Content
Brief history about wireless ecosystem.
What is LTE (Long Term Evolution) ?
How is it different from older technologies ?
Network architecture in LTE
Radio Access network (RAN)
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
Bearers in LTE
Interfaces in LTE
Life Cycle of a UE
LTE RAN overview
Architecture and requirements
Channel bandwidths and operating bands
OFDMA and SC-FDMA
Frequency (LTE-FDD) and time division duplexing (LTE-TDD)
Multiple Antenna techniques in LTE
Channels in LTE and protocol Stack
LTE EPC overview
Architecture
Functions of various elements in EPC
Lte, lte a, and lte-a pro migration to 5 g trainingTonex
Last update: Feb 4, 2021
LTE, LTE-A, and LTE-A Pro Migration to 5G Training covers LTE, LTE-Advanced, LTE-Advanced Pro, features and enhancements and migration towards 5G.
Other topics include:
5G NR
Air Interface Architecture
5G Core (5GC) Architecture
Nodes, Interfaces and Operation.
LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) is essentially a 4G technology and LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro) AKA Gigabit LTE aims to significantly increase the data speeds and bandwidth, a stepping stone towards 5G. Pre-5G and 4.5G are essentially point to LTE-A Pro with key attributes such as:
Data speeds in excess of 3 Gbps (LTE-A: 1Gbps)
640 MHz of carrier bandwidth (LTE-A: 100MHz)
Latency: 2ms (LTE-A: 10ms)
Call us today at +1-972-665-9786. Learn more about this course audience, objectives, outlines, seminars, pricing , any other information. Visit our website link below.
LTE, LTE-A, and LTE-A Pro Migration to 5G Training
Content
Brief history about wireless ecosystem.
What is LTE (Long Term Evolution) ?
How is it different from older technologies ?
Network architecture in LTE
Radio Access network (RAN)
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
Bearers in LTE
Interfaces in LTE
Life Cycle of a UE
LTE RAN overview
Architecture and requirements
Channel bandwidths and operating bands
OFDMA and SC-FDMA
Frequency (LTE-FDD) and time division duplexing (LTE-TDD)
Multiple Antenna techniques in LTE
Channels in LTE and protocol Stack
LTE EPC overview
Architecture
Functions of various elements in EPC
Lte, lte a, and lte-a pro migration to 5 g trainingTonex
Last update: Feb 4, 2021
LTE, LTE-A, and LTE-A Pro Migration to 5G Training covers LTE, LTE-Advanced, LTE-Advanced Pro, features and enhancements and migration towards 5G.
Other topics include:
5G NR
Air Interface Architecture
5G Core (5GC) Architecture
Nodes, Interfaces and Operation.
LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) is essentially a 4G technology and LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro) AKA Gigabit LTE aims to significantly increase the data speeds and bandwidth, a stepping stone towards 5G. Pre-5G and 4.5G are essentially point to LTE-A Pro with key attributes such as:
Data speeds in excess of 3 Gbps (LTE-A: 1Gbps)
640 MHz of carrier bandwidth (LTE-A: 100MHz)
Latency: 2ms (LTE-A: 10ms)
Call us today at +1-972-665-9786. Learn more about this course audience, objectives, outlines, seminars, pricing , any other information. Visit our website link below.
LTE, LTE-A, and LTE-A Pro Migration to 5G Training
These are sample slides taken from my 4 days long "GPON-FTTx" training course. This course has over 380 slides and it is a great source of learning about various topics related to GPON & FTTx. There are tons of exercises and real-world examples provided in teaching material.
5g technology is a unique combination of high speed internet access , low latency , high reliability & seamless coverage which will support no. of vehicles & transport infrastructure. 5G platform will impact many industries like automotive , entertainment, agriculture , manufacturing and IT. As per the research forecast “IOT will account for one quarter of the global 41 million 5G connections in 2024”, out of these ¾ of the devices will be auto industry via embedded vehicle connections.
There are wide range of applications that will benefit from 5G ultra fast networks and real time responsiveness of the network.These properties of 5G technology are very important for many applications of IOT e.g self driven cars , intelligent transportation which demands very low latency .This will be a great boom for interactive mobile gaming which is bandwidth hungry application. 5G technology enables us to control more devices remotely in various applications where real time network performance is critical, like remote control of vehicles. It focuses on worker safety as well as monitoring environment. 5G technology is not focusing on improving speed , but this will prove best in evolution of business etc. IOT in 5G have excelled in connecting number of phones , tablets and other devices, however connecting cars , meters, sensors require more advanced business models.
