Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21, occurring in 1 in 800 live births. It is the most common genetic cause of mild to moderate intellectual disability. While there is no cure for Down syndrome, early intervention and treatment focusing on managing symptoms can help those with Down syndrome live productive lives. Current research is exploring strategies like boosting norepinephrine signaling in the brain to potentially improve cognition for those with Down syndrome.

2. Definition of Down Syndrome
Down syndrome is a chromosomal
disorder caused by an additional (third)
chromosome 21, or "trisomy 21."
Occurring in 1 out of 800 live births, it is
the most frequent genetic cause of mild to
moderate mental retardation.
(Rosenthal, 2011)

3. Cause of Down syndrome
Genetic problems
related to
chromosome 21.
The result of a
random event that
occurs during the
formation of
reproductive cells
(eggs and sperm).
(Scott, 2011)

4. Cause of down syndrome
(Simada, JULY)

5. Effects of this Disorder
Thyroid problems
Hearing problems
Congenital heart disease
Eye problems
Bone, muscle, nerve, or joint problems
Leukemia and other cancers
Immune system problems (Scott, 2011)
Developmental delay
Mental retardation
(Schoenstadt, 2006) ("Down syndrome," 2011)

6. Pictures
(Urquhart, 2002)

7. Treatment for Down
syndrome
Down syndrome is not a condition that can be cured.
Treatment of Down syndrome focuses on controlling
symptoms
Early intervention can help many people with Down syndrome
live productive lives well into adulthood.
Children with Down syndrome can often benefit from speech
therapy, occupational therapy, and exercises for gross and fine
motor skills
(Rosenthal, 2011)

8. Current Research
Findings from the Stanford University School of
Medicine offer a new strategy for treating the
defects.
The study showed that boosting norepinephrine
signaling in the brains of mice genetically
engineered to mimic Down syndrome improved
their cognition.
(Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital., 2011)

9. Fact’s
Down syndrome is usually identified at birth
or shortly thereafter.
It has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46.
It is important to remember even if a person as
Down syndrome it doesn’t mean that they are
help less . They have many talents and gifts

10. Reference Page
Schoenstadt, A. (2006, Sept 06). Retrieved from http://down-
syndrome.emedtv.com/down-syndrome/down-syndrome-effects.html
Rosenthal, M. (2011, February 23). National institute of child health & human
development. Retrieved from
http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down_syndrome.cfm
Down syndrome. (2011). Retrieved from http://down-syndrome.emedtv.com/
Schoenstadt, M. (2008). Causes of down syndrome. Retrieved from http://down-
syndrome.emedtv.com/down-syndrome/causes-of-down-syndrome.html
Down syndrome. (2011, 03). Retrieved from
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/disorders/whataregd/down/
Scott, C. (2011, August). Nemours. Retrieved from
http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/genetic/down_syndrome.html
Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital. (2011). Mosaic down syndrome. Retrieved from
http://www.lpch.org/DiseaseHealthInfo/HealthLibrary/genetics/mosdown.html