Dr. Eshetu Bekele - Assessing the Potential of Coffee Parchment for its Effective Utilization as Alternative Biomass Fuel in Cement Industry, 3rd EACCES
This is a presentation by Dr. Eshetu Bekele - Assistant Professor at Adama Science and Technology University at the 3rd Annual East Africa Cement, Concrete and Energy Summit
This document discusses the potential for renewable gas, specifically biomethane, in Ireland. It notes Ireland's renewable energy targets and outlines how biomethane could help meet targets for electricity, heating, and transport. The document examines biomethane production from various feedstocks like agricultural waste and surplus grass. It provides examples of biomethane production facilities in other parts of Europe and estimates Ireland has the potential to produce over 400 million cubic meters of biomethane annually. The document also discusses the costs of producing biomethane and maps out the potential from grass biomethane in the Ballyhoura region of Ireland.
This document reviews biomass gasification technologies for producing hydrogen-rich syngas to be used in ammonia production as an alternative to natural gas. It summarizes the conventional natural gas-based process and outlines a potential process using biomass gasification. Several gasification technologies are assessed based on syngas composition, efficiency, operating conditions, scale, and experience with biomass. The goal is to evaluate biomass gasification for ammonia production through life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis to identify environmental and economic impacts compared to conventional production.
Efficiency of biogas production - Jan LiebetrauEBAconference
This document discusses methods for measuring the efficiency of biogas production. It presents data on the energy balance of a biogas plant, showing inputs, outputs, and losses at each stage of the process. Mass balance is identified as the basis for calculating conversion efficiency. Challenges include a lack of standardized methods for characterizing substrates and determining biogas potential. The document concludes that developing standard methods and validating approaches for full-scale applications would advance the evaluation of biogas process efficiency.
Optimization of key factors affecting biogas production from milk waste using...Lasbet Mohamed
The study was undertaken at Bechar University and focuses on production of biogas as an alternative energy by using milk waste of Igli milk factory. The optimization of the factors affected the anaerobic digestion using experimental design gave the following results: pH = 7.5, temperature (T= 38°C) and moisture content 90%. The application of these parameters conducted to an excellent production of the biogas. The experiments were carried out in two digesters and daily gas yield from milk waste was monitored for 70 days and the total volume of gas production was found to be 25.472 L. The measurement of
the percentages of the essentials nutriments needed for the
biomethanization gave the values of 48.28%, 2.857% (75.65 mg /kg P) and 5.56% for the total organic carbon, phosphorus and
nitrogen, respectively. The biogas formed is flammable, so very
rich in methane (62%).
This document discusses anaerobic co-digestion of meat processing waste streams and the potential for integrating it with hydrothermal liquefaction. It begins by motivating the study based on significant volumes of dissolved air flotation sludge waste generated by meat processors annually. It then provides details on the methodology used to investigate co-digesting this sludge with stockyard waste. The results obtained show enhanced biomethane generation from co-digestion. Moving forward, the document proposes coupling hydrothermal liquefaction to the process as a means of residue treatment and energy recovery from biocrude and biochar coproducts. Optimization work aims to maximize yields of these streams for favorable energetic performance of the integrated system.
This document investigates the properties of biogas as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. Cow dung, plantain peel, corn cobs, and food wastes were collected from Bichi, Nigeria to produce biogas through anaerobic digestion. Various blends of biogas and diesel were tested in a diesel engine, which performed almost as well as with pure diesel. A petrol engine operated fully on biogas, with lower carbon monoxide emissions than gasoline. Analysis found the biogas contained mostly methane, with some carbon dioxide and other gases. Biogas has potential to replace gasoline and diesel as a renewable fuel with zero greenhouse gas emissions.
Co gasification of coal and biomass – thermodynamic and experimental studyeSAT Journals
Abstract Cogasification of coal and biomass is a new area of research. Cogasification offers several advantages than individual feed gasification. A thermodynamic analysis of lignite coal and rice husk cogasification using only steam was studied by using HSC chemistry software in this paper involving the effect of temperature 500-1200°C and GaCR ratio(1-3) on the product gas composition. The study also focused on calculation of thermoneutral conditions and hundred percent carbon conversion temperature in cogasification of lignite coal and rice husk. Experimental study of co gasification of rice husk and coal was also done at fixed steam to carbon ratio. The experimental study was found to be more kinetically controlled.
Keyword: cogasification, rice husk, lignite coal, HSC chemistry software, fixed bed.
Air pollution is most important from the public health of view, because every individual person breaths approximately 22000 times a day, inhaling about 15 to 22 kg of air daily. The main pollutants contribute by automobile are carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Lead. Pollutant removal from combustion gas in both SI&CI is one of the most widely known environmental applications of activated carbons. In order to guarantee the successful removal of contaminants and pollutants on activated carbons, the developments of new adsorbents has been increasing in the last few years. This paper is a systematic study of cleaning SI&CI engine of CO, SO2, NO2 Using activated carbon filter. The combustion gases were qualitative and quantitative analyzed by gas chromatography. The use of this simple method is a valuable alternative to meet emission standards in developing countries. It was demonstrated that the agricultural wastes studied here are a feasible alternative for reducing pollutants in SI & CI engine.
This document discusses the potential for renewable gas, specifically biomethane, in Ireland. It notes Ireland's renewable energy targets and outlines how biomethane could help meet targets for electricity, heating, and transport. The document examines biomethane production from various feedstocks like agricultural waste and surplus grass. It provides examples of biomethane production facilities in other parts of Europe and estimates Ireland has the potential to produce over 400 million cubic meters of biomethane annually. The document also discusses the costs of producing biomethane and maps out the potential from grass biomethane in the Ballyhoura region of Ireland.
