The document discusses the Pre-Conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994 (PCPNDT Act). It provides an overview of key aspects of the act including definitions, registration requirements, prohibitions, and penalties. The act aims to regulate prenatal diagnostic techniques and prevent their misuse for sex determination and female feticide. Clinics must register and follow guidelines on maintaining records and obtaining consent. Sex determination is prohibited except for certain medical reasons. Violations can lead to imprisonment, fines, and suspension of medical licenses.
The PCPNDT Act prohibits sex selection techniques before and after conception to protect the girl child. It restricts clinics, medical personnel, and machines that can be used for prenatal sex determination. Only registered genetic clinics using qualified practitioners can perform prenatal diagnostic techniques. The act aims to maintain sex ratio and promote the birth of the girl child by banning practices that determine the sex of the fetus. Violations of the act are considered cognizable offenses with non-bailable imprisonment. The Central Supervisory Board provides oversight and the code of conduct outlines proper procedures for clinics.
17-three D 4D fetal ultrasound Dr Ahmed EsawyAHMED ESAWY
17 3 d,4d fetal ultrasound dr ahmed esawy
THREE D FOUR D Principle “Physical Basics
image quality in
3D,4D image
Chewing
Sleepy
First whinge
Smiling
TWINS
triplets
CLEFT LIP
Cleft lip and palate
Lateral cleft of the fetal face
Micrognathia
Binder syndrome
Skin tag
Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome
hypotelorism
hypertelorism
Otocephaly
Apert syndrome
Spina Bifida
ANENCEPHALLY
ACRANIA
Trigonocephaly
Polydactyly
Bilateral club hand
The document discusses the legal requirements for registration of clinics, laboratories, and counseling centers that provide pre-natal diagnostic techniques and sex selection services in India. It outlines the registration procedures, minimum requirements for facilities and staff qualifications, and prohibitions under the law. Key points include mandatory registration at least 3 months in advance for any facility using ultrasound machines, minimum staffing requirements like employment of a gynaecologist, and prohibitions against sex selection or disclosing the sex of the fetus except for certain medical reasons.
The Pre-Conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques .pptxDr Sayan Das
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Pre-Conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Acts, Rules and Regulations in India. It defines key terms like genetic counseling center, genetic clinic, genetic laboratory and pre-natal diagnostic procedures. It outlines the objectives of prohibiting sex selection and regulating pre-natal tests. It describes regulations around registration of clinics and laboratories and prohibitions on revealing the sex of the fetus or determining sex selection.
The slideshare gives an overview of the different and recent advancements in the fields of digital imaging and throws a light on the clinical applications.
This document provides an overview of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning techniques. It discusses several non-invasive brain imaging scans conducted on patients, including normal CT and MRI scans but an abnormal PET scan where the patient was found to be dead. The document outlines topics to be covered in a seminar on PET scans, including introductions, principles, instrumentation, procedures, applications and advantages/disadvantages. It provides details on radiopharmaceutical production, PET scan instrumentation, patient preparation including tracer injection, and the imaging process.
The PCPNDT Act prohibits sex selection techniques before and after conception to protect the girl child. It restricts clinics, medical personnel, and machines that can be used for prenatal sex determination. Only registered genetic clinics using qualified practitioners can perform prenatal diagnostic techniques. The act aims to maintain sex ratio and promote the birth of the girl child by banning practices that determine the sex of the fetus. Violations of the act are considered cognizable offenses with non-bailable imprisonment. The Central Supervisory Board provides oversight and the code of conduct outlines proper procedures for clinics.
17-three D 4D fetal ultrasound Dr Ahmed EsawyAHMED ESAWY
17 3 d,4d fetal ultrasound dr ahmed esawy
THREE D FOUR D Principle “Physical Basics
image quality in
3D,4D image
Chewing
Sleepy
First whinge
Smiling
TWINS
triplets
CLEFT LIP
Cleft lip and palate
Lateral cleft of the fetal face
Micrognathia
Binder syndrome
Skin tag
Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome
hypotelorism
hypertelorism
Otocephaly
Apert syndrome
Spina Bifida
ANENCEPHALLY
ACRANIA
Trigonocephaly
Polydactyly
Bilateral club hand
The document discusses the legal requirements for registration of clinics, laboratories, and counseling centers that provide pre-natal diagnostic techniques and sex selection services in India. It outlines the registration procedures, minimum requirements for facilities and staff qualifications, and prohibitions under the law. Key points include mandatory registration at least 3 months in advance for any facility using ultrasound machines, minimum staffing requirements like employment of a gynaecologist, and prohibitions against sex selection or disclosing the sex of the fetus except for certain medical reasons.