3GPP TR 22.885 study on LTE support for V2X servicesYi-Hsueh Tsai
The vehicular communication in this study, referred to as Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X), contains the following three different types:
- Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) Communications
- Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) Communications
- Vehicle to Pedestrian (V2P) Communications
Interested or exploring GPON technology? This document will help you to gain an understanding of the technology and discover why this maturing, disruptive technology is part of the future of your campus network. Discover the Difference, Discover GPON today.
Kyeong Soo Kim, Academic Weeks Videoconference Session with Pakistan COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Swansea University, Swansea, Wales UK, Dec. 14, 2010.
GSM-architecture-Location tracking and call setup- Mobility management- Handover-
Security-GSM SMS –International roaming for GSM- call recording functions-subscriber and
service data mgt –-Mobile Number portability -VoIP service for Mobile Networks – GPRS –
Architecture-GPRS procedures-attach and detach procedures-PDP context procedure-
combined RA/LA update procedures-Billing
These are sample slides taken from my 4 days long "GPON-FTTx" training course. This course has over 380 slides and it is a great source of learning about various topics related to GPON & FTTx. There are tons of exercises and real-world examples provided in teaching material.
5g technology is a unique combination of high speed internet access , low latency , high reliability & seamless coverage which will support no. of vehicles & transport infrastructure. 5G platform will impact many industries like automotive , entertainment, agriculture , manufacturing and IT. As per the research forecast “IOT will account for one quarter of the global 41 million 5G connections in 2024”, out of these ¾ of the devices will be auto industry via embedded vehicle connections.
There are wide range of applications that will benefit from 5G ultra fast networks and real time responsiveness of the network.These properties of 5G technology are very important for many applications of IOT e.g self driven cars , intelligent transportation which demands very low latency .This will be a great boom for interactive mobile gaming which is bandwidth hungry application. 5G technology enables us to control more devices remotely in various applications where real time network performance is critical, like remote control of vehicles. It focuses on worker safety as well as monitoring environment. 5G technology is not focusing on improving speed , but this will prove best in evolution of business etc. IOT in 5G have excelled in connecting number of phones , tablets and other devices, however connecting cars , meters, sensors require more advanced business models.
3GPP TR 22.885 study on LTE support for V2X servicesYi-Hsueh Tsai
The vehicular communication in this study, referred to as Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X), contains the following three different types:
- Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) Communications
- Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) Communications
- Vehicle to Pedestrian (V2P) Communications
Interested or exploring GPON technology? This document will help you to gain an understanding of the technology and discover why this maturing, disruptive technology is part of the future of your campus network. Discover the Difference, Discover GPON today.
Kyeong Soo Kim, Academic Weeks Videoconference Session with Pakistan COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Swansea University, Swansea, Wales UK, Dec. 14, 2010.
GSM-architecture-Location tracking and call setup- Mobility management- Handover-
Security-GSM SMS –International roaming for GSM- call recording functions-subscriber and
service data mgt –-Mobile Number portability -VoIP service for Mobile Networks – GPRS –
Architecture-GPRS procedures-attach and detach procedures-PDP context procedure-
combined RA/LA update procedures-Billing
This presentation is for the people who are interested in mobile release and specifications announced by 3GPP every year, presentation cover all release up to release 12.
CNAM course part 2, Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT), and M2M (Machine to Machine)...Long Range Low Power (LRLP) Networks (SigFox, LoRA), 4G LTE, Smart Grids, and Intelligent Transport System (ITS) / SmartCar
This tutorial has been designed for audiences with a need to understand the LTE technology basics in very simple terms. This tutorial will give you enough understanding on LTE technology from where you can take yourself at higher level of expertise.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor Turskyi
Doc4 lte workshop tun-session3_lte overview
1. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop onITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on
“4G Wireless Systems”
LTE Technology
Session 3 : LTE Overview – Design Targets
and Multiple Access Technologiesand Multiple Access Technologies
Speakers M. Lazhar BELHOUCHET
M Hakim EBDELLIM. Hakim EBDELLI
Date 27 – 29 January 2010
www.cert.nat.tn1 LTE Overview
4. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Motivation for LTE
• Need for higher data rates and greater spectral efficiency
– Can be achieved with HSDPA/HSUPA/
– and/or new air interface defined by 3GPP LTE
• Need for Packet Switched optimized system
– Evolve UMTS towards packet only system
• Need for high quality of services
– Use of licensed frequencies to guarantee quality of services
– Always‐on experience (reduce control plane latency significantly)
R d d t i d l– Reduce round trip delay
• Need for cheaper infrastructure
Simplify architecture reduce number of network elements
www.cert.nat.tn4
– Simplify architecture, reduce number of network elements
LTE Overview
5. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
LTE performance requirements
• Data Rate:
– Instantaneous downlink peak data rate of 100Mbit/s in a 20MHz p /
downlink spectrum (i.e. 5 bit/s/Hz)
– Instantaneous uplink peak data rate of 50Mbit/s in a 20MHz uplink
spectrum (i e 2 5 bit/s/Hz)spectrum (i.e. 2.5 bit/s/Hz)
• Cell range
– 5 km ‐ optimal size– 5 km ‐ optimal size
– 30km sizes with reasonable performance
– up to 100 km cell sizes supported with acceptable performance
• Cell capacity
– up to 200 active users per cell(5 MHz) (i.e., 200 active data clients)
www.cert.nat.tn5 LTE Overview
6. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
LTE performance requirements – Cont.