This document reviews biomass gasification technologies for producing hydrogen-rich syngas to be used in ammonia production as an alternative to natural gas. It summarizes the conventional natural gas-based process and outlines a potential process using biomass gasification. Several gasification technologies are assessed based on syngas composition, efficiency, operating conditions, scale, and experience with biomass. The goal is to evaluate biomass gasification for ammonia production through life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis to identify environmental and economic impacts compared to conventional production.
Efficiency of biogas production - Jan LiebetrauEBAconference
This document discusses methods for measuring the efficiency of biogas production. It presents data on the energy balance of a biogas plant, showing inputs, outputs, and losses at each stage of the process. Mass balance is identified as the basis for calculating conversion efficiency. Challenges include a lack of standardized methods for characterizing substrates and determining biogas potential. The document concludes that developing standard methods and validating approaches for full-scale applications would advance the evaluation of biogas process efficiency.
Optimization of key factors affecting biogas production from milk waste using...Lasbet Mohamed
The study was undertaken at Bechar University and focuses on production of biogas as an alternative energy by using milk waste of Igli milk factory. The optimization of the factors affected the anaerobic digestion using experimental design gave the following results: pH = 7.5, temperature (T= 38°C) and moisture content 90%. The application of these parameters conducted to an excellent production of the biogas. The experiments were carried out in two digesters and daily gas yield from milk waste was monitored for 70 days and the total volume of gas production was found to be 25.472 L. The measurement of
the percentages of the essentials nutriments needed for the
biomethanization gave the values of 48.28%, 2.857% (75.65 mg /kg P) and 5.56% for the total organic carbon, phosphorus and
nitrogen, respectively. The biogas formed is flammable, so very
rich in methane (62%).
This document discusses anaerobic co-digestion of meat processing waste streams and the potential for integrating it with hydrothermal liquefaction. It begins by motivating the study based on significant volumes of dissolved air flotation sludge waste generated by meat processors annually. It then provides details on the methodology used to investigate co-digesting this sludge with stockyard waste. The results obtained show enhanced biomethane generation from co-digestion. Moving forward, the document proposes coupling hydrothermal liquefaction to the process as a means of residue treatment and energy recovery from biocrude and biochar coproducts. Optimization work aims to maximize yields of these streams for favorable energetic performance of the integrated system.
This document investigates the properties of biogas as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. Cow dung, plantain peel, corn cobs, and food wastes were collected from Bichi, Nigeria to produce biogas through anaerobic digestion. Various blends of biogas and diesel were tested in a diesel engine, which performed almost as well as with pure diesel. A petrol engine operated fully on biogas, with lower carbon monoxide emissions than gasoline. Analysis found the biogas contained mostly methane, with some carbon dioxide and other gases. Biogas has potential to replace gasoline and diesel as a renewable fuel with zero greenhouse gas emissions.
Co gasification of coal and biomass – thermodynamic and experimental studyeSAT Journals
Abstract Cogasification of coal and biomass is a new area of research. Cogasification offers several advantages than individual feed gasification. A thermodynamic analysis of lignite coal and rice husk cogasification using only steam was studied by using HSC chemistry software in this paper involving the effect of temperature 500-1200°C and GaCR ratio(1-3) on the product gas composition. The study also focused on calculation of thermoneutral conditions and hundred percent carbon conversion temperature in cogasification of lignite coal and rice husk. Experimental study of co gasification of rice husk and coal was also done at fixed steam to carbon ratio. The experimental study was found to be more kinetically controlled.
Keyword: cogasification, rice husk, lignite coal, HSC chemistry software, fixed bed.
Air pollution is most important from the public health of view, because every individual person breaths approximately 22000 times a day, inhaling about 15 to 22 kg of air daily. The main pollutants contribute by automobile are carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Lead. Pollutant removal from combustion gas in both SI&CI is one of the most widely known environmental applications of activated carbons. In order to guarantee the successful removal of contaminants and pollutants on activated carbons, the developments of new adsorbents has been increasing in the last few years. This paper is a systematic study of cleaning SI&CI engine of CO, SO2, NO2 Using activated carbon filter. The combustion gases were qualitative and quantitative analyzed by gas chromatography. The use of this simple method is a valuable alternative to meet emission standards in developing countries. It was demonstrated that the agricultural wastes studied here are a feasible alternative for reducing pollutants in SI & CI engine.
In Chhattisgarh, Raipur-Durg-Bhilai (RDB) tri-city area hosts the state's new administrative capital, interconnected by an expressway forming the industrial corridor and is one of the largest steel manufacturing hubs in India. Between 1998 and 2016, the satellite and global model data-derived concentrations show a 50% increase in the overall PM2.5 pollution in the region.
Status of Methane Emission in Sewage Treatment Process and Emissions Estimate...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Methane produced during sewage treatment is a source of greenhouse gases which cannot be ignored. The estimate of methane emissions during wastewater treatment has an important significance for proposing methane reduction measures on the technical and economic feasibility. In this paper, the status of CH 4 emissions during sewage treatment of Henan Province is described. By obtaining the sewage treatment-related data and emission factor in Henan Province in 2010,CH 4 emissions in the year is estimated. The results show that CH 4 net emissions during domestic wastewater treatment is 21,764.10 tons in 2010 and that can evaluate the greenhouse effect and provide a basis for environmental management. Keywords— Methane, emissions, estimate, sewage treatment.
