The document discusses the distinction between 'having' and 'doing' philosophy, emphasizing that critical thinking is an active process involving questioning and evaluating beliefs. It outlines qualities of critical thinkers and describes a variety of cognitive biases that impede effective thinking. The text concludes by highlighting the importance of developing critical thinking skills to navigate these biases.

4. ‘DOING’ VS. ‘HAVING’ PHILOSOPHY
 “Having” a philosophy involves having a collection of beliefs used
to guide his or her thoughts and actions.

6. GJC PHILOSOPHY
▪ The development of morally upright, civic-
minded and useful citizenry is the
responsibility of any educational institution.

7. DOING VS. HAVING PHILOSOPHY
 “Having” a philosophy involves having a collection of beliefs used
to guide his or her thoughts and actions.
 “Doing” philosophy involves having to question, scrutinize,
explore, evaluate, analyze, synthesize, and apply your beliefs. It is
critical thinking.

9. QUALITIES OF CRITICAL THINKERS
Qualities that characterize critical thinkers: open-minded,
knowledgeable, mentally active, curious, independent
thinkers, skilled discussants, insightful, self-aware,
creative and passionate.

10. COGNITIVE BIASES
 Systematic errors in thinking that can hinder critical thinking.

13. Anchoring
The first thing you judge influences your judgment of all
that follows.

15. Sunk Cost Fallacy
You irrationally cling to things that have already cost you
something.

17. Confirmation Bias
You favor things that confirm your existing beliefs.

20. Dunning-Kruger Effect
The more you know, the less confident you’re likely to be.

21. Self-serving Bias
You believe your failures are due to external factors, yet
you’re responsible for your successes.

22. Barnum Effect
You see personal specifics in vague statements by filling in
the gaps.

24. Groupthink
You let the social dynamics of a group situation override
the best outcomes.

26. Framing Effect
You allow yourself to be unduly influenced by context and
delivery.

27. Fundamental Attribution Error
You judge others on their character, but yourself on the
situation.

29. Halo Effect
How much you like someone, or how attractive they are,
influences your other judgments of them.

31. In-group Bias
You unfairly favor those who belong to your group.

32. Placebo Effect
If you believe you’re taking medicine it can sometimes
‘work’ even if it’s fake.
A nocebo effect is said to occur when negative
expectations of the patient regarding a treatment cause
the treatment to have a more negative effect than it
otherwise would have.

33. Bystander Effect
You presume someone else is going to do something in an
emergency situation.

34. Reactance
You’d rather do the opposite of what someone is trying to
make you do.

36. Spotlight Effect
You overestimate how much people notice how you look
and act.

38. SUMMARY
Critical thinking is “doing” philosophy. It is questioning,
scrutinizing, exploring, evaluating, analyzing, synthesizing,
and applying your beliefs.
Critical thinkers are open-minded, knowledgeable, mentally
active, curious, independent thinkers, skilled discussants,
insightful, self-aware, creative and passionate.
Cognitive biases are systematic errors in thinking that can
hinder critical thinking.

41. 1. Delgado, A. (2021). Outline Introduction to Philosophy of the
Human Person. Cabanatuan City: Diego Printing Press. pp. 2 – 4
2. Chaffee, J. (2016). The Philosopher’s Way: A Text with Readings.
New York: Pearson.
3. Aguas, J.J. (2017). Philosophy: Toward an Understanding and
Appreciation of the Human Person. Quezon City: Abiva
Publishing House, Inc.
4. Cognitive Biases stuffing up your thinking.(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://yourbias.is/