This document discusses different kinds, domains, and tests of truth. It outlines three kinds of truth - empirical, necessary, and normative truths. Empirical truths are based on experience, necessary truths are true by reason alone, and normative truths involve general agreements. The domains of truth discussed are the objective, social, and personal domains. The justification of truths corresponds to these domains, with empirical evidence for objective truths, social acceptability for social truths, and consistency and authenticity for personal truths. Three tests of truth are also outlined: the correspondence theory which evaluates if concepts match real objects/events; the coherence theory which assesses if beliefs cohere with other accepted truths; and the pragmatic theory which determines truth based on the

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22. It is a statement about the way the world actually is.

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KINDS
of Truth

24. These are true as a matter of fact, but it is possible
that they might be otherwise and we can imagine
what circumstances would make them false.
They can be known only on the basis of experience
(our own or someone else’s).

29. These are true because of reason, cannot possibly
be false, nor can we imagine circumstances in which
they might be false.
Necessary truths can be said to be true, accordingly,
prior to experience, or (in Latin) a priori.

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Domains
of Truth

32. Scientific truths
This pertains to the natural world that maintains a
relative independence from the perspective and
attitude of human beings that perceive them.

34. Truths that are analogous with a general agreement
or consensus on what is right as opposed to what is
wrong.

36. Truths analogous to sincerity
The truths that we claim in this domain need
corresponding actions that will establish trust

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Justification
of truth

38. It is the process of proving the truth or validity of a
statement.

39. DOMAIN Corresponding justification
Objective Domain empirical evidence

41. DOMAIN Corresponding justification
Objective Domain empirical evidence
Social Domain acceptability to a particular group
in a particular time in history

44. DOMAIN Corresponding justification
Objective Domain empirical evidence
Social Domain acceptability to a particular group
in a particular time in history
Personal Domain consistency and authenticity
of the person who claims it.

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TRUTH TESTS

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48. It requires one to check a subjective mental concept
against a real object/event, and if the concept
“corresponds to” the real object/event, then the
concept is considered to be true.

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51. This means that a belief is true if there exists an
appropriate entity – a fact – to which it corresponds.
If there is no such entity, the belief is false.

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54. It states that a fact-claim can be accepted as true if it
harmonizes (coheres) with other facts that one has
already accepted as true.

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58. It is applicable to large areas of knowledge that are
not accessible to personal observation such as:
1. fact-claims relating to the past; and
2. contemporary events that we cannot personally
witness

62. It is applicable to large areas of knowledge that are
not accessible to personal observation such as:
1. fact-claims relating to the past; and
2. contemporary events that we cannot personally
witness

65. It insists that a belief is true if and only if it is a part of
a coherent system of beliefs.

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69.  states that the truth value of any idea is to be
determined by the results; a “true” idea brings about
desired effects.

72. Thus, utility or usefulness is the essential mark of
truth.

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95. 1. Christian, J.L. (2012). Philosophy: An Introduction to the
Art of Wondering, 11th Edition. Boston: Wadsworth
Cengage Learning
2. Caraan, A. (2016). Introduction to Philosophy of the
Human Person. Makati City: DIWA Learning Systems Inc.
pp. 28 – 31
3. Sioco, M.P., & Vinzons, I. (2016). Introduction to
Philosophy of the Human Person. Quezon City: Vibal
Group, Inc. pp. 49 – 51