Solvent development for biogas scrubbers for CO2 removal - Marco LindersEBAconference
TNO developed a new solvent for removing CO2 from biogas through a multi-step process including molecular modelling, synthesis, equilibrium and stability testing, and miniplant tests. Miniplant tests of the new solvent showed it captured CO2 19% more efficiently than the benchmark solvent while demonstrating good stability and handling. The solvent was then successfully demonstrated at a 6000 m3/day commercial biogas facility in Europe.
This document proposes designing an anaerobic digestion system to process food waste from Clemson University's dining halls. Over 300 tons of food waste is produced annually. An anaerobic digester would allow the waste to be converted into biogas, primarily methane, which could be used to generate electricity and reduce Clemson's reliance on non-renewable energy. The proposed design involves sizing a continuous stirred-tank reactor to handle food waste and paper inputs. Calculations are shown to determine reactor volume, mixing requirements, heating needs, and estimated biogas and energy yields from the system. Safety measures for the reactor are also outlined.
CO2 Reduction in a Calciner Reactor at a Cement Factory MemorandumAlfonso Figueroa
• Extensive research in a team of four on how to reduce CO2 emissions from a cement factory
• Focused on reducing CO2 emissions from the calciner reactor by using substitute reactant materials and running a simulation on Aspen HYSYS to determine the least CO2 produced
This document discusses bio-CNG (compressed biogas) as a transportation fuel alternative to fossil fuels. It begins by introducing the problems of increasing fossil fuel usage and outlines biogas production methods from waste sources. The main processes for cleaning biogas - including water scrubbing, pressure swing adsorption, amine adsorption and membrane permeation - are then summarized. The paper also covers converting cleaned biogas into bio-CNG and its storage. Key advantages of bio-CNG are highlighted such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions compared to diesel and potential cost savings versus petrol and diesel. The conclusion promotes bio-CNG as a viable replacement for fossil fuels that could support more sustainable living.
USE OF LCA AS A TOOL TO MEASURE CARBON DIOXIDE AND ASSIST IN DECISIONS ABOUT ...Victor Barbosa
This study presents a simulation of two masonry systems, with two different mortar and four different systems of materials transportation in a construction site, materials like bricks and mortar, for the same building shape and size, in order to quantify carbon dioxide emissions, one of the greenhouse gases, for each one of the possible combinations.
Biomass Gasification Overview - Ilkka HannulaEBAconference
The document discusses biomass gasification technology. It provides an overview of biomass and waste gasification applications for boilers, kilns, and fuels/chemicals production. Examples are given of existing biomass gasification plants in Europe and research and development needs to improve process efficiency and syngas cleaning. Cost estimates are provided for potential large-scale production of methanol, DME, and other fuels via fluidized-bed gasification of lignocellulosic biomass.
Latest Developments in biogas cleaning and upgrading technologies - Prof. Dr....EBAconference
The document discusses developments in biogas cleaning and upgrading technologies over time. It notes that from the early 1980s with a few pilot plants, the industry has grown to over 280 units worldwide in 2014. Key drivers have included using local renewable fuels, R&D activities, strategic policies and incentives. Technologies have improved to reduce methane slip, energy consumption and costs. Various technologies are discussed including water scrubbers, membrane separation, organic scrubbers and amine scrubbers. The largest current markets are in Europe, India, Brazil and other parts of Asia and America.
Application of TRACI modeling techniques the Environmental Impacts Assessment...Samson Olakunle OJOAWO
The document describes a study that applied the TRACI (Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other Environmental Impacts) modeling technique to assess the environmental impacts of landfilling in Ogo Oluwa Local Government Area of Nigeria. The study conducted a life cycle assessment of the local solid waste management system, which primarily involved collection, transport, and landfilling. The results found that landfilling had impacts on global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, and ozone depletion, with biodegradable wastes being the primary cause. The study recommended composting biodegradable wastes instead of landfilling to reduce environmental impacts.
This study analyzes the greenhouse gas emissions of renewable gasoline and diesel produced via an integrated hydropyrolysis and hydroconversion (IH2) process using forest residues and corn stover as feedstocks. The IH2 process converts biomass to hydrocarbon fuels in two reactor stages, producing gasoline, diesel, biochar, and C1-C3 gases. The study models an IH2 process integrated with an existing Valero refinery in Memphis, TN. It finds that IH2 gasoline and diesel can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 67-86% compared to fossil fuels, depending on feedstock source and hydrogen production method. The study also examines the impacts of parameter uncertainties and soil carbon changes from residue harvesting.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document summarizes plans for sustainable water management at a development site in Filton Airfield, UK. The development will include 2675 homes on 144 hectares purchased by YTL, a Malaysian company. A masterplan has been approved and construction began in 2018. The project includes a strategic surface water system to capture and reuse rainwater locally. Analysis of rainfall data from weather stations will evaluate the feasibility of rainwater harvesting for non-potable uses like toilet flushing and irrigation. Modeling will also explore heat recovery from wastewater and local fertilizer production from wastewater and food waste streams. Next steps include designing an integrated rainwater collection and low-flow sewer system, modeling heat recovery potential, and determining
Presentation by The Climate Trust's Program Manager, Peter Weisberg, at the Sustainable Food Trade Association. Presentation includes: the basics of biogas, project case studies; and the climate benefit of biogas.
