Access  Consumption
Growth rates of employment: 1983 to 1994 and 1994 to 2005 (%)
Male Female Total
Rural
1983-1994 1.96 1.40 1.77
1994-2005 1.41 1.55 1.46
Urban
1983-1994 3.15 3.37 3.26
1994-2005 3.10 3.08 3.09
Total
1983-1994 2.25 1.65 2.08
1994-2005 1.87 1.78 1.84
Performance in terms of access to food
Source: Dev and Sharma (2010)

26. Performance in access to food
Food insecurity at the Household Level: Poverty Ratios
 The incidence of poverty indicates the extent to which food is accessible to
households (Tendulkar committee)
Particulars Year Urban Rural
Population below poverty line (%)
2004-05 25.70 41.80
2010-11 20.90 33.80
Income criteria to say people below
poverty line (Rs/person /day)
2004-05 28.35 22.42
2010-11 32.00 26.00
Absolute number of poor in India
(crore)
2004-05 8.14 32.58
2010-11 7.64 27.82

27. 2004-05 2007-08
Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
Tamil Nadu 80.0 49.8 65.2 87.8 65.7 76.4
Andhra Pradesh 62.5 31.6 54.0 81.1 41.8 70.2
Himachal Pradesh 52.0 15.1 46.6 69.1 41.6 65.4
Kerala 39.3 28.6 36.5 58.6 42.4 54.2
Karnataka 59.8 21.8 45.4 58.6 15.9 42.4
Jammu and Kashmir 33.6 47.3 37.5 37.5 50.2 41.0
Chattisgarh 24.4 14.2 22.1 46.8 18.7 40.2
Orissa 21.6 6.7 19.1 36.1 16.7 32.5
Uttarakhand 26.4 3.0 19.5 35.1 16.8 29.9
Madhya Pradesh 23.8 11.6 20.4 30.2 16.6 26.3
Maharashtra 30.5 7.9 20.3 34.6 6.2 21.4
West Bengal 15.1 6.6 12.4 25.8 9.5 20.7
Gujarat 32.6 7.9 23.0 26.7 6.9 18.2
Assam 9.2 2.5 8.0 20.2 1.8 17.0
Uttara Pradesh 6.5 3.0 5.7 18.3 5.5 15.4
Rajasthana 12.8 2.0 10.0 11.4 8.9 10.8
Haryana 4.1 5.3 4.5 12.1 5.0 9.7
Punjab 0.3 0.7 0.5 9.3 4.3 7.3
Jharkhand 5.9 3.4 5.3 8.2 1.7 6.5
Bihar 2.0 1.8 1.9 3.0 2.6 3.0
All India 26.6 14.7 23.0 35.0 19.4 30.1
Proportion of households reporting grain purchase from PDS (%)
Source: Himamshu and Sen (2011)
Food security at the Household Level: PDS

28. Proportion of households reporting grain purchase from PDS (%)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Rural Urban
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
2004-05 2007-08

29. Rotting Wheat in Godowns
Source:-http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-
07/india/39090187_1_global-hunger-index-wheat-ghi-score
•The Food Corporation of India (FCI) has admitted in data accessed through
RTI that the amount of damaged wheat has increased from 2,010 tonnes
(T) in 2009-2010 to 2,401.61 tonnes (2011-2012).
•The country has already suffered a loss of 932.46 tonnes damaged
wheat this year till February(2013).

30. STRATEGIES
• Shorten the Supply Chain
• Farmer-friendly Marketing and Processing –
Producers Owned Companies
Value addition near to production
• Non-farm Interventions
• Strengthen the management and distribution of the food
reserves through PPP
• Food Safety Net
• Innovative adoption of Food Coupons,
Food Stamps, Food Credit Cards
Direct Cash Transfer

31. Absorption/nutrition

32. Calories(kc) Protein (gms) Fats (gms)
Year NSSO Round Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban
1983 38 2,240 2,070 63.5 58.1 27.1 37.1
1987-88 43 2,233 2,095 63.2 58.6 28.3 39.3
1993-94 50 2,153 2,073 60.3 57.7 31.1 41.9
1999-2000 55 2,148 2,155 59.1 58.4 36.0 49.6
2000-01 56 2,083 2,027 56.8 55.3 34.6 46.1
2001-02 57 2,018 1,982 54.8 54.2 33.6 46.1
2002 58 2,025 2,014 55.4 54.9 34.7 47.0
2003 59 2,106 2,020 58.0 55.5 36.4 46.7
2004 60 2,087 2,036 56.9 55.9 35.5 46.8
2004-05 61 2,047 2,021 55.8 55.4 35.4 47.4
Source: Deaton and Dreze (2009)
Mean per capita consumption of calories, protein and fats (per day)
Performance in terms of nutrition indicators

