Lesson in Introduction to Philosophy of Human Person
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Lesson in Introduction to Philosophy of Human Person
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Introduction to the Disciplines of Applied Social SciencesMiss Ivy
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** Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
Introduction to the Disciplines of Applied Social SciencesMiss Ivy
** Disclaimer:
All of the pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
** Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
1 Running head THE ETHICS OF ELEPHANTS IN CIRCUSES .docxhoney725342
1
Running head: THE ETHICS OF ELEPHANTS IN CIRCUSES
The Ethics of Elephants in Circuses
Dr. Christopher Foster
PHI103: Informal Logic
Ashford University
Annotated example for Week One Assignment
2
THE ETHICS OF ELEPHANTS IN CIRCUSES
This is the argument in
Standard Form.
Standard Form means
putting each premise
and conclusion on a
separate line, as
observed here. Labeling
the premises P1, P2, etc.
is also helpful to be able
to refer to them later.
The next four
paragraphs
provide
support for
each premise
of the
argument.
The topic of
each
paragraph is
clear from the
opening
sentence.
It is good to
provide
clarification of
the meaning of
premises as well
(as indicated in
the instructions).
P1: Elephants are highly intelligent animals.
P2: Putting elephants in circuses requires them to live their
lives in extreme confinement.
P3: Anything that requires highly intelligent animals to
live their lives in extreme confinement is wrong unless it serves
a purpose that outweighs the suffering involved.
P4: Putting elephants in circuses does not serve a purpose that
outweighs the suffering involved.
C: Therefore, putting elephants in circuses is wrong.
The first premise has been widely known for decades by those who
have studied elephants. Scientific studies have shown that elephants are
able to independently discover novel methods to figure out how to retrieve
food, and they have recently been shown to be able to enlist the help of
other elephants in situations that require cooperation (Jabr, 2014).
The second premise is justified by looking at how elephants are
treated in circuses. When not performing or being transported, circus
elephants are kept on a short chain that prevents them from being able
to move around or even lie down normally. This is what is meant by
‘extreme confinement’: captivity so severe that the animal is not able
to get proper exercise and stimulation. In addition to the captivity, there
3
THE ETHICS OF ELEPHANTS IN CIRCUSES
have been many reports, and footage, of abuse of circus elephants with bullhooks, electrocution, and
other forms of cruelty (Nelson, 2011).
The third premise makes a strong moral claim. Given the intelligence of elephants, and their
natural use of vast savannahs of space, life spent on a tiny chain will involve a tremendous amount of
suffering. They develop “stereotypic behaviors” such as constant swaying back and forth, indicating
severe psychological distress (Wildlife Advocacy Project, n.d.). President of PAWS, Ed Stewart, expresses
it well:
Elephants should not be in captivity – period … The social structure isn’t correct, the space is not
right, the climate is not right, the food is not right … They are unbelievably intelligent. With all of
that brainpower – to be as limited as they are in captivity – it’s a wonder they cope at all. (Jabr,
2014)
My final premise states ...
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
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In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
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Doing Philosophy
1. Human beings have a unique facility to reason , it stems from our self conscious ability to know that we exist. We are not like computers which simply manipulate information and are not self-aware. Philosophy involves thinking in abstract ideas (eg not where I should go this afternoon but why am I here at all) This sort of thinking helps us to ask questions that concern our existence in relation to our place as individuals in an often puzzling world. First it allows us to work out whether the question is meaningful (and that we are justified in pursuing and answer), second, it helps us to work through the problem, obtain a conclusion and decide whether that conclusion is valid. Whether or not the conclusion is true will depend on the truth contained in the argument.
2. The method of philosophy as a way of thinking can be (and is) used in all fields of human enquiry: scientific, ethical, religious, political or any other matter of psychological importance to us as individuals or members of society. DOING PHILOSOPHY We do philosophy all the time because we are continually taking in information, thinking about it and coming up with conclusions. We often arrive at conclusions very different from other people, however, human difference is valuable and important – the world would be a very dull place if everyone thought x was good looking – but sometimes human difference is a result of different people tackling thinking in different ways. This may not be so important when working out whether or not someone is good looking but it may have serious consequences for the person accused of murder whose future is dependent on a jury.
3. The reason to philosophise need not be abstract. Primitive people were doing philosophy when they thought about the best ways of trapping animals for food. Should they dig a hole and cover it to make a trap, or should they make a net, chase the animal and Throw the net over it? If we like to eat wild duck what would our method of catching them be? Would the same reasoning apply to bears? How we come to conclusions about these questions involves us in thinking and involves us in philosophy.
4. Question Because I like digging holes in the ground and I like eating wild duck for my dinner I conclude that if I dig holes in the ground I will be able to catch wild duck (and have a satisfying dinner). Does this make sense? If not why not? Explain carefully your reasons for holding this view.