Best practice projects and future challenges in biogas production - Frank StumpfEBAconference
The document discusses Schmack Biogas, a member of the Viessmann Group. It summarizes Schmack's expertise in biogas project development and operation, including their experience with wet and dry anaerobic digestion technologies. The document also outlines Schmack's comprehensive services for technical support, biological support, and monitoring and optimization of biogas plants. Future challenges mentioned include efficient plant operation, knowledge transfer, and combining biogas and power-to-gas technologies.
London’s approach to cleaning the air: Integrated Air Quality policies - Step...IES / IAQM
London is taking an integrated approach to improving air quality through policies that reduce emissions from traffic, buildings, and other sources. The strategies aim to make London's air the cleanest of any major world city by 2050. This will require continued emission reductions from various sectors as London's population grows. The plans include expanding ultra-low emission zones, promoting hybrid/electric buses and taxis, tighter emissions standards for construction equipment, and designing developments to minimize pollution exposure and accommodate low-emission energy and transport.
This presentation provided an overview of the EPA's Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule, including:
- Why the rule was introduced (to help EPA assess GHG emissions and climate policy)
- Facilities in various industry sectors that must report GHG emissions if above thresholds
- The general requirements for facilities to determine and report their annual emissions of GHGs like CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide
- The compliance timelines for facilities to monitor emissions, have monitoring plans approved, and begin annual reporting to EPA.
The document provides several case studies of industrial symbiosis projects in the UK and Europe that have achieved positive environmental, economic and social outcomes. A summary of one case study from Romania is given, where a major wood processor formed partnerships with 20 wood producers to collect and utilize sawdust, wood chips and boards from trunk trimming, totaling 446,100 tonnes of resources shared and 2.5 virgin forests saved. The document demonstrates how industrial symbiosis initiatives can create resource efficiencies and cost savings for participating companies while reducing environmental impacts.
The document discusses integrating supercritical water gasification and combined cycle processes for microalgae utilization. It presents microalgae as a promising energy source due to its efficient carbon dioxide absorption and solar energy conversion. However, its high moisture content poses challenges for transportation, storage and thermal efficiency. The document proposes using supercritical water gasification, which can gasify microalgae without drying, and integrating it with a combined cycle for power generation. It suggests this integrated process could achieve high total energy efficiency through enhanced process integration and exergy recovery techniques.
Adsorption of hydrogen sulfide using palm shell activated carboneSAT Journals
Abstract Removing H2S from biogas that is produced from anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent is a crucial step in order for the biogas to be utilized as a source of energy. In this study, palm shell activated carbon (PSAC) prepared by steam activation was used to adsorb H2S from simulated biogas. The parameters studied were H2S concentration, adsorption temperature and space velocity. The effect of these parameters towards breakthrough adsorption capacity was studied using statistical analysis with Design Expert Software. H2S concentration and space velocity were found to be significant in affecting the breakthrough adsorption capacity.Adsorption temperature on its own was found not to have significant effect on the breakthrough adsorption capacity but its interaction with other parameters was found to be significant. Characterization of fresh and spent PSAC confirmed and provided further information on the adsorption of sulfur species on PSAC pore surface. Keywords: Activated carbon; Biogas; Hydrogen sulfide; Adsorption
IRJET- Assessment of Coal Through Analysis of Various Properties of Coal Samp...IRJET Journal
The document discusses assessing the properties of coal samples and using artificial neural networks to predict calorific value. It analyzes coal samples through proximate analysis methods like thermogravimetric analysis and bomb calorimetry. Proximate analysis is performed on samples from various mines to determine moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content. An artificial neural network model is developed using 49 samples and validated with 10 samples. The model aims to accurately predict calorific value based on proximate analysis data with an R2 of 0.9 and low error between predicted and analyzed values.
A sustainability assessment of biofuel supply chain.pdfAmber Ford
This document summarizes a study that assessed the sustainability of a biofuel supply chain using life cycle assessment and techno-economic optimization. The study analyzed a supply chain for producing ethanol from rice straw in Indonesia. It developed a unified optimization model to evaluate the economic, environmental and social impacts. The model integrated product, process and supply chain design with life cycle assessment. It analyzed material and energy flows from rice fields through production, transportation and fuel combustion. The results showed that integrated product and process design across the supply chain can achieve sustainability goals by creating a circular economy and minimizing environmental impacts.
In Chhattisgarh, Raipur-Durg-Bhilai (RDB) tri-city area hosts the state's new administrative capital, interconnected by an expressway forming the industrial corridor and is one of the largest steel manufacturing hubs in India. Between 1998 and 2016, the satellite and global model data-derived concentrations show a 50% increase in the overall PM2.5 pollution in the region.
Status of Methane Emission in Sewage Treatment Process and Emissions Estimate...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Methane produced during sewage treatment is a source of greenhouse gases which cannot be ignored. The estimate of methane emissions during wastewater treatment has an important significance for proposing methane reduction measures on the technical and economic feasibility. In this paper, the status of CH 4 emissions during sewage treatment of Henan Province is described. By obtaining the sewage treatment-related data and emission factor in Henan Province in 2010,CH 4 emissions in the year is estimated. The results show that CH 4 net emissions during domestic wastewater treatment is 21,764.10 tons in 2010 and that can evaluate the greenhouse effect and provide a basis for environmental management. Keywords— Methane, emissions, estimate, sewage treatment.
