“Doing” philosophy involves having to question, scrutinize, explore, evaluate, analyze, synthesize, and apply your beliefs. It is critical thinking.

4. ‘DOING’ VS. ‘HAVING’ PHILOSOPHY
 “Having” a philosophy involves having a collection of beliefs used
to guide his or her thoughts and actions.

6. GJC PHILOSOPHY
▪ The development of morally upright, civic-
minded and useful citizenry is the
responsibility of any educational institution.

7. DOING VS. HAVING PHILOSOPHY
 “Having” a philosophy involves having a collection of beliefs used
to guide his or her thoughts and actions.
 “Doing” philosophy involves having to question, scrutinize,
explore, evaluate, analyze, synthesize, and apply your beliefs. It is
critical thinking.

9. QUALITIES OF CRITICAL THINKERS
Qualities that characterize critical thinkers: open-minded,
knowledgeable, mentally active, curious, independent
thinkers, skilled discussants, insightful, self-aware,
creative and passionate.

10. COGNITIVE BIASES
 Systematic errors in thinking that can hinder critical thinking.

13. Anchoring
The first thing you judge influences your judgment of all
that follows.

15. Sunk Cost Fallacy
You irrationally cling to things that have already cost you
something.

17. Confirmation Bias
You favor things that confirm your existing beliefs.

20. Dunning-Kruger Effect
The more you know, the less confident you’re likely to be.

21. Self-serving Bias
You believe your failures are due to external factors, yet
you’re responsible for your successes.

22. Barnum Effect
You see personal specifics in vague statements by filling in
the gaps.

24. Groupthink
You let the social dynamics of a group situation override
the best outcomes.

26. Framing Effect
You allow yourself to be unduly influenced by context and
delivery.

27. Fundamental Attribution Error
You judge others on their character, but yourself on the
situation.

29. Halo Effect
How much you like someone, or how attractive they are,
influences your other judgments of them.

31. In-group Bias
You unfairly favor those who belong to your group.

32. Placebo Effect
If you believe you’re taking medicine it can sometimes
‘work’ even if it’s fake.
A nocebo effect is said to occur when negative
expectations of the patient regarding a treatment cause
the treatment to have a more negative effect than it
otherwise would have.

33. Bystander Effect
You presume someone else is going to do something in an
emergency situation.

34. Reactance
You’d rather do the opposite of what someone is trying to
make you do.

36. Spotlight Effect
You overestimate how much people notice how you look
and act.

38. SUMMARY
Critical thinking is “doing” philosophy. It is questioning,
scrutinizing, exploring, evaluating, analyzing, synthesizing,
and applying your beliefs.
Critical thinkers are open-minded, knowledgeable, mentally
active, curious, independent thinkers, skilled discussants,
insightful, self-aware, creative and passionate.
Cognitive biases are systematic errors in thinking that can
hinder critical thinking.

41. 1. Delgado, A. (2021). Outline Introduction to Philosophy of the
Human Person. Cabanatuan City: Diego Printing Press. pp. 2 – 4
2. Chaffee, J. (2016). The Philosopher’s Way: A Text with Readings.
New York: Pearson.
3. Aguas, J.J. (2017). Philosophy: Toward an Understanding and
Appreciation of the Human Person. Quezon City: Abiva
Publishing House, Inc.
4. Cognitive Biases stuffing up your thinking.(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://yourbias.is/