5. Philosophy first started when human beings began to wonder why their world was like it was. They assumed that the earth was created by God but when they began to wonder about the nature of God himself (eg who is he or she? Where is God? Is God completely powerful? Is God good? Etc) they began to philosophise. This sort of thinking is called ‘metaphysics’ and is to do with thinking about what and why things ‘really are’. All philosophy in some way connects to this central metaphysical theme. What is the best approach to philosophy? We can approach philosophy by looking at its history (eg The ancient Greeks, Descartes etc) or we can study by topic (philosophy of science, philosophy of mind etc). Both have their merits. Whichever we choose, its important to have an understanding of what philosophers have thought about and we will be examining key works of the key philosophers. Philosophy is also about using our imagination to come up with new ideas and argue in their defence, or to challenge existing ideas by providing rational arguments against them. It is an activity. To argue effectively we need to be aware of what it is to reason. There is little (or nothing) to be gained by proclaiming we have a ‘philosophy’ about this or that without supporting our ideas by reason or if we have no declared reasons for holding a view to simply state ‘’that’s what I believe and that’s all there is to it’’.
6.
7. LOGIC In Star Trek when Spock is referred to as being ‘logical’ it is usually taken to mean that he is without emotion. Sherlock Holmes is considered similarly ‘cold’. Why is this? And what is being ‘logical’ anyway?
8. Argument We argue in different ways: we quarrel, debate or persuade. In a philosophical sense argument is used to persuade others of your point of view. Although quarrels may not have rules, persuasion arguments do. An argument consists of a group of statements (premises) some of which purportedly provide support for one another (the conclusion) For an argument to be convincing it must use true reasons, blend them into a logical framework and draw valid conclusions from the reasons used. Any sound argument must show : how it is justified, what makes it true and provide reasons why I should believe it. There are 2 categories of argument: Deductive and Inductive. A deductive argument provides conclusive support for its conclusion as long as it is valid, an inductive argument provides probable support for its conclusion providing it supplies strong evidence.
9. 1. Deductive argument is a method of ascertaining validity. A properly constructed deductive argument is valid so if all its premises are true then its conclusion must be true.
10. Aristotle (384-322BC) is credited with inventing deductive arguments as a means to drawing conclusions. By looking at his own example we can see the form deductive arguments take: If the question were asked ‘Is Socrates mortal?’ then the following deductive argument could be applied. All men are mortal (1 st premise) Socrates is a man (2 nd premise) Socrates is mortal (conclusion) The conclusion follows from the premise. A valid deductive argument will always lead to a valid conclusion but the truth of the conclusion relies on the truth of the premises.
11.
12. 2. Inductive argument is a method of ascertaining the degree of certainty the premises confer on the conclusion. A properly constructed inductive argument has strength in that if all the premises are true then the conclusion is probably true.
13. Inductive arguments is what we might call the ‘logic of science’ or the ‘logic of everyday life’. It is based on experience and provides us with a means of predicting what will happen next based upon that experience. If I hold my pen away from a surface and let it go it always falls downwards. Based on the fact that everyone else who has ever lived (as far as we know) has always found the same thing, I have strong evidence to allow me to confidently predict that the next time I drop my pen (or anyone else drops a pen) it will fall downwards. However, scepticism leaves me in doubt that this will always be the case. Just because we associate day following night it doesn’t mean this will always be the case. We act as if day following night is a logical certainty but on reflection it is not certain. It is perfectly reasonable to doubt this claim. Consider the example of the chicken.
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15. Final Thoughts On a practical level as students of philosophy you will need to write essays that show evidence of sound rational conclusions drawn from the application of rigorously applied induced or deduced logic. This will give far greater weight and importance to your claims. On an even more serious note it is through fallacious reasoning or faulty reasoning that many people seem to make poor decisions. In South Park the case is put forward in the episode called Chef Aid where a prominent lawyer successfully applies the Chewbacca defence to prove a point to the jury and acquit the record company of being found guilty of copyright violations of Chefs original song.
16. This South Park portrayal of absurd reasoning is funny in the cartoon. However its not so funny when we see faulty reasoning at work in the real world. Consider the following conclusions drawn. All Jews are vermin Vermin needs to be destroyed All Jews need to be destroyed OR All terrorists are evil All terrorists are Muslim All Muslims are evil
17. OR All Americans are immoral Immorality is punishable by death I will sacrifice my life to bring death to Americans. Logic is the study of the principles of correct reasoning associated with the formation and analysis of arguments. A claim is shown to be true or false as a result of evidence, which can take the forms of either direct testimony of your senses, explanations, the testimony of others, appeal to well-established theories, appeal to appropriate authority, appeal to definitions and good arguments, among others.