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Dr. Eileen Kladivko - Transforming Drainage Project
The document discusses managing water for increased resiliency in drained agricultural landscapes in the Great Lakes region, highlighting issues of nutrient loss from tile drainage and water scarcity in late summer. It emphasizes the potential of storing excess water in drained landscapes to address these challenges while enhancing crop yields and reducing nutrient runoff. Research findings illustrate that controlled drainage can effectively reduce nitrate loads and slightly increase corn yields, contributing to improved water quality and agricultural sustainability.
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Dr. Eileen Kladivko - Transforming Drainage Project
- 1. Managing Water forIncreased Resiliency of Drained Agricultural Landscapes Jane Frankenberger Agricultural & Biological Engineering Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana Purdue Iowa State Ohio State U. Minnesota Jane Frankenberger Eileen Kladivko Laura Bowling Bernie Engel Linda Prokopy Ben Reinhart Matt Helmers Lori Abendroth USDA – ARS Dan Jaynes North Carolina Mohamed Youssef South Dakota Chris Hay Larry Brown Brent Sohngen North Dakota Xinhua Jia Jeff Strock U. Missouri Kelly Nelson Original Project Team
- 2. Excess water isa common problem in the Great Lakes region.
- 3. Subsurface tile drainshave been installed to maximize production.
- 4. Our drainage infrastructure:extensive, efficient, removes water year all year Subsurface tile drainage Surface drainage
- 5. Issue 1: Nutrientloss from tile drainage is causing issues of national concern. Tile drains greatly increase loss of nitrate to streams. Recent research is showing more clearly that phosphorus also moves through tiles. Water from Lake Erie during toxic algae bloom Photo: Tom Bridgeman
- 6. Issue 2: Despiteexcess water in spring, yields are often limited by lack of water in late summer.
- 7. Crop yields areoften reduced due to lack of water. $0 $500,000,000 $1,000,000,000 $1,500,000,000 $2,000,000,000 1 Loss Paid by Crop Insurance in Indiana, 1991-2015 (25 years) Flooding/Excess Moisture Drought $930 million $1.6 billion
- 8. Some years wehave excess water and water shortage in the same year. In 2015… Then too little (July)Too much (June)
- 9. Two issues; bothare expected to be become more severe due to future extreme weather Excess nutrients in spring will increase as winter and spring becomes warmer and wetter Water availability in late summer will decrease with warmer summers and increased flashiness of precipitation Photo: Tom Bridgeman
- 10. Storing drained waterin the landscape addresses both these issues.
- 11. The goal hasbeen to get rid of excess water as quickly as possible.
- 12. But can weinstead store water in drained landscapes like this? Photo: Dan Jaynes In the field? In the buffer? In the ditch?
- 13. Storing water inthe soil Increasing soil health. Increasing soil organic matter can increase water holding capacity. Image: Wikimedia Commons, Wilsonbriggs Image: NRCS
- 14. Storing water inwider ditches: Two-Stage Ditches
- 15. Storing water inbuffers: Saturated buffers Distribution line to saturate buffer Conventional buffer – Nitrate in tiles is not treated Denitrification
- 16. After harvest Before planting orharvest After planting Storing water in the field: Controlled drainage
- 17. Water Control Structure Controlleddrainage holds water in the soil, potentially storing water for crops and to reduce nutrient loads.
- 18. Controlled drainage researchat Davis Purdue Agriculture Center in Indiana
- 19. NW Controlled Drainage NE SW SE Controlled Drainage 40 acre fielddivided into 2 controlled and 2 free draining quadrants
- 20. Drain flow, nitrate,and phosphorus concentrations were monitored in each quadrant. Above: Water samples from the automated sampler Right: Analyzing samples in the lab; Inline flow meter
- 21. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Jan Feb MarApr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Nitrate-Nconcentration(mg/L) Average 8 mg/L 10-year average nitrate and phosphorus concentration: Highest in June; Approximately the same with free and controlled drainage. Free Controlled
- 22. 0 1 2 3 Jan Feb MarApr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Drainflow(in) . Controlled Free Average drain flow was reduced with controlled drainage, particularly in spring. Higher Outlet Level (winter) Lower Outlet Level (growing season) Higher Outlet Level Gray rectangles show when drainage was controlled.
- 23. 0 10 20 30 40 50 2006 2007 20082009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Nitrate-Nload(Ib/ac) Average Free 26 lb/acre Avg Controlled 17 lb/acre 35% nitrate load reduction – a significant water quality benefit. Nitrate load (lb/acre) was reduced by 9 lb/acre on average
- 24. 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2012 2013 20142015 2016 TPload(Ib/ac) Average Controlled 0.53 lb/ac Average Free 0.49 lb/ac Average Total Phosphorus Load was not significantly changed with controlled drainage.
- 25. Corn yield over9 years increased slightly with controlled drainage • Yield measured with yield monitor each year, cleaned and processed. Example for 2009:
- 26. 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 2005 2006 20072008 2009 2010 2012 2014 2016 Yield(bu/ac) Corn Yield at DPAC Free Drainage Controlled Drainage Controlled 162 bu/ac Free 157 bu/ac Average increase of 5 bu/acre with controlled drainage
- 27. Storing water inponds or reservoirs: Drainage water recycling Subirrigation
- 28. Sprinkler irrigation Storing water inponds or reservoirs: Drainage water recycling
- 29. Few examples ofdrainage water recycling
- 30. Challenge: Fitting ponds intothe landscape
- 31. Fitting ponds intothe drained landscape Borrow pits for road construction Stormwater ponds Former lagoons New edge-of-field ponds
- 32. THIS MATERIAL ISBASED UPON WORK THAT IS SUPPORTED BY THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, UNDER AWARD NUMBER 2015-68007-23193, “MANAGING WATER FOR INCREASED RESILIENCY OF DRAINED AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES”, HTTP://TRANSFORMINGDRAINAGE.ORG. ANY OPINIONS, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, OR RECOMMENDATIONS EXPRESSED IN THIS PUBLICATION ARE THOSE OF THE AUTHOR(S) AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE VIEW OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. University of Missouri MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROW’S AGRICULTURE Managing Water for Increased Resiliency of Drained Agricultural Landscapes
- 33. Goals of theTransforming Drainage Project Reduce uncertainty and risk related to water availability Reduce nutrient losses from agricultural fields
- 34. Field Research –Existing, New, Historical Sites
- 35. Synthesis across sites willallow us to develop regional recommendations Our database includes 186 site years of data on drainage practices Each site has data with and without a drainage storage practice
- 36. Extension and Engagementto Transform Drainage Informative website TransformingDrainage.org Links to all project outputs Practice descriptions Research site overviews Links to news and social media Regional Extension Publications “Questions and Answers About Drainage Water Recycling for the Midwest” Field Days and other events throughout the region https://cafnr.missouri.edu/2016/01/keeping-nutrients-in-the-field/ http://www.extension.iastate.edu /article/webinar-address- common-misconceptions-about- drainage-and-water-quality
- 37. Private Sector Partnersin the Network a Leadership by the drainage industry in saturated buffer research and outreach. Iowa Soybean Association and other commodity groups
- 38. The Vision: TransformingDrainage Photo from Dan Jaynes Long-term vision: Agricultural drainage will be transformed to include water storage and recycling.