• Mobility
– Optimized for low mobility(0‐15km/h) but supports high speedp y( / ) pp g p
• Latency
– user plane < 5ms
– control plane < 50 ms
• Improved spectrum efficiency
• Improved broadcasting
• IP‐optimized
• Scalable bandwidth of 20, 15, 10, 5, 3 and 1.4MHz
• Co‐existence with legacy standards
www.cert.nat.tn6 LTE Overview
9. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
What are the LTE challenges?
Best price, transparent flat rate
F ll I t t
reduce cost per bit
id hi h d t t
The Users’ expectation… ..leads to the operator’s challenges
Full Internet
Multimedia
provide high data rate
provide low latency
User experience will have an
impact on ARPU
Price per Mbyte has to be reduced to
remain profitable
Cost per MByte
Throughput Latency
HSPA LTE HSPA LTE
www.cert.nat.tn9
UMTS HSPA I-HSPA LTE
HSPA LTE HSPA LTE
LTE Overview
10. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Comparison of Throughput and Latency
• Peak data rates around 300Mbps/80 Mbps
• Low latency 10-20 ms
Enhanced consumer experience:
drives subscriber uptake
Latency (Rountrip delay)*
allow for new applications
provide additional revenue streams
Max. peak data rate
Downlink
Uplink
350
300
250
Latency (Rountrip delay)
GSM/
EDGE
HSPA
R l6
Mbps
200
150
100
HSPAevo
(Rel8)
LTE
Rel6
HSPA R6 Evolved HSPA
(Rel. 7/8, 2x2
MIMO)
LTE 2x20 MHz
(2x2 MIMO)
LTE 2x20
MHz (4x4
MIMO)
50
0
LTE
DSL (~20-50 ms, depending on operator)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
min max
ms
www.cert.nat.tn10
* Server near RAN
( , p g p )
12. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Increased Spectral Efficiency
• All cases assume 2‐antenna terminal reception
• HSPA R7, WiMAX and LTE assume 2‐antenna BTS transmission (2x2
MIMO)
ITU contribution from1 8
2.0
Downlink ITU contribution from
WiMAX Forum shows
downlink 1.3 and uplink 0.8
bps/Hz/cell
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
/cell
Uplink
Reference:
0 4
0.6
0.8
1.0
bps/Hz/
Reference:
- HSPA R6 and LTE R8 from 3GPP R1-071960
- HSPA R6 equalizer from 3GPP R1-063335
- HSPA R7 and WiMAX from NSN/Nokia
simulations
0.0
0.2
0.4
HSPA R6 HSPA R6 + HSPA R7 WiMAX LTE R8
www.cert.nat.tn12 LTE Overview
13. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Reduced Network Complexity
Flat, scalable IP based architecture Flat Architecture: 2 nodes architecture
IP based Interfaces
Flat, IP based architecture
Access Core Control
Flat networks are
IM
S
HLR/H
SS
I t t
MM
E
characterized by fewer
network elements, lower
latency, greater flexibility
and lower operation cost
Evolved Node B GateWay
S SS
Internet
Ep
www.cert.nat.tn13 LTE Overview
15. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
LTE/SAE Key Features – Overview
EPS ( Evolved Packet System ) /
SAE ( System Architecture Evolution ) /
LTE ( Long Term Evolution )
EUTRAN
( Evolved UTRAN ) EPC ( Evolved Packet Core )
IP Network
IP Network
E l d N d B /
PS Domain only,
IP Network
Evolved Node B /
No RNC
IP Transport Layer
UL/DL resource
No CS Domain
IP Transport Layer
QoS Aware
3GPP (GTP) or
OFDMA/SC-FDMA
MIMO ( beam-forming/
spatial multiplexing)
HARQ
scheduling
QoS Aware
Self Configuration
IETF (MIPv6)
Prepared for
Non-3GPP Access
HARQ
Scalable bandwidth
(1.4, 3, 5, 10, .. 20 MHz)
www.cert.nat.tn15 LTE Overview
16. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
LTE/SAE Key Features
• Evolved NodeB
– No RNC is provided anymore
– The evolved Node Bs take over all radio management functionality.