Solvent development for biogas scrubbers for CO2 removal - Marco LindersEBAconference
TNO developed a new solvent for removing CO2 from biogas through a multi-step process including molecular modelling, synthesis, equilibrium and stability testing, and miniplant tests. Miniplant tests of the new solvent showed it captured CO2 19% more efficiently than the benchmark solvent while demonstrating good stability and handling. The solvent was then successfully demonstrated at a 6000 m3/day commercial biogas facility in Europe.
This document proposes designing an anaerobic digestion system to process food waste from Clemson University's dining halls. Over 300 tons of food waste is produced annually. An anaerobic digester would allow the waste to be converted into biogas, primarily methane, which could be used to generate electricity and reduce Clemson's reliance on non-renewable energy. The proposed design involves sizing a continuous stirred-tank reactor to handle food waste and paper inputs. Calculations are shown to determine reactor volume, mixing requirements, heating needs, and estimated biogas and energy yields from the system. Safety measures for the reactor are also outlined.
CO2 Reduction in a Calciner Reactor at a Cement Factory MemorandumAlfonso Figueroa
• Extensive research in a team of four on how to reduce CO2 emissions from a cement factory
• Focused on reducing CO2 emissions from the calciner reactor by using substitute reactant materials and running a simulation on Aspen HYSYS to determine the least CO2 produced
This document discusses bio-CNG (compressed biogas) as a transportation fuel alternative to fossil fuels. It begins by introducing the problems of increasing fossil fuel usage and outlines biogas production methods from waste sources. The main processes for cleaning biogas - including water scrubbing, pressure swing adsorption, amine adsorption and membrane permeation - are then summarized. The paper also covers converting cleaned biogas into bio-CNG and its storage. Key advantages of bio-CNG are highlighted such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions compared to diesel and potential cost savings versus petrol and diesel. The conclusion promotes bio-CNG as a viable replacement for fossil fuels that could support more sustainable living.
USE OF LCA AS A TOOL TO MEASURE CARBON DIOXIDE AND ASSIST IN DECISIONS ABOUT ...Victor Barbosa
This study presents a simulation of two masonry systems, with two different mortar and four different systems of materials transportation in a construction site, materials like bricks and mortar, for the same building shape and size, in order to quantify carbon dioxide emissions, one of the greenhouse gases, for each one of the possible combinations.
Biomass Gasification Overview - Ilkka HannulaEBAconference
The document discusses biomass gasification technology. It provides an overview of biomass and waste gasification applications for boilers, kilns, and fuels/chemicals production. Examples are given of existing biomass gasification plants in Europe and research and development needs to improve process efficiency and syngas cleaning. Cost estimates are provided for potential large-scale production of methanol, DME, and other fuels via fluidized-bed gasification of lignocellulosic biomass.
Latest Developments in biogas cleaning and upgrading technologies - Prof. Dr....EBAconference
The document discusses developments in biogas cleaning and upgrading technologies over time. It notes that from the early 1980s with a few pilot plants, the industry has grown to over 280 units worldwide in 2014. Key drivers have included using local renewable fuels, R&D activities, strategic policies and incentives. Technologies have improved to reduce methane slip, energy consumption and costs. Various technologies are discussed including water scrubbers, membrane separation, organic scrubbers and amine scrubbers. The largest current markets are in Europe, India, Brazil and other parts of Asia and America.
Application of TRACI modeling techniques the Environmental Impacts Assessment...Samson Olakunle OJOAWO
The document describes a study that applied the TRACI (Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other Environmental Impacts) modeling technique to assess the environmental impacts of landfilling in Ogo Oluwa Local Government Area of Nigeria. The study conducted a life cycle assessment of the local solid waste management system, which primarily involved collection, transport, and landfilling. The results found that landfilling had impacts on global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, and ozone depletion, with biodegradable wastes being the primary cause. The study recommended composting biodegradable wastes instead of landfilling to reduce environmental impacts.
This study analyzes the greenhouse gas emissions of renewable gasoline and diesel produced via an integrated hydropyrolysis and hydroconversion (IH2) process using forest residues and corn stover as feedstocks. The IH2 process converts biomass to hydrocarbon fuels in two reactor stages, producing gasoline, diesel, biochar, and C1-C3 gases. The study models an IH2 process integrated with an existing Valero refinery in Memphis, TN. It finds that IH2 gasoline and diesel can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 67-86% compared to fossil fuels, depending on feedstock source and hydrogen production method. The study also examines the impacts of parameter uncertainties and soil carbon changes from residue harvesting.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document summarizes plans for sustainable water management at a development site in Filton Airfield, UK. The development will include 2675 homes on 144 hectares purchased by YTL, a Malaysian company. A masterplan has been approved and construction began in 2018. The project includes a strategic surface water system to capture and reuse rainwater locally. Analysis of rainfall data from weather stations will evaluate the feasibility of rainwater harvesting for non-potable uses like toilet flushing and irrigation. Modeling will also explore heat recovery from wastewater and local fertilizer production from wastewater and food waste streams. Next steps include designing an integrated rainwater collection and low-flow sewer system, modeling heat recovery potential, and determining
Presentation by The Climate Trust's Program Manager, Peter Weisberg, at the Sustainable Food Trade Association. Presentation includes: the basics of biogas, project case studies; and the climate benefit of biogas.