The Pre-Conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques .pptxDr Sayan Das
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Pre-Conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Acts, Rules and Regulations in India. It defines key terms like genetic counseling center, genetic clinic, genetic laboratory and pre-natal diagnostic procedures. It outlines the objectives of prohibiting sex selection and regulating pre-natal tests. It describes regulations around registration of clinics and laboratories and prohibitions on revealing the sex of the fetus or determining sex selection.
The slideshare gives an overview of the different and recent advancements in the fields of digital imaging and throws a light on the clinical applications.
This document provides an overview of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning techniques. It discusses several non-invasive brain imaging scans conducted on patients, including normal CT and MRI scans but an abnormal PET scan where the patient was found to be dead. The document outlines topics to be covered in a seminar on PET scans, including introductions, principles, instrumentation, procedures, applications and advantages/disadvantages. It provides details on radiopharmaceutical production, PET scan instrumentation, patient preparation including tracer injection, and the imaging process.
In this presentation we will discuss role of Doppler US in Infertility, fertilization and assisted fertilization.
we will discuss the favorable and unfavorable RI and PI.
We will discuss role of doppler us in various gynecological malignancies.
Hyperparathyroidism exists in three different forms: primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is the most frequent pathological condition of the parathyroid glands and one of the most frequent endocrine disorders overall. The most probable location of parathyroid gland is posterior to the thyroid gland. The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is important for maintaining calcium, phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis, and ultimately bone health.
Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by increased production and secretion of parathyroid hormone. This condition causes nephrocalcinosis, urolithiasis, osteoporosis, gastrointestinal disturbances, neuromuscular manifestation and neuropsychiatric disorders. Parathyroidectomy is the only curative treatment for pHPT. pHPT is typically caused by a solitary parathyroid adenoma (80%-90%), hyperplasia (10%) and less frequently parathyroid carcinoma (5%).
Secondary hyperparathyroidism develops as a consequent to a chronic hypocalcemic condition that can be caused by renal failure, gastroinstinal malabsorption, dietary rickets and ingestion of drugs. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a frequent and serious complication in haemodialysis patients. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is a condition where parathyroid hyperplasia, secondary to chronic hypocalcemia, becomes autonomous with development of hypercalcemia. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is used to designate hyperparathyroidism that persists or develops after renal transplantation.
Localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue (adenomas or hyperplasia) in primary hyperparathyroidism is useful before surgery to help the surgeon localize the lesion, thus shortening the time of the procedure. Parathyroid glands can be imaged with multiple modalities, including scintigraphy, high-resolution ultrasonograhy, thin-section CT and MRI. Parathyroid scintigraphy may also be indicated for localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue in patients with persistent or
recurrent disease. For this situation scintigraphy is superior to any other radiological modalities, including MRI, CT scan, ultrasonography combined with needle aspiration and also some invasive techniques like arteriography, selective venography and mediastinoscopy.
Endometriosis is the abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, which is commonly caused by retrograde menstruation or hormonal imbalances. Common sites of endometrial growth include the ovaries, cul-de-sac, and ligaments near the uterus. Symptoms include painful periods, pain with bowel movements and urination, infertility, and menstrual disturbances. Sonography can detect rounded masses with homogeneous internal echoes and increased through transmission, appearing as endometriomas that may be cystic or solid. Surgical removal is more effective for treatment than hormonal therapy alone.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Forensic radiography uses medical imaging techniques like x-rays, CT scans, and MRIs to assist in legal investigations and identify remains. It has been used since the late 19th century. The main applications are identification of individuals by examining bones and teeth for characteristics like age, gender, and injuries or implants/prosthetics. Cause of death can also be determined by identifying foreign objects, injuries, trauma, or disease visible in images. Radiographers play a key role by properly positioning the subject and collecting high quality images that can provide evidence. As technology advances, the use of modalities like CT is increasing in forensic radiology due to benefits like improved scan quality and reduced time and costs.