– This will make radio management faster and hopefully the network
architecture simplerarchitecture simpler
• IP transport layer
– EUTRAN exclusively uses IP as transport layery p y
• UL/DL resource scheduling
– In UMTS physical resources are either shared or dedicated
– Evolved Node B handles all physical resource via a scheduler and
assigns them dynamically to users and channels
This provides greater flexibility than the older system
www.cert.nat.tn16
– This provides greater flexibility than the older system
LTE Overview
17. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
LTE/SAE Key Features – Cont.
• Frequency Domain
Scheduling :
Resource block
Carrier bandwidth
– Frequency domain
scheduling uses those
bl k th t
Resource block
resource blocks that are
not faded
Not possible in CDMA– Not possible in CDMA
based system
FrequencyTransmit on those
resource blocks that are
not faded
www.cert.nat.tn17 LTE Overview
not faded
18. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
LTE/SAE Key Features – Cont.
• HARQ
– Hybrid Automatic Retransmission
on reQuest
HARQ Hybrid Automatic
Repeat Request
on reQuest
– HARQ has already been used for
HSDPA and HSUPA.
– HARQ especially increases the
performance (delay and
throughput) for cell edge users.g p ) g
– HARQ simply implements a
retransmission protocol on layer
1/2 that allows to send1/2 that allows to send
retransmitted blocks with different
coding than the 1st one.
www.cert.nat.tn18 LTE Overview
19. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
LTE/SAE Key Features – Cont.
• QoS awareness
– The scheduler must handle and distinguish different quality of service g q y
classes
– Otherwise real time services would not be possible via EUTRAN
– The system provides the possibility for differentiated service
• Self configuration
C tl d i ti ti– Currently under investigation
– Possibility to let Evolved Node Bs configure themselves
• It will not completely substitute the manual configuration andIt will not completely substitute the manual configuration and
optimization.
www.cert.nat.tn19 LTE Overview
20. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
LTE/SAE Key Features – Cont.
• Packet Switched Domain only
No circuit switched domain is provided– No circuit switched domain is provided
– If CS applications are required, they must be implemented
via IPvia IP
• Non‐3GPP access
Th EPC ill b d l t b d b 3GPP– The EPC will be prepared also to be used by non‐3GPP
access networks (e.g. LAN, WLAN, WiMAX, etc.)
This will provide true convergence of different packet radio– This will provide true convergence of different packet radio
access system
www.cert.nat.tn20 LTE Overview
21. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
LTE/SAE Key Features – Cont.
• MIMO
Multiple Input Multiple Output– Multiple Input Multiple Output
– LTE will support MIMO as an option,
It describes the possibility to have multiple transmitter and– It describes the possibility to have multiple transmitter and
receiver antennas in a system.
– Up to four antennas can be used by a single LTE cell (gain:– Up to four antennas can be used by a single LTE cell (gain:
spatial multiplexing)
– MIMO is considered to be the core technology to increaseMIMO is considered to be the core technology to increase
spectral efficiency.
www.cert.nat.tn21 LTE Overview
25. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multi‐Carrier
• LTE uses OFDM for the DL– that is, from the base station to
the terminal. OFDM meets the LTE requirement for spectrum q p
flexibility and enables cost‐efficient solutions for very wide
carriers with high peak rates.
• The basic LTE downlink physical resource can be seen as a
time‐frequency grid. In the frequency domain, the spacing
b t th b i Δf i 15kH I dditi th OFDMbetween the subcarriers, Δf, is 15kHz. In addition, the OFDM
symbol duration time is 1/Δf + cyclic prefix. The cyclic prefix is
used to maintain orthogonality between the sub‐carriers evenused to maintain orthogonality between the sub carriers even
for a time‐dispersive radio channel.
• One resource element carries QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM.
www.cert.nat.tn25
Q , Q Q
LTE Overview
26. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
OFDM – Cont.
Single Carrier Transmission
O th l F Di i i M lti l iOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDM signal generation is based on Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT)
operation on transmitter side On receiver side an FFT operation will be used
www.cert.nat.tn26
operation on transmitter side. On receiver side, an FFT operation will be used.
27. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Pulse shaping and Spectrum
Th ti d i t ti• Two characteristics are
important for a Signal:
The time domain presentation
– The time domain
presentation:
• It helps recognize “how
long the symbol lasts on
air”
Fourier
Transform
– The frequency domain
presentation:
• to understand the
required spectrum in
terms of bandwidth The frequency domain presentation
www.cert.nat.tn27 LTE Overview
q y p
30. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Multi‐Path Propagation and Inter‐Symbol Interference
• The cancellation of inter‐symbol interference makes more complex the
hardware design of the receivers.
• In WCDMA for instance the RAKE receiver requires a huge amount of DSP
capacity.
• One of the goals of future radio systems is to simplify receiver designOne of the goals of future radio systems is to simplify receiver design.
• Inter‐symbol interference originating from the pulse form itself is simply
avoided by starting the next pulse only after the previous one finished
l l h f d d d ( ) f h lcompletely, therefore introducing a Guard Period (Tg) after the Pulse.
• There is no inter‐symbol interference between symbols as long as the
multi‐path delay spread (e.g. delay difference between first and last p y p ( g y
detectable path) is less than the guard period duration Tg.
www.cert.nat.tn30 LTE Overview
34. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Cyclic Prefix
l h• In multi‐path propagation
environments the delayed
versions of the signal arrive with
a time offset, so that the start of
the symbol of the earliest path
falls in the cyclic prefixes of the y p
delayed symbols.
• As the CP is simply a repetition of
the end of the symbol this is not athe end of the symbol this is not a
inter‐symbol interference and can
be easily compensated by the
f ll i d di b dfollowing decoding based on
discrete Fourier transform.
www.cert.nat.tn34 LTE Overview
35. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Limitations of the Single‐Carrier Modulation
• Using a single radio frequency carrier with rectangular pulse shaping has a major drawback:
• The cyclic prefix duration is fixed by the maximum expected delay spread over the multi‐path
propagation models for the systempropagation models for the system.
• The symbol duration can be made as small as the cyclic prefix size, but then only one half of
th ti i d f d t t i i th th h lf i f th li fi idi
CPTdelay =max
the time is used for data transmission, the other half is for the cyclic prefix, providing a very
low efficiency (E)
• Also shorter symbol duration mean a broader spectrum bandwidth (f ) to be used for a
CPSYMBOL
SYMBOL
TT
T
E
+
=
• Also shorter symbol duration mean a broader spectrum bandwidth (fS) to be used for a
carrier.
• To increase efficiency the symbol duration must be made longer but then the symbol rate is
CPSYMBOLS
S
TTT
f
+
==
11
• To increase efficiency the symbol duration must be made longer, but then the symbol rate is
reduced.
www.cert.nat.tn35 LTE Overview
37. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Multi-Carrier Modulation –Cont.
The center frequencies must be spaced so that interference between different
carriers, known as Adjacent Carrier Interference ACI, is minimized; but not too much
spaced as the total bandwidth will be wasted.
Each carrier uses an upper and lower guard band to protect itself from its adjacent
carriers. Nevertheless, there will always be some interference between the adjacent
carriers.
∆fsubcarrier
∆f b d∆fsub-used
f0 f1 f2 f3 fN
ACI = Adjacent Carrier Interference
www.cert.nat.tn37
ACI Adjacent Carrier Interference
LTE Overview
38. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multi‐Carrier
h l l h• For the rectangular pulse there is
a better option possible and it is
even easier to implement. Single carrier
• We must just notice that the
spectrum of a rectangular pulses
shows null points exactly atshows null points exactly at
integer multiples of the
frequency given by the symbol
durationduration.
• The only exception is the center
frequency (peak power)
fs fs fs fs fs fsfs fs fs fs fs fs
f/fs
www.cert.nat.tn38 LTE Overview
39. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multi‐Carrier
Th OFDM i l l h i l i h fi ll i f hThus OFDM simply places the next carrier exactly in the first null point of the
previous one.
With this we don’t need any pulse‐shaping.
B OFDM i i hBetween OFDM carriers using the
same symbol duration Ts,
no guard bands are required. fs
Orthogonal Subcarriers: it
means that at the
subcarriers centerfs subcarriers center
frequencies, there is no
Adjacent Carrier
Interefence (ACI)
Two carriers
( )
f/fs
www.cert.nat.tn39 LTE Overview
44. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Plain OFDM
• Plain OFDM: Normal OFDM
has no built‐in multiple‐
access mechanismaccess mechanism.