Best practice projects and future challenges in biogas production - Frank StumpfEBAconference
The document discusses Schmack Biogas, a member of the Viessmann Group. It summarizes Schmack's expertise in biogas project development and operation, including their experience with wet and dry anaerobic digestion technologies. The document also outlines Schmack's comprehensive services for technical support, biological support, and monitoring and optimization of biogas plants. Future challenges mentioned include efficient plant operation, knowledge transfer, and combining biogas and power-to-gas technologies.
London’s approach to cleaning the air: Integrated Air Quality policies - Step...IES / IAQM
London is taking an integrated approach to improving air quality through policies that reduce emissions from traffic, buildings, and other sources. The strategies aim to make London's air the cleanest of any major world city by 2050. This will require continued emission reductions from various sectors as London's population grows. The plans include expanding ultra-low emission zones, promoting hybrid/electric buses and taxis, tighter emissions standards for construction equipment, and designing developments to minimize pollution exposure and accommodate low-emission energy and transport.
This presentation provided an overview of the EPA's Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule, including:
- Why the rule was introduced (to help EPA assess GHG emissions and climate policy)
- Facilities in various industry sectors that must report GHG emissions if above thresholds
- The general requirements for facilities to determine and report their annual emissions of GHGs like CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide
- The compliance timelines for facilities to monitor emissions, have monitoring plans approved, and begin annual reporting to EPA.
The document provides several case studies of industrial symbiosis projects in the UK and Europe that have achieved positive environmental, economic and social outcomes. A summary of one case study from Romania is given, where a major wood processor formed partnerships with 20 wood producers to collect and utilize sawdust, wood chips and boards from trunk trimming, totaling 446,100 tonnes of resources shared and 2.5 virgin forests saved. The document demonstrates how industrial symbiosis initiatives can create resource efficiencies and cost savings for participating companies while reducing environmental impacts.
The document discusses integrating supercritical water gasification and combined cycle processes for microalgae utilization. It presents microalgae as a promising energy source due to its efficient carbon dioxide absorption and solar energy conversion. However, its high moisture content poses challenges for transportation, storage and thermal efficiency. The document proposes using supercritical water gasification, which can gasify microalgae without drying, and integrating it with a combined cycle for power generation. It suggests this integrated process could achieve high total energy efficiency through enhanced process integration and exergy recovery techniques.
Adsorption of hydrogen sulfide using palm shell activated carboneSAT Journals
Abstract Removing H2S from biogas that is produced from anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent is a crucial step in order for the biogas to be utilized as a source of energy. In this study, palm shell activated carbon (PSAC) prepared by steam activation was used to adsorb H2S from simulated biogas. The parameters studied were H2S concentration, adsorption temperature and space velocity. The effect of these parameters towards breakthrough adsorption capacity was studied using statistical analysis with Design Expert Software. H2S concentration and space velocity were found to be significant in affecting the breakthrough adsorption capacity.Adsorption temperature on its own was found not to have significant effect on the breakthrough adsorption capacity but its interaction with other parameters was found to be significant. Characterization of fresh and spent PSAC confirmed and provided further information on the adsorption of sulfur species on PSAC pore surface. Keywords: Activated carbon; Biogas; Hydrogen sulfide; Adsorption
Adsorption of hydrogen sulfide using palm shell activated carbon
Similar to Dr. Eshetu Bekele - Assessing the Potential of Coffee Parchment for its Effective Utilization as Alternative Biomass Fuel in Cement Industry, 3rd EACCES
IRJET- Assessment of Coal Through Analysis of Various Properties of Coal Samp...IRJET Journal
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Dr. Eshetu Bekele - Assessing the Potential of Coffee Parchment for its Effective Utilization as Alternative Biomass Fuel in Cement Industry, 3rd EACCES
1. Potential of Coffee Parchment for its Utilization as
Biomass Fuel in Cement Industry
2/8/2018 Addis Ababa, EthiopiaBy: Eshetu Bekele (PhD), Elias Habtu
3rd
Annual East Africa
Cement, Concrete and
Energy Summit
1
2. 1. Introduction
2. Literature review
3. Materials and methods
4. Result and discussion
5. Conclusion
Outline
22/8/2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
3. 3
• It is an energy-intensive process (consuming 3.3 GJ / tonne of
clinker produced)
• Constitutes 5% of Global anthropogenic CO2 emissions
• Releases dust, SO2, NOx, CO and VOCs in to the environment
As a result, the viability and prospects of future existence depend
on adopting a responsible approach to this challenge.
2/8/2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Cement production:
• Naturally consumes non-renewable raw materials (Murray, &
Price, 2008).
1. Introduction
4. 42/8/2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Introduction ---cont’d
Biomass Fuel Source
• Many of the developing countries
produce huge quantities agro-processing
residues with an interesting potential for
biomass energy production.
• 51 million tones per year in Ethiopia
5. But they were used inefficiently causing extensive pollution to
the environment.
The methods for effective utilization of the wasted resources
specifically coffee parchment were not well developed.
5
Introduction ---cont’d
Therefore, this study were carried out to investigate
potential of coffee parchment to produce energy that
supplement the current energy demand of cement industry.
2/8/2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
6. 6
What are the important issues related to biomass fuel
use?
•Storage, Transportation, Reliability of Supply, Processing
•Elemental composition (Coal is typically 60-80% carbon while
biomass is 40-50% carbon) & calorific value
•Particle size
•Ash & metals (Effects on product quality)
•Moisture contents
2. Literature review
2/8/2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
8. 3. Materials and methods
3.1. Estimation of solid waste quantity by weight
•The actual quantity of waste generated were estimated based on
primary and secondary sources:
•Primary source: site observation and selected wet coffee
processing facility survey on amount disposed from the source and
the amount diverted for different purposes by end users; in a daily
bases and seasonal bases and extended for over one month. Key
personnel were interviewed.