3D and 4D ultrasound techniques allow doctors to better examine fetal development and detect any abnormalities. 3D ultrasound creates a volume rendering of ultrasound data, while 4D ultrasound shows a 3D picture in real time by incorporating the dimension of time. Some advantages of 3D and 4D ultrasounds are that they can more accurately determine gestational age and fetal size, monitor amniotic fluid levels, and evaluate fetal movement and blood flow through the placenta. The procedures are painless and pose no health risks with moderate use.
The document provides guidelines for applying for a diagnostic radiology licence through the eLORA online system in India. It outlines the six main steps to apply: 1) register your institute, 2) declare your x-ray equipment, 3) record existing licence details, 4) complete prerequisites like declaring employees and instruments, obtaining RSO approval, preparing layouts, and quality assurance, 5) fill out the online application form, and 6) note there is no licence or processing fee required by AERB. Adherence to the guidelines and completion of the prerequisites is necessary before submitting the licence application form.
The document discusses the benefits of Siemens' SOMATOM Definition Dual Source CT scanner, which uses two X-ray sources and detectors to acquire imaging data twice as fast as single source CT scanners. This allows motion-free cardiac imaging of all patients regardless of heart rate or condition without needing beta blockers. The Dual Source CT technology also enables a variety of new clinical applications like plaque characterization, in-stent imaging, and dual energy scanning.
Ultrasound is essential for evaluating pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding in women of childbearing age. It can identify many potential causes of these presentations including pregnancy location, ectopic pregnancies, retained products of conception, and complications of pregnancy. Transvaginal ultrasound in particular provides high resolution imaging of the pelvis and adnexal structures to accurately diagnose conditions. Doppler ultrasound further aids evaluation by identifying blood flow patterns.
Presentation11, radiological imaging of ovarian torsion.Abdellah Nazeer
Ovarian torsion refers to the twisting of an ovary on its vascular pedicle, which can cut off its blood supply. It is a gynecological emergency that requires urgent surgery. Radiological imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis. Ultrasound is usually the initial imaging method, showing signs such as an enlarged ovary without blood flow. CT and MRI can further evaluate for complications like hemorrhage or infarction. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are needed to prevent ovarian necrosis from the loss of blood supply.
Aerb guidelines for x ray and ct installationAabid Rahiman
This document provides guidelines from the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) of India for the installation and regulation of x-ray and CT equipment. It outlines the functions of AERB which include recommending safety guidelines, approving new equipment and facility layouts, and enforcing regulations. The guidelines cover requirements for equipment certification, facility registration, appointing a qualified Radiation Safety Officer, and other responsibilities of employers, licensees, and radiation workers to ensure compliance with safety standards.
Positron emission tomography pet scan and its applicationsYashawant Yadav
Slides contains physic about the PET scan that is positron emission tomography , its principle , detector configuration types , clinical application of PET Scan and advancement with CT and MRI
Ductography is a special type of contrast
enhanced mammography used for imaging the
breast ducts.
•
Ductography can aid in diagnosing the cause of
an abnormal nipple discharge and is valuable in
diagnosing intraductal papillomas and other
conditions.
•
It is also called as Galactography or
Ductogalactography
This document discusses the role of color Doppler ultrasound in antepartum fetal surveillance. It begins by outlining the purposes of fetal surveillance, which include reducing fetal death and optimizing delivery timing. It then discusses various maternal and fetal conditions that require increased surveillance due to risks of chronic hypoxia. The document covers different methods of antepartum surveillance and provides detailed explanations of Doppler ultrasound principles, techniques like uterine and umbilical artery Doppler, and how abnormal Doppler readings can predict complications like fetal growth restriction.
This document provides information on ultrasound technology and its use in obstetrics. It describes how ultrasound works using piezoelectric crystals, discusses imaging modes including 2D, 3D and Doppler, and covers applications of ultrasound in evaluating early pregnancy, fetal anatomy and growth, and screening for fetal anomalies. Key examination parameters are outlined for assessing gestational age, fetal anatomy and abnormalities.
The document discusses the Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994 (PCPNDT Act) in India. It provides an introduction to prenatal diagnostic techniques and the legal initiatives taken in India to prohibit sex selection. It describes the key aspects of the PCPNDT Act such as the establishment of the Central Supervisory Board, requirements for registration and regulation of clinics, prohibition of determining or communicating the sex of the fetus, and penalties for violations. It also discusses implementation challenges and the declining child sex ratio in India.
