This document describes different philosophical methods and ways of philosophizing, including: 1. Phenomenology, which focuses on careful inspection and description of conscious experience. 2. Existentialism, emphasizing individual existence, freedom and choice, as described by philosophers like Kierkegaard and Sartre. 3. Postmodernism, which rejects modernity and emphasizes non-rational elements of human nature. 4. Logical and critical thinking as a path to freedom from deception through distinguishing facts from opinions. 5. Various logical fallacies that can invalidate arguments, such as appeals to emotion, ignorance, popularity or force.

1. MA. SUZANNE C. HIZOLE
Subject Teacher
INTRODUCTION TO THE
PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN
PERSON

2. ESKIMOS ARE VERY
GOOD HUNTERS
BUT THEY DO NOT
HUNT PENGUINS,
WHY NOT?

3. YOU ARE IN A CABIN AND
IT IS PITCH BLACK. YOU
HAVE ONE MATCH ON
YOU,WHICH DO YOU LIGHT
FIRST, THE NEWSPAPER,
THE LAMP, THE CANDLE,
OR THE FIREPLACE?

4. THERE WAS AN OLD MAN WHO LIVED
BY HIMSELF. HE FELT TIRED SO HE
WNT AWAY IN THE BATHROOM,WENT
TO THE TOILET AND THEN TURNED
THE LIGHT OFF BEFORE GOING TO
BED. THE NEXT MORNING THERE
WAS A NEWSFLASH ON THE RADIO
THAT A BOAT CRASHED.THE MAN
OPENED THE WINDOW ANDJUMPED
OUT. WHY?

5. Do a philosophical reflection on a concrete
situation from a holistic perspective
PPT11/12-Ic-1.4

6. Specifically:
Describe the
different methods of
philosophizing

7. METHODS OF
PHILOSOPHIZING

8. PHILOSOPHIZING
Is to think or express
oneself in a philosophical
manner.

9. PHILOSOPHICAL METHOD
is the study of how to do the
philosophy.
A common view among
philosophy is that philosophy is
distinguish by the ways that
philosophers follow in addressing
philosophical questions.

10. 1.PHENOMENOLOGY:ON CONSCIOUSNESS
(EDMUND HUSSERL)
this focuses on careful
inspection and description of
phenomena or appearance,
defined as any object of
conscious experience.

11. PHENOMENOLOGY –
finding and generalizing
the truth.

12. PHENOMENOLOGY –
Greek phainomenon,
meaning experience

13. Immanuel Kant
Used the same word
to refer the world of
experience

14. Edmund Husserl
It does not imply a contrast
between the appearance and
underlying reality between
the phenomenon and a
‘noumenon’ or ‘thing-in-itself’

15. Edmund Husserl
The trouble starts
when one supposes
that one experience
is not or might not be
the truth.

16. Phenomenology
The scientific study of
the essential structure of
consciousness.

17. Phenomenological standpoint
1.Bracketing all questions of
reality and simply describing
the contents of consciousness

18. Phenomenological standpoint
2. Eliminating merely empirical
contents and focusing on the
essential features or meanings
of consciousness

19. Natura l world
Ordinary everyday view point
and ordinary stance of the
natural sciences, describing
things and state of affairs

20. Phenomenological standpoint
Focuses not on
things but our
consciousness

21. Phenomenology
Consciousness is
intentional(dream)

22. 2.EXISTENTIALISM-ON FREEDOM
SOREN KIERKEGAARD
EXISTENTIALISM – a
philosophy that emphasizes
individual existence,
freedom and choice.

23. SOREN KIERKEGAARD (first existentialist)
Authentic self is
personally chosen self

24. Jean Paul Sartre
Emphasizes free individual choice
Argued that consciousness ‘being –
for-itself’ is such that is always free
to choose(though not free not to
choose)

25. Jean Paul Sartre
To be human, to be
conscious, is to be free to
imagine, free to choose and
responsible for one’s life.

26. SOCRATIC METHOD
Is the conviction that some
significant degree, philosophical
problems, puzzle and are noted in
language and can be solved or
avoided by sound understanding of
language and pretend (Ludwig
Wittgenstien)

27. 4. POSTMODERNISM :ON CULTURES
 (diverse culture world philosophy)
has come into vogue as the name
for a rather diffuse family of ideas
and trends that is significant respect,
rejects challenge or aims to
supersede “modernity”

28. Post modernist
Believes that humanity should
come at truth beyond the rational
to the non-rational elements of
human nature, including the
spiritual

29. Charactiristic of Postmodernism
There is no absolute truth
- truth and error is synonymous
- value our existence
- -all religions are valid.

30. 5.LOGICAL AND CRITICAL
THINKING
serves as path to freedom from
half-truths and deceptions,
critical thinking as distinguishes
fact and opinions or personal
feelings.

31. VALIDITY AND SOUNDNESS-
if the two premises are
constructed logically, then the
conclusion must follow the
deductive argument is valid a
deductive argument is sound if
and only if it is valid and all
premises are actually true.

32. INDUCTIVE REASONING-
based from the
observations in order to
make generalization.

33. DEDUCTIVE REASONING-
draws conclusion from
usually broad judgment or
definition and one more
specific assertions after a
inference.

34. 6.FALLACIES-
a defect in an argument other than its
having fake premises. To detect
fallacies, it is required to examine the
argument’s context. A fallacy is a kind
of error in reasoning

35. Appeal to pity ( argumentum and
misericordiam)
a specific kind of appeal to
emotion in which someone tries to
win support for an argument or
idea by exploiting his or her
opponents feeling of pity.

36. Appeal to ignorance (
argumentum ad ignorantium)
- whatever has not been
proved false must be true, and
vise versa.

37. Division
– one reasons logically that
something true of a thing must
also be true of all or some of
its parts

38. Against the person (argumentum
ad hominem)
- this fallacy attempts to link
the validity of the premise to a
characteristic or belief of the
person advocating the
premise.

39. Appeal to force (argumentum ad
baculum)
an argument where force,
coercion or the threat of
force, is given a
justification for a
conclusion

40. Appeal to the people (argumentum ad
populum)
- an argument that appeals
or exploits peoples, vanities,
desire for esteem, and
anchoring on popularity.

41. False cause (post hoc)
- this fallacy referred to as
coincidental correlation,
or correlation not
causation.

42. Hasty Generalization –)
- one commits errors if one
reaches an inductive
generalization based on
insufficient evidence.
Begging the question (Petitio
pricipii)

43. Begging the question (Petitio pricipii)
this is a type of fallacy inn
which the proposition to be
proven is assumed implicitly
or explicitly in the premise.

44. Reference:
 Ramos, Christine Carmela R.(2016) Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person pp 27-27