•Secondary sources: from the amount of clean coffee bean
exported per annum collected from respective government
organizations, UNDP/WBK study.
82/8/2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
10. 10
It is a pre-treatment method and its main advantages:
•Increase of density
•Decrease of transportation, storage, handling costs
•Standardized size
•More homogeneous fuel uniform combustion in kiln
Pelletizing
Process
3.3. Pelletizing coffee parchment
2/8/2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
11. 11
• Pellet formation phases and pelletizing machine used are indicated
below:
Figure 1: pelletizing machine
to pass a mush screen size of 1.46 mm
the optimum molasses to water ratio of 2:1
2/8/2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
12. 12
Parameters Analysis method
Moisture content Dried in oven at 105°C for 2 hour (ASTM D3173)
Volatile matter Burn in furnace at 925°C for 7 minutes (ASTM D3175)
Ash content Burn in furnace at 550°C for 4 hour (ASTM D3174)
Fixed carbon 100 - (𝐴𝐴(%) + 𝐴𝐴(%) (ASTM D3172)
Heating value Bomb calorimeter (ASTM D1989)
3.4. Proximate and heating values analysis
They are key parameters determined for estimating the quality/energy value
of coffee parchment.
2/8/2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
13. 13
• Important elements that make up biomass, namely percentage
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur, were determined using
elemental analyzer (EA 1112 Flash CHNS- analyzer).
the oxygen content were determined by difference according to
the formula below:
Oxygen (%Dry Basis) = 100 – C (%) - H (%) - N(%) -S(%) - Ash(%).
• The four oxide contents according to specification of ASTM C
114/00 using XRF
3.5. Ultimate and Chemical analysis
• Heavy metal analysis using ICP-OES after the sample were air
dried and digested with HNO3-HCl (aqua regia)
Sample was run in duplicate and the average value was reported
2/8/2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
14. 14
4.Result and discussion
4.1. Biomass (coffee parchment) Generation and
Management practice:
• The estimated amount of coffee
parchment found in this study were huge,
irregular and generation reaches peak
during the months of February to July.
The results were in accordance with
recently reported amount 16,800 tonnes
per year by Bilhat Chala et al (2015) and
ICO(2017)
• However, this huge amount of by-
products has been used inefficiently;
mostly seen as waste and dumped
elsewhere or sold the parchment for 25
Birr per 50 kg sack to the local
population.
Figure 4.1 Estimated amount of biomass
generated in three consecutive years
2/8/2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
15. 15
• The possible routes
between biomass source
and the existing transfer
station marking with black
and it covers a total
distance of 117.6 Km
• Proposed route
considering the existing
TS marked by red covers
a total distance of 53.6
km.
• Total distance were
calculated from each road
length that has been
present between the
sources and then to the
transfer station
4.2. Establishment of effective waste collection route
Figure 4.2. existing roads and proposed route between biomass sources and with transfer station
2/8/2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
16. 16
• The optimized route
after identified the
position of the TS
using Arc-GIS
software covers a
total of 41.6 km
Figure 4.3. optimized route between biomass sources and a newly identified transfer station
2/8/2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
17. • Analysis of coffee parchment and the pellet Properties
was conducted to:
determine the amount of fuel energy that can be released,
indicates the most likely energy conversion process, and
to what extent the quality of the materials meet the
specification set for different uses
4.3. Characterization of coffee parchment, and its pellet.
172/8/2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
18. Sample code
Moisture
content
Volatile
content Ash Fixed carbon HHV
[%] (cal/g)
CP-Pellet 11.2 ± 0.1 86.1 ± 2.4 5.97 ± 0.7 7.97 ± 2.0 6676.4 ± 60.7
CP-Raw 11.5 ± 0.1 93.3 ± 0.9 0.38 ± 0.04 6.29 ± 0.9 4433 ± 8.7
• The proximate analysis classifies the fuel in terms of its
moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and Ash.
18
4.3.1.Proximate analysis and heating value result
Table 4.1 Proximate Analysis and heating value of coffee parchment pellet and
raw coffee parchment measured in dry weight basis
Shown lower MC (%), Ash(%), FC percentage, and higher VM percentage and HHV
than the content reported in most non-wood fuel (table 2.1, table 2.2, table 2.3).
2/8/2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
19. Heating value
• It is the principal parameter which is decisive to substitute conventional
fuel in the clinker manufacturing process.
• The MJ kg-1
eqivalent of coffee parchment and its pellet was 18.56 and
27.95, respectively. This makes coffee parchment to have comparable
values to common fuel woods and indicated promising potential source
for renewable energy production.
• As reported in different literatures different kinds of coal have the gross
heating value ranges from 20 to 30 MJ/kg; charcoal (29.6 MJ/kg); nearly
all kinds of lignocellulotic biomass fall in the range of 15-19 MJ/kg and for
most agricultural residues, the value fall in the ranges of 15-17 MJ/kg.
192/8/2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
20. • The ultimate analysis generally reports the elemental carbon
(C), hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S)
composition in the solid fuel.