The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition Of Sex Selection) Act was enacted in 1994 and amended in 2003 to prohibit sex selection and regulate prenatal diagnostic techniques. The Act bans sex determination and aims to prevent female feticide. It mandates registration of all clinics conducting prenatal diagnostic procedures and maintains strict record keeping requirements. Violations of the Act are punishable by imprisonment, fines, and suspension or cancellation of licenses.
This document outlines the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PNDT Act) of India. It has 7 chapters and aims to prohibit sex selection and regulate pre-natal diagnostic techniques. Key points include that all genetic counseling centers, clinics, and laboratories must register under the Act; sex determination and disclosure of the sex of the fetus is prohibited; and failure to comply with the Act can result in fines and imprisonment. The Act also establishes Advisory Committees and Appropriate Authorities to implement and oversee compliance with its provisions.
Pre conception and prenatal diagnostic techniquesDr. Preksha Jain
The Pre-Conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act was enacted in 1994 to regulate prenatal diagnostic techniques and prohibit their misuse for sex determination. The Act defines key terms and places, establishes regulations for genetic counseling centers, clinics, and laboratories, and qualifications for professionals. It prohibits determining or disclosing the sex of the fetus. Violations are punishable by imprisonment and fines. The Act aims to prevent misuse of prenatal diagnosis and sex selection.
In this presentation we will discuss role of Doppler US in Infertility, fertilization and assisted fertilization.
we will discuss the favorable and unfavorable RI and PI.
We will discuss role of doppler us in various gynecological malignancies.
Hyperparathyroidism exists in three different forms: primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is the most frequent pathological condition of the parathyroid glands and one of the most frequent endocrine disorders overall. The most probable location of parathyroid gland is posterior to the thyroid gland. The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is important for maintaining calcium, phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis, and ultimately bone health.
Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by increased production and secretion of parathyroid hormone. This condition causes nephrocalcinosis, urolithiasis, osteoporosis, gastrointestinal disturbances, neuromuscular manifestation and neuropsychiatric disorders. Parathyroidectomy is the only curative treatment for pHPT. pHPT is typically caused by a solitary parathyroid adenoma (80%-90%), hyperplasia (10%) and less frequently parathyroid carcinoma (5%).
Secondary hyperparathyroidism develops as a consequent to a chronic hypocalcemic condition that can be caused by renal failure, gastroinstinal malabsorption, dietary rickets and ingestion of drugs. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a frequent and serious complication in haemodialysis patients. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is a condition where parathyroid hyperplasia, secondary to chronic hypocalcemia, becomes autonomous with development of hypercalcemia. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is used to designate hyperparathyroidism that persists or develops after renal transplantation.
Localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue (adenomas or hyperplasia) in primary hyperparathyroidism is useful before surgery to help the surgeon localize the lesion, thus shortening the time of the procedure. Parathyroid glands can be imaged with multiple modalities, including scintigraphy, high-resolution ultrasonograhy, thin-section CT and MRI. Parathyroid scintigraphy may also be indicated for localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue in patients with persistent or
recurrent disease. For this situation scintigraphy is superior to any other radiological modalities, including MRI, CT scan, ultrasonography combined with needle aspiration and also some invasive techniques like arteriography, selective venography and mediastinoscopy.
Endometriosis is the abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, which is commonly caused by retrograde menstruation or hormonal imbalances. Common sites of endometrial growth include the ovaries, cul-de-sac, and ligaments near the uterus. Symptoms include painful periods, pain with bowel movements and urination, infertility, and menstrual disturbances. Sonography can detect rounded masses with homogeneous internal echoes and increased through transmission, appearing as endometriomas that may be cystic or solid. Surgical removal is more effective for treatment than hormonal therapy alone.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Forensic radiography uses medical imaging techniques like x-rays, CT scans, and MRIs to assist in legal investigations and identify remains. It has been used since the late 19th century. The main applications are identification of individuals by examining bones and teeth for characteristics like age, gender, and injuries or implants/prosthetics. Cause of death can also be determined by identifying foreign objects, injuries, trauma, or disease visible in images. Radiographers play a key role by properly positioning the subject and collecting high quality images that can provide evidence. As technology advances, the use of modalities like CT is increasing in forensic radiology due to benefits like improved scan quality and reduced time and costs.