• This is suitable for broadcast• This is suitable for broadcast
systems like DVB‐T/H which
transmit only broadcast and y
multicast signals and do not
really need an uplink
feedback channel (although
such systems exist too).
www.cert.nat.tn44 LTE Overview
45. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Time Division Multiple Access via OFDM
i i i i l i l iTime Division Multiple Access via
OFDM: The simplest model to implement
multiple access handling is by putting a
ti lti l i t f OFDMtime multiplexing on top of OFDM.
The disadvantage of this simple
mechanism is, that every user gets the
t f it ( b i )same amount of capacity (subcarriers)
and it is thus rather difficult to
implement flexible (high and low) bit rate
servicesservices.
Furthermore it is nearly impossible to
handle highly variable traffic (e.g. web
t ffi ) ffi i tl ith t t htraffic) efficiently without too much
higher layer signaling and the resulting
delay and signaling overhead.
www.cert.nat.tn45 LTE Overview
1 2 3UE 1 UE 2 UE 3 common info
46. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access OFDMA
h b i id i i b iThe basic idea is to assign subcarriers to
users based on their bit rate services.
With this approach it is quite easy to
h dl hi h d l bit t
Orthogonal Frequency
Multiple Access
OFDMA
time
handle high and low bit rate users
simultaneously in a single system.
But still it is difficult to run highly variable
traffic efficiently
1 1 2
...
...1 2
traffic efficiently.
The solution to this problem is to assign
to a single users so called resource
blocks or scheduling blocks
1
. . . . .
...
...
1 22
2 2
carrier
1
1 1 1
RBblocks or scheduling blocks.
Such block is simply a set of some
subcarriers over some time.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. ...
...1 1 1
subc
111
33 3 3 3
RB
subcarriers over some time.
A single user can then use one or more
Resource blocks.
3
...
...
...3 33 3 3
3 3 3
33 3 3 3
3
1 2 3UE 1 UE 2 UE 3 common info
www.cert.nat.tn46 LTE Overview
1 2 3UE 1 UE 2 UE 3 common info
48. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
SC‐FDMA
• SC‐FDMA :Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
• SC‐FDMA is a new hybrid modulation scheme that cleverly combines the
low PAR of single‐carrier systems with the multipath resistance and
flexible subcarrier frequency allocation offered by OFDM.
• SC‐FDMA solves this problem by grouping together the resource blocks inSC FDMA solves this problem by grouping together the resource blocks in
such a way that reduces the need for linearity, and so power consumption,
in the power amplifier. A low PAPR also improves coverage and the cell‐
edge performanceedge performance.
• SC‐FDMA signal processing has some similarities with OFDMA signal
processing, so parameterization of DL and UL can be harmonized.
• SC‐FDMA is one option in WiMAX (802.16d) and it is the method selected
for LTE in the uplink direction.
www.cert.nat.tn48 LTE Overview
55. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Bandwidth Scalability
S l bl b d idth 1 4 20 MH i diff t b f b iScalable bandwidth 1.4 – 20 MHz using different number of subcarriers
Large bandwidth provides high data rates Small bandwidth allows simpler
spectrum reframing, e.g. 450 MHz and 900 MHz
1.4 MHz
Bandwidth
Narrow Spectrum Reframing
3.0 MHz
5 MHz5 MHz
10 MHz High Data Rates
15 MHz
20 MHz
www.cert.nat.tn55 LTE Overview
58. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
OFDM Resource Block for LTE/EUTRAN
b b l• EUTRAN combines OFDM symbols in
so called resource blocks RB.
• A single resource block is always 12 g y
consecutive subcarriers during one
subframe (2 slots, 1 ms):
12 subcarriers * 15 kHz= 180 kHz– 12 subcarriers 15 kHz= 180 kHz
• It is the task of the scheduler to assign
resource blocks to physical channels
belonging to different users or for
general system tasks.
• A single cell must have at least 6 g
resource blocks (72 subcarriers) and
up to 110 are possible (1320
subcarriers)
www.cert.nat.tn58
subcarriers).
LTE Overview
60. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
LTE DL frame structure type 2 (TDD)
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
1 slot = 0.5 ms
1 subframe = 1 ms
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Special subframes containing:
DwPTS: downlink pilot time slot
UpPTS: uplink pilot time slotUpPTS: uplink pilot time slot
GP: guard period for TDD
operation
Possible UL-DL configurationsg
UL‐DL config Subframe number
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 D S U U U D S U U U
2 D S U D D D S U D D
3 D S U U U D D D D D
4 D S U U D D D D D D
5 D S U D D D D D D D
6 D S U U U D S U U D
www.cert.nat.tn60
6 D S U U U D S U U D
61. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Modulation Schemes for LTE/EUTRAN
h b l h• Each OFDM symbol even within a resource
block can have a different modulation
scheme. b0 b1b2b3
16QAM
b b
QPSK
• EUTRAN defines the following options:
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM.