33. 1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250
2300
38 43 50 55 56 57 58 59 60 61
Calories(kc/day)
NSS rounds
Calories intake Rural
Urban
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
38 43 50 55 56 57 58 59 60 61
Proteins(grams/day)
NSS round
Protein intake
Rural
Urban
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
38 43 50 55 56 57 58 59 60 61
Fats(Grams/day)
NSS round
Fat intake Rural
Urban
Mean per capita consumption of calories, protein and fats (per day)

34. Undernutrition in India (%)
Nutrition indicators
NFHS I
(1998-99)
NFHS II
(2005-06)
Per cent change
Stunting
(children < 3 age)
51 45 -11.76
Underweight
(Children < 3 age)
43 40 -6.98
Vitamin A deficiency
(Children < 5 age)
NA 57 ---
Anemia
(Children 6-35 months)
74 79 6.76
Women with Anemia 52 56 7.69
Men with Anemia --- 24 ---
Source: National Family Health Survey (2005-06)
Almost one in two Indian children is stunted and 40 percent are
underweight.
One-third of all Indian women are underweight
Rates of micronutrient deficiencies are extremely high, with almost 80
percent of children and 56 percent of women being anemic

35. • Consumption of nutrient rich indigenous foods such as Ragi
• Dissemination of food and nutrition information to consumers
• Assessment and monitoring of the nutritional status of school
children and adolescents and create awareness on healthy
diets
STRATEGIES

36. AGRICULTURE TO
IMPROVE NUTRITION SECURITY?
Leveraging Existing Platforms
Improving Economic and Physical Access to High-
Quality, Nutrient-Rich Diets
Improve access to nutrient-rich foods
Biofortification of staple crops
Leveraging Agriculture to Empower Women and
Strengthen Their Capacity to Care for Themselves
and Young Children

37. COMPARISON BETWEEN INDIA AND
BRAZIL

40. Three main policy pillar
• Bolsa Família
• Alimentação Escolar
• The Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar
SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLES

41. In 2009 it was estimated that 20 million Brazilians climbed out of poverty
following the implementation of this policy.
There were 15.4% of Brazilians living in poverty in 2009, compared to 27.8% in
1999. The country has thus attained the Millennium Development Goal of
halving poverty.
Food security has improved overall: in 2009, 30.2% of households were food
insecure (34.8% in 2004). Early childhood malnutrition fell by 61% between
2003 and 2009

42. LESSONS FROM BRAZIL
• Decentralize purchasing
• Procurement of coarse cereals and millets
• Convergence of social protection schemes with national
flagship programme.
• A unified database similar to the Cadastro Único to promote
effective and standardized targeting across schemes
• India can start an in-depth study of the mechanisms of cash
transfers, and pilot the program in willing, better connected
areas

43. Government strategies
Availability
Production
Access
Affordability
•Food reserve and stocks (>80 million ton)
•500 thousand fair price shops
•Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Program
•Direct Cash Transfer
•Subsidized food to people BPL
•Food Security act (Right to Food)
•Food Security Mission
• RKVY
•Subsidy in fertilizer and irrigation
•MSP and assured procurement

44. 23-Aug-17 44
National Food Security Mission
•NFSM was launched in Aug,2007 by GOI with an aim of
achieving an additional production of 10,8 and 2
million tonnes of paddy, wheat and pulses respectively
by the end of 2011-12.
•A sum of Rs. 3381 crore has been spent till 31March,
2011.
Economic survey, 2013

45. Mid Day Meal Scheme
•100 million school
children are eligible for
hot meal; 50 million are
getting the meals; of
which 27 million also get
the “4-in-one health
package.”
•The scheme does not
provide meals to those
who does not attend the
school.

46. 46
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Growth in GDP for
Agriculture and allied
Sectors (%), base year
2004-05
5.8 0.1 0.8 7.9 3.6
Source:-Economic Survey,2013
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
•Started in 2007-08 for incentivizing states to enhance public
investment to achieve 4% growth rate in agriculture and
allied sectors during the 11th five year plan. During 2007-11
an amount of Rs.14598 was released.

