The document discusses turbulence near walls and different approaches to modeling it in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It explains that the boundary layer can be divided into different zones, and CFD requires different considerations depending on whether the viscous sub-layer is solved, the log-law layer is modeled, or the whole boundary layer is solved. It also discusses the use of non-dimensional variables to characterize the boundary layer and describes different near-wall treatments in CFD, including resolving the boundary layer with fine meshes or using wall functions with coarser meshes.
The document discusses reactive flow modeling using the eddy dissipation model (EDM) in ANSYS Fluent. EDM solves conservation equations for chemical species by predicting local mass fractions through a convection-diffusion equation. Reaction rates are assumed to be controlled by turbulence, ignoring chemical timescales. EDM gives the smaller of two expressions to calculate reaction rates, with the chemical reaction rate governed by the large eddy mixing timescale. EDM is computationally cheap but works best for one-two step global reactions, as it cannot capture detailed chemistry effects.
01 reactive flows - governing equations favre averaging Mohammad Jadidi
This document discusses reactive flow modeling in combustion chambers. It covers the equations governing reacting flows, including conservation equations for mass, momentum, molecular species, and energy. It also discusses the equation of state and turbulence transport. The document then covers statistical descriptions of turbulent flows using Reynolds decomposition and Favre averaging. Favre averaging is preferred for reacting flows with variable density as it leads to simpler expressions in the transport equations for continuity, momentum, species, and energy compared to Reynolds averaging. Various terms that arise in the averaged equations require turbulence modeling approaches.
The document discusses the governing equations for reacting flows, including conservation of mass, momentum, molecular species, and energy. It outlines the continuity, momentum, species transport, and energy equations. The species transport equation accounts for convection, diffusion, and chemical reaction sources. The energy equation considers changes in enthalpy due to convection, diffusion, pressure work, and radiation. Simplifications are discussed under certain assumptions, such as a single diffusion coefficient and negligible pressure work/radiation terms, in which case enthalpy behaves as a passive scalar. Other relationships presented include the equation of state and definitions of specific heat capacity and density.
01 reactive flows - finite-rate formulation for reaction modelingMohammad Jadidi
This document discusses equations governing reacting flows as modeled in ANSYS Fluent. It describes how Fluent solves conservation equations for species mass fractions using a convection-diffusion equation, where the chemical source term Ri accounts for reaction rates. Finite-rate kinetics and turbulence-chemistry interaction models are discussed for determining Ri, including the eddy dissipation model. The Arrhenius equation is also presented for calculating forward reaction rate constants based on pre-exponential factors, temperature exponents, and activation energies specified in the kinetic mechanism.
The document discusses different types of multiphase flows. It defines multiphase flow as any fluid system with two or more distinct phases flowing simultaneously in mixture. Multiphase flows are classified into four main categories: gas-liquid flows, gas-solid flows, liquid-solid flows, and three-phase flows. Each category contains different flow regimes depending on factors like particle size and flow rates. Flow maps are used to characterize different flow patterns that can occur for a given system.
This document discusses turbulence modeling in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It contains three main points:
1. Turbulence models used in CFD simulations like RANS and LES are introduced. Important turbulence concepts such as eddies, length scales, and the energy cascade are explained.
2. Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are presented along with Reynolds stress tensor and turbulent heat flux terms. Common RANS turbulence models and their governing equations are outlined.
3. Large eddy simulation (LES) is described as an alternative to RANS. Filtering operations in LES to separate large and small scales are discussed. Root-mean-square velocities are presented as a
Large eddy simulation (LES) is a computational fluid dynamics technique that resolves the larger turbulent scales in the fluid flow while modeling the smaller scales. LES aims to directly simulate the larger turbulent scales while parameterizing the effects of smaller scales through a subgrid scale model. LES requires significantly more computational resources than Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) modeling but provides more detailed turbulent flow information.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
The document discusses turbulence near walls and different approaches to modeling it in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It explains that the boundary layer can be divided into different zones, and CFD requires different considerations depending on whether the viscous sub-layer is solved, the log-law layer is modeled, or the whole boundary layer is solved. It also discusses the use of non-dimensional variables to characterize the boundary layer and describes different near-wall treatments in CFD, including resolving the boundary layer with fine meshes or using wall functions with coarser meshes.
The document discusses reactive flow modeling using the eddy dissipation model (EDM) in ANSYS Fluent. EDM solves conservation equations for chemical species by predicting local mass fractions through a convection-diffusion equation. Reaction rates are assumed to be controlled by turbulence, ignoring chemical timescales. EDM gives the smaller of two expressions to calculate reaction rates, with the chemical reaction rate governed by the large eddy mixing timescale. EDM is computationally cheap but works best for one-two step global reactions, as it cannot capture detailed chemistry effects.
01 reactive flows - governing equations favre averaging Mohammad Jadidi
This document discusses reactive flow modeling in combustion chambers. It covers the equations governing reacting flows, including conservation equations for mass, momentum, molecular species, and energy. It also discusses the equation of state and turbulence transport. The document then covers statistical descriptions of turbulent flows using Reynolds decomposition and Favre averaging. Favre averaging is preferred for reacting flows with variable density as it leads to simpler expressions in the transport equations for continuity, momentum, species, and energy compared to Reynolds averaging. Various terms that arise in the averaged equations require turbulence modeling approaches.
The document discusses the governing equations for reacting flows, including conservation of mass, momentum, molecular species, and energy. It outlines the continuity, momentum, species transport, and energy equations. The species transport equation accounts for convection, diffusion, and chemical reaction sources. The energy equation considers changes in enthalpy due to convection, diffusion, pressure work, and radiation. Simplifications are discussed under certain assumptions, such as a single diffusion coefficient and negligible pressure work/radiation terms, in which case enthalpy behaves as a passive scalar. Other relationships presented include the equation of state and definitions of specific heat capacity and density.
01 reactive flows - finite-rate formulation for reaction modelingMohammad Jadidi
This document discusses equations governing reacting flows as modeled in ANSYS Fluent. It describes how Fluent solves conservation equations for species mass fractions using a convection-diffusion equation, where the chemical source term Ri accounts for reaction rates. Finite-rate kinetics and turbulence-chemistry interaction models are discussed for determining Ri, including the eddy dissipation model. The Arrhenius equation is also presented for calculating forward reaction rate constants based on pre-exponential factors, temperature exponents, and activation energies specified in the kinetic mechanism.
The document discusses different types of multiphase flows. It defines multiphase flow as any fluid system with two or more distinct phases flowing simultaneously in mixture. Multiphase flows are classified into four main categories: gas-liquid flows, gas-solid flows, liquid-solid flows, and three-phase flows. Each category contains different flow regimes depending on factors like particle size and flow rates. Flow maps are used to characterize different flow patterns that can occur for a given system.
This document discusses turbulence modeling in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It contains three main points:
1. Turbulence models used in CFD simulations like RANS and LES are introduced. Important turbulence concepts such as eddies, length scales, and the energy cascade are explained.
2. Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are presented along with Reynolds stress tensor and turbulent heat flux terms. Common RANS turbulence models and their governing equations are outlined.
3. Large eddy simulation (LES) is described as an alternative to RANS. Filtering operations in LES to separate large and small scales are discussed. Root-mean-square velocities are presented as a
Large eddy simulation (LES) is a computational fluid dynamics technique that resolves the larger turbulent scales in the fluid flow while modeling the smaller scales. LES aims to directly simulate the larger turbulent scales while parameterizing the effects of smaller scales through a subgrid scale model. LES requires significantly more computational resources than Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) modeling but provides more detailed turbulent flow information.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.