• Not every physical channel will be allowed to
Im
Re
1111
b0 b1
Im
Re10
11
00
01
• Not every physical channel will be allowed to
use any modulation scheme: Control
channels to be using mainly QPSK.
0000
64QAM
b b b b b b
1000
• In general it is the scheduler that decides
which form to use depending on carrier
quality feedback information from the UE.
Im
b0 b1b2b3 b4 b5
q y
Re
www.cert.nat.tn61 LTE Overview
63. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Multiple Antenna Techniques
• MIMO employs multiple transmit and receive antennas to substantially
enhance the air interface.
• It uses space‐time coding of the same data stream mapped onto multiple
transmit antennas, which is an improvement over traditional reception
diversity schemes where only a single transmit antenna is deployed to y y g p y
extend the coverage of the cell.
• MIMO processing also exploits spatial multiplexing, allowing different data
streams to be transmitted simultaneously from the different transmitstreams to be transmitted simultaneously from the different transmit
antennas, to increase the end‐user data rate and cell capacity.
• In addition, when knowledge of the radio channel is available at the
transmitter (e.g. via feedback information from the receiver), MIMO can
also implement beam‐forming to further increase available data rates and
spectrum efficiency
www.cert.nat.tn63
p y
LTE Overview
65. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
MIMO – Beamforming
• Enhances signal reception
through directional array gain,
while individual antenna haswhile individual antenna has
omni‐directional gain
• Extends cell coverageExtends cell coverage
• Suppresses interference in
space domainp
• Enhances system capacity
• Prolongs battery lifeProlongs battery life
• Provides angular information for
user tracking
www.cert.nat.tn65
g
LTE Overview
68. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Radio Protocol architecture‐ User plane
eNBUE
PDCPPDCP
Header compression (ROHC)
In‐sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs
MAC
RLC
MAC
PDCPPDCP
RLC
In sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs
Duplicate elimination of lower layer SDUs
Ciphering for user/control plane
Integrity protection for control plane
PHYPHY
Timer based discard…
AM, UM, TM
ARQ
(Re‐)segmentation Concatenation
In‐sequence delivery
Duplicate detection
Mapping between logical and
transport channels
(De)‐Multiplexing
Scheduling information reporting Duplicate detection
SDU discard
Re‐establishment…
Scheduling information reporting
HARQ
Priority handling
Transport format selection…
www.cert.nat.tn68 LTE Overview
70. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Physical Layer
• It provides the basic bit transmission functionality over air.
• the physical layer is driven by OFDMA in the downlink and SC‐FDMA in the
uplink.
• Physical channels are dynamically mapped to the available resources
(physical resource blocks and antenna ports)(physical resource blocks and antenna ports).
• To higher layers the physical layer offers its data transmission functionality
via transport channels.
• Like in UMTS a transport channel is a block oriented transmission service
with certain characteristics regarding bit rates, delay, collision risk and
reliability.y
• in contrast to 3G WCDMA or even 2G GSM there are no dedicated
transport or physical channels anymore, as all resource mapping is
dynamically driven by the scheduler
www.cert.nat.tn70
dynamically driven by the scheduler.
LTE Overview
71. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Medium Access Control (MAC)
• MAC is the lowest layer 2 protocol.
• Its main function is to drive the transport channels.
• From higher layers MAC is fed with logical channels which are in one‐to‐
one correspondence with radio bearers.
• Each logical channel is given a priority and MAC has to multiplex logical• Each logical channel is given a priority and MAC has to multiplex logical
channel data onto transport channels (demultiplexing in reception)
• Further functions of MAC will be collision handling and explicit UE
identification.
• An important function for the performance is the HARQ functionality
which is official part of MAC and available for some transport channelwhich is official part of MAC and available for some transport channel
types.
www.cert.nat.tn71 LTE Overview
73. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Layer 3 Radio Protocols
• PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol)
– Each radio bearer also uses one PDCP instance.
– PDCP is responsible for header compression (ROHC: RObust Header Compression; RFC
3095) and ciphering/deciphering.
– Obviously header compression makes sense for IP datagram's, but not for signaling.
Thus the PDCP entities for signaling radio bearers will usually do ciphering/decipheringThus the PDCP entities for signaling radio bearers will usually do ciphering/deciphering
only.
• RRC (Radio Resource Control)
h f l l f– RRC is the access stratum specific control protocol for EUTRAN.