20
4.3.2. Ultimate analysis
Sample
code OM [%] C [%] H [%] O[%] N [%] S [%]
CP-Pellet 91.7 ± 0.6
45.5 ± 0.5
6.5 ±
0.002
41.53
0.4 ± 0.04 0.1 ± 0.07
CP-Raw N.D 43.5 ± 1.5 5.3 ± 0.6 50.12 0.5 ± 0.02 0.2 ± 0.03
Table 4.2 Percent of OM and ultimate analysis of raw coffee parchment and its
pellet form measured in dry weight basis
Shown higher carbon percentage than the carbon content reported in rice husk
(31.47-39.1%), peanut shell (41.5%), wheat straw (43.5%) and soybean pod (42.5%).
however, it is lower than wood residue (48.6-51.6%) (Paula et al., 2011; Braz and
Crnkovic, 2014)
2/8/2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
21. Sample code CaO MgO
SiO2 Al2O3
Fe2O3 K2O Na2O
[%]
CP-Pellet 29.91 5.95 8.76 1.09 1.06 0.36 0.01
CP-Raw 16.32 4.32 6.38 1.12 0.77 0.25 0.00
Wheat straw 0.3 0.1 3.6 - 0.1 2.2 -
Coal 0.18 0.12 16.9 11.4 0.37 0.62 0.14
• Most chemical elements from the fuel ash are incorporated into
the cement clinker.
21
4.3.4. Ash oxides contents
Table 4.3 Oxide analysis of coffee parchment pellet and raw coffee parchment in comparison
with reported value of wheat straw (Henrich et al., 2014); and Coal (Odunayo et al., 2016)
The SiO2, CaO, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 required for clinker usually ranges from 19.7-23.0
%, 63-67%, 3-7 %, and 1.5-4.5%, respectively.. This indicated that with proper
formulation the fuel ash can also contribute to supplement the oxides which
originally obtained from raw materials.
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22. Ash oxides contents---cont’d
22
• The analysis result with respect to magnesium oxide indicated careful
design of the fuels and the raw materials is required as excessive amount
of magnesia (usually above 5 %) can affect the clinker quality.
• The content of minor oxides (Na2O and K2O) were less than the optimum
limit indicated in the clinker composition which is about 0.5% with respect
to K2O and about 0.2 % with respect to Na2O..
2/8/2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
23. • The presence of heavy metals in the cement processing will affect overall
product quality as it become completely embedded in the clinker structure
and may also cause allergic reactions in sensitive users.
23
4.3.5. Heavy Metals contents
Table 4.4 Heavy metal analysis result of coffee parchment pellet and in coal as reported by
Odunayo et al. (2016)
• The result confirmed coffee parchment pellet meets minimum requirements of
cement industry (< 10) specified by different countries (Mokrzycki et al., 2003;
Uliasz-Bochenczyk, 2003; EC, 2003)
Sample Cr Cu Zn Cd Ni Pb
Coffee
parchment
[mg/kg]
3.8 4.0 10 < 0.05 1.5 0.3
Coal N.a 32.8 38.6 N.a 20.6 7.02
2/8/2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
24. 24
5. Conclusion and recommendation
The different analysis results for the first time confirmed that:
• The quantity of coffee parchment generated and its better fuel
characteristics compared to many biomass fuel such as rice husk, cereal
straw, sugar cane bagasse confirmed it could be effectively used for the
production of pelletized fuel to supplement coal in cement factories.
• Higher level Ash oxides content confirmed that the fuel ash may
supplement sufficient oxides required for clinker formation up on careful
design, which may reduce the overall raw material demand in in cement
industry.
• Finally, it would be necessary to investigate further the effect of additives
and method of utilization would be required .
2/8/2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
25. Table 2.1 Calorific value and proximate properties of different
biomass residues/solid fuels
252/8/2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Solid fuels HHV
(MJ/Kg)
Ash
content
(%)
Volatile
matter
(%)
Fixed
carbon
(%)
Moisture
content
(%)
Author
Coffee husk 16.8-18.8 2.5- 7.2 76.3-83.20 14.0-16.5 6.7-10.0 Bilhat Chala et al. (2015);
Mhilu (2014)
Coffee
parchment
18.5 0.5-1.5 79.14-85.8 13.7- 19.9 N.A Chala et al. (2015); Paula
et al., (2011)
Saw Dust pellet 19.8 1.3 83.4 15.3 N.A Sánchez et al. (2014)
Cotton stalk 17.4 3.3-4.0 72.0-75.8 24.0 12.0 Henrich et al. (2004)
Rice husk 13.24-15.7 9.3-26.0 59.0- 69.0 14.3-19.0 8.8 Singh et al.(2013); Mhilu
(2014)
Rice husk
pellet/briquettes
15.2-17.6 16.1 68.2 15.7 12.7 Tokan et al.(2016);
Efomah & Gbabo (2015)
Wheat straw 17.3 4.0-8.0 59-70 20-23 16.0 Henrich et al.(2002);
Domalski et al. (1985)
Corncob pellet 13.8 N.a N.a N.a N.a Kyauta et al (2015)
Ground nutshell
pellet
13.9 N.a N.a N.a N.a Kyauta et al (2015)
Sugar can
bagasse pellet
17.9-18.4 8.70 77.27-82.3 14.0-17.2 5.5 de Almeida et al, (2017);
Paula et al., (2011)
Urban population 12,566,942, Per Capita (kg/ capita/day) 0.30, Total MSW Generation (tonnes/day) = 3,781 (19,690), With 65% is organic in type
challenges in recycling systems has been the high collection and transportation cost (represents 80–90% of municipal solid waste management budget in low income countries