3D and 4D ultrasound techniques allow doctors to better examine fetal development and detect any abnormalities. 3D ultrasound creates a volume rendering of ultrasound data, while 4D ultrasound shows a 3D picture in real time by incorporating the dimension of time. Some advantages of 3D and 4D ultrasounds are that they can more accurately determine gestational age and fetal size, monitor amniotic fluid levels, and evaluate fetal movement and blood flow through the placenta. The procedures are painless and pose no health risks with moderate use.
The document provides guidelines for applying for a diagnostic radiology licence through the eLORA online system in India. It outlines the six main steps to apply: 1) register your institute, 2) declare your x-ray equipment, 3) record existing licence details, 4) complete prerequisites like declaring employees and instruments, obtaining RSO approval, preparing layouts, and quality assurance, 5) fill out the online application form, and 6) note there is no licence or processing fee required by AERB. Adherence to the guidelines and completion of the prerequisites is necessary before submitting the licence application form.
The document discusses the benefits of Siemens' SOMATOM Definition Dual Source CT scanner, which uses two X-ray sources and detectors to acquire imaging data twice as fast as single source CT scanners. This allows motion-free cardiac imaging of all patients regardless of heart rate or condition without needing beta blockers. The Dual Source CT technology also enables a variety of new clinical applications like plaque characterization, in-stent imaging, and dual energy scanning.
Ultrasound is essential for evaluating pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding in women of childbearing age. It can identify many potential causes of these presentations including pregnancy location, ectopic pregnancies, retained products of conception, and complications of pregnancy. Transvaginal ultrasound in particular provides high resolution imaging of the pelvis and adnexal structures to accurately diagnose conditions. Doppler ultrasound further aids evaluation by identifying blood flow patterns.
Presentation11, radiological imaging of ovarian torsion.Abdellah Nazeer
Ovarian torsion refers to the twisting of an ovary on its vascular pedicle, which can cut off its blood supply. It is a gynecological emergency that requires urgent surgery. Radiological imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis. Ultrasound is usually the initial imaging method, showing signs such as an enlarged ovary without blood flow. CT and MRI can further evaluate for complications like hemorrhage or infarction. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are needed to prevent ovarian necrosis from the loss of blood supply.
Aerb guidelines for x ray and ct installationAabid Rahiman
This document provides guidelines from the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) of India for the installation and regulation of x-ray and CT equipment. It outlines the functions of AERB which include recommending safety guidelines, approving new equipment and facility layouts, and enforcing regulations. The guidelines cover requirements for equipment certification, facility registration, appointing a qualified Radiation Safety Officer, and other responsibilities of employers, licensees, and radiation workers to ensure compliance with safety standards.
Positron emission tomography pet scan and its applicationsYashawant Yadav
Slides contains physic about the PET scan that is positron emission tomography , its principle , detector configuration types , clinical application of PET Scan and advancement with CT and MRI
Ductography is a special type of contrast
enhanced mammography used for imaging the
breast ducts.
•
Ductography can aid in diagnosing the cause of
an abnormal nipple discharge and is valuable in
diagnosing intraductal papillomas and other
conditions.
•
It is also called as Galactography or
Ductogalactography
This document discusses the role of color Doppler ultrasound in antepartum fetal surveillance. It begins by outlining the purposes of fetal surveillance, which include reducing fetal death and optimizing delivery timing. It then discusses various maternal and fetal conditions that require increased surveillance due to risks of chronic hypoxia. The document covers different methods of antepartum surveillance and provides detailed explanations of Doppler ultrasound principles, techniques like uterine and umbilical artery Doppler, and how abnormal Doppler readings can predict complications like fetal growth restriction.
This document provides information on ultrasound technology and its use in obstetrics. It describes how ultrasound works using piezoelectric crystals, discusses imaging modes including 2D, 3D and Doppler, and covers applications of ultrasound in evaluating early pregnancy, fetal anatomy and growth, and screening for fetal anomalies. Key examination parameters are outlined for assessing gestational age, fetal anatomy and abnormalities.
The document discusses the Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994 (PCPNDT Act) in India. It provides an introduction to prenatal diagnostic techniques and the legal initiatives taken in India to prohibit sex selection. It describes the key aspects of the PCPNDT Act such as the establishment of the Central Supervisory Board, requirements for registration and regulation of clinics, prohibition of determining or communicating the sex of the fetus, and penalties for violations. It also discusses implementation challenges and the declining child sex ratio in India.