– It will provide the required messages for channel management, measurement control
and reporting, etc.
l• NAS Protocols
– The NAS protocol is running between UE and MME and thus must be transparently
transferred via EUTRAN.
www.cert.nat.tn73
– It sits on top of RRC, which provides the required carrier messages for NAS transfer
LTE Overview
76. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
LTE MBMS Concept
• MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services) is an essential requirement for
LTE. The so‐called E‐MBMS will therefore be an integral part of LTE.
b f d l ll• In LTE, MBMS transmissions may be performed as single‐cell transmission or as
multi‐cell transmission. In case of multi‐cell transmission the cells and content are
synchronized to enable for the terminal to soft‐combine the energy from multiple
t i itransmissions.
• The superimposed signal looks like multipath to the terminal. This concept is also
known as Single Frequency Network (SFN).
• The E‐UTRAN can configure which cells are part of an SFN for transmission of an
MBMS service. The MBMS traffic can share the same carrier with the unicast traffic
or be sent on a separate carrier.
• For MBMS traffic, an extended cyclic prefix is provided. In case of subframes
carrying MBMS SFN data, specific reference signals are used. MBMS data is carried
on the MBMS traffic channel (MTCH) as logical channel.
www.cert.nat.tn76 LTE Overview
77. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
LTE vs WiMAX
− Both are designed to move data rather than voice and both are IP networks based
on OFDM technology.
b d d d ( ) d l k h h l ff− WiMax is based on a IEEE standard (802.16), and like that other popular IEEE effort,
Wi‐Fi, it’s an open standard that was debated by a large community of engineers
before getting ratified. The level of openness means WiMax equipment is standard
d th f h t band therefore cheaper to buy.
− As for speeds, LTE will is faster than the current generation of WiMax.
− However, LTE will take time to roll out, with deployments reaching mass adoption
by 2012 . WiMax is out now, and more networks should be available later this year.
− The crucial difference is that, unlike WiMAX, which requires a new network to be
built, LTE runs on an evolution of the existing UMTS infrastructure already used by
over 80 per cent of mobile subscribers globally. This means that even though
development and deployment of the LTE standard may lag Mobile WiMAX, it has a
crucial incumbent advantage.
www.cert.nat.tn77 LTE Overview
78. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Summary
• The 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) represents a major
advance in cellular technology. gy
• LTE is designed to meet carrier needs for high‐speed data and
media transport as well as high‐capacity voice support well
into the next decade.
• LTE is well positioned to meet the requirements of next‐
generation mobile networks. It will enable operators to offer
high performance, mass‐market mobile broadband services,
through a combination of high bit rates and systemthrough a combination of high bit‐rates and system
throughput – in both the uplink and downlink – with low
latency.
www.cert.nat.tn78
y
LTE Overview
79. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Summary– Cont.
• LTE infrastructure is designed to be as simple as possible to
deploy and operate, through flexible technology that can be p y p , g gy
deployed in a wide variety of frequency bands.
• LTE offers scalable bandwidths, from from 1.4 MHz up to
20MHz, together with support for both FDD paired and TDD
unpaired spectrum.
• The LTE–SAE architecture reduces the number of nodes,
supports flexible network configurations and provides a high
level of service availabilitylevel of service availability.
• Furthermore, LTE–SAE will interoperate with GSM,
WCDMA/HSPA TD‐SCDMA and CDMA
www.cert.nat.tn79
WCDMA/HSPA, TD SCDMA and CDMA.
LTE Overview
80. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Summary – Cont.
Technologies/Features Benefits RequirementsTechnologies/Features Benefits Requirements
OFDMA with CP/SC‐FDMA with CP + Equalizer simpler
Scheduling time/frequency
Better PAPR (SC‐FDMA)Better PAPR (SC FDMA)
ISI suppression (CP)
QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM + Higher bitrates
Adaptative modulationp
Canaux communs + Variable traffic
Better capacity
‐ Scheduling is
needed
TTI = 1 ms + Better response to channelTTI = 1 ms + Better response to channel
variation
Higher bitrates
www.cert.nat.tn80 LTE Overview
81. ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on “4G Wireless Systems” – Tunisia 2010
Summary– Cont.
Technologies/Features Benefits
TTI = 1 ms +
Better response to channel
variation
Higher bitrates
Flat architecture +
Simpler Architecture
Better latency
All IP +
Architecture simpler Scheduling with
All IP +
p
Convergence
g
priorities is needed
MIMO + Higher bitrates
Bande passante flexible(1 4 20Bande passante flexible(1.4 20
MHz)
+
Universal frequency reuse (1/1) + Better spectral efficiency ICIC
www.cert.nat.tn81 LTE Overview