47. 47
• 10th September, 2013 with the objective to provide for food
and nutritional security in human life cycle approach, by
ensuring access to adequate quantity of quality food at
affordable prices to people to live a life with dignity.
•50% of urban and 75% of rural population be covered under
Act.
•Guarantees providing 5 kg food grain per person per month at a
subsidised rate to 67% of the country's population.
•82 crore people in both urban and rural areas.
•Food grains would include rice, wheat and millet at Rs.3, Rs.2
and Rs.1 per kg, respectively.
National Food Security Act 2013

48. States with increased requirement as per NFSB (lakh tonne)
Present TDPS allocation (2010-11) Likely TDPS requirement (As per NFSB) Increase
Uttara Pradesh 63.41 93.92 30.51
Bihar 33.83 59.23 25.40
Madhya Pradesh 24.02 37.77 13.75
Rajasthana 17.83 29.08 11.25
Maharashtra 40.87 48.71 7.84
West Bengal 32.97 37.87 4.90
Karnataka 20.71 24.78 4.07
Jharkhand 12.41 16.34 3.93
Orissa 21.19 24.53 3.34
Haryana 6.14 8.75 2.61
Chattisgarh 10.92 13.39 2.47
Punjab 7.45 8.88 1.43
Gujarath 1.08 1.21 0.13
Total 309.93 428.87 118.94
Source: Kumar, 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Present TDPS As per NFSB

49. 2011-12 (billion Rs.) 2012-13 (billion Rs.)
Without NFSB 957.87 1097.96
With NFSB 988.42 1122.20
Existing allotment under TDPS (2010-11) 42.79 mt
Storage
Total capacity with FCI (15/01/12) 33.40 mt
Storage capacity with state agencies(31/03/2011) 30.33 mt
Total storage capacity 63.73 mt
Proposed storage capacity 15.12 mt
Food subsidy
Storage capacity requirement under NFSB

50. Case study
• Role of Agricultural Extension in Improving Food Security
of Rural Households of Hamedan Province, Iran
• Mehdi Mohamadian Jadval Ghadam (2012)
• Food availability situation, most of the farmers (40.6) have
stated that the situation of food availability is in moderate
level and only 12.8 percent have believed that it is completely
appropriate
• In regarding the role of agricultural education in improving
food security of rural households, findings indicate that most
of the farmers (44.4 percent) have mentioned that agricultural
education has a moderate role in improving food security,
while 34.2 percent has believed that it is little

51. Work from our division
• Livelihood security of rural area: a critical analysis by
Smitha baby (2005).
• In this study, the food security was operationalised as
availability and access to balanced food at household level. It
was studied as a component of livelihood security scale.
• Food security of the labor class was very poor as the majority
(70%) household was found to be food insecure. 22 per cent
of the marginal farmers were having low food security index .

53. SUGGESTIONS
• Small farms can be helped in increasing productivity by having access to
extension services and better water management. Sustainable agriculture
should be the focus of interventions.
• Local knowledge and local seeds can be used for biodiversity. Organic
farming can also be encouraged to protect the environment and generate
higher incomes for small farmers.
• Urban agriculture can improve food security in urban areas. Homegrown
food can also be encouraged as it would contribute to food security and
nutrition as well as freeing incomes for non-food expenses such as health
and education. ate higher incomes for small farmers.
• Project GOAL empowers communities through health literacy and
connects rural communities with the government health and nutrition
services available.

54. • Focus on areas likely to be affected by climate change.
• Group approach to realize economies of scale in buying inputs and
marketing outputs. One important problem in India is marketing of
agricultural production.
• Using information technology for agricultural production and marketing.
• Purchasing locally grown food from low income and small holder farmers
to benefit their families and communities.
• Micro nutrient programme is another area of intervention. For example,
Vitamin A tablets alone have prevented many deaths. Vitamin A and food
fortification like salt iodization are an integral part of food security
programmes.
• In order to improve delivery systems in food based programmes there is a
need to strengthen programmes like ICDS with the covnvergence of
several departments. International agencies can help in this convergence
as a pilot project to improve the delivery systems.

55. WAY FORWAD
• Freedom from hunger is not only a basic human right: it is essential for the
full enjoyment of other rights, such as health, education, information etc.
• Innovative strategic interventions are the needs of the hour to ensure food
availability, food access and utilization of food
• India will not have problem of Cereals availability in the long run (2020-21)
and will have shortage of Pulse and Oilseed production if adequate steps
are not taken by the Government of India.
• Due to changes in consumption patterns, demand for non-cereal food has
been increasing. So, need to focus on crop diversification and improve
allied activities

56.  There are many deficit areas in agriculture need to be focus
 Investment on infrastructure
 Soil and water management
 Research
 Market reforms
 Nutrition component needs a multi-disciplinary approach covering
diet diversification including micronutrients, women’s
empowerment, education, health, safe drinking water, sanitation
and hygiene
 Nutrition improvement should combine a rights based approach
and nutrition education.
“There are people in the world so hungry, that God cannot appear to
them except in the form of bread.” Mahatma Gandhi