The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition Of Sex Selection) Act was enacted in 1994 and amended in 2003 to prohibit sex selection and regulate prenatal diagnostic techniques. The Act bans sex determination and aims to prevent female feticide. It mandates registration of all clinics conducting prenatal diagnostic procedures and maintains strict record keeping requirements. Violations of the Act are punishable by imprisonment, fines, and suspension or cancellation of licenses.
This document outlines the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PNDT Act) of India. It has 7 chapters and aims to prohibit sex selection and regulate pre-natal diagnostic techniques. Key points include that all genetic counseling centers, clinics, and laboratories must register under the Act; sex determination and disclosure of the sex of the fetus is prohibited; and failure to comply with the Act can result in fines and imprisonment. The Act also establishes Advisory Committees and Appropriate Authorities to implement and oversee compliance with its provisions.
Pre conception and prenatal diagnostic techniquesDr. Preksha Jain
The Pre-Conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act was enacted in 1994 to regulate prenatal diagnostic techniques and prohibit their misuse for sex determination. The Act defines key terms and places, establishes regulations for genetic counseling centers, clinics, and laboratories, and qualifications for professionals. It prohibits determining or disclosing the sex of the fetus. Violations are punishable by imprisonment and fines. The Act aims to prevent misuse of prenatal diagnosis and sex selection.
The document summarizes the Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994 of India. It was amended in 2003 to address emerging technologies and issues with the previous act. The aim of the amended act is to prohibit sex selection before and after conception and regulate prenatal diagnostic techniques only for detecting genetic abnormalities. It regulates the techniques, persons, and places that can provide these diagnostic services. Strict penalties are outlined for violations like sex disclosure or determination and unauthorized practice.
Implementation of pre conception and pre natal diagnostics By DR.R.MohanDr.Ravindra Mohan
The document discusses female foeticide and the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act (PCPNDT Act) in India. It notes that women face subordinate social status and vulnerability to violence. New technologies allow determining fetal sex, leading to elimination of female fetuses through methods like abortion. This has decreased the child sex ratio in India. The PCPNDT Act aims to ban sex-selective abortions by regulating clinics, labs, and technologies used for pre-natal sex determination. It discusses registration requirements, qualifications of personnel, record-keeping rules, and penalties for non-compliance to curb the practice of female foeticide in the country.
The document provides guidance on the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PC-PNDT Act) that regulates pre-natal sex determination in India. It outlines the registration process for clinics performing ultrasound scans, legal requirements such as maintaining forms and records, and penalties for non-compliance, with the overall goal of preventing female feticide.
Although female feoticide is a topic beginning to gain more public awareness, the laws surrounding sex selective abortions remain unclear due to political and judicial jargon. The Pre-Conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act was passed in 1994 banning prenatal sex determination as a means to prevent sex selective abortions.
According to the act, a prenatal diagnostic procedure includes any medical procedure such as ultrasonography, foetoscopy, or sampling of amniotic fluid, chorionic villi, blood, any tissue or fluid, which is sent to a genetic laboratory or clinic for pre-natal analysis or diagnostic tests for sex selection. Pre-natal analysis could include any tests conducted on pregnant women to detect genetic disorders, metabolic disorders, chromosomal abnormalities, congenital anomalies, haemoglobinopathies, and sex-linked diseases.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact. They can cause short-term problems like pelvic inflammatory disease as well as long-term issues such as infertility, pain, and some cancers. Common viral STDs like human papillomavirus can lead to cancers of the vulva, vagina, cervix, and anus if left untreated. STDs are transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an infected individual or through other means such as shared needles.
The document discusses India's Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act of 1971. It provides information on the legal framework for abortion in India, including the MTP Act, Rules, and Regulations. Some key points covered include:
- The MTP Act aims to improve maternal health by preventing unsafe abortions and reducing mortality/morbidity. It legalizes abortion services and protects medical practitioners.
- Abortions are legal under 20 weeks gestation with consent and opinion of registered medical practitioners under certain circumstances.
- Abortions must be performed by approved practitioners at approved facilities and follow all legal requirements to be considered legal.
- The MTP Rules lay out practitioner training requirements, approval process for
THE ASSISTED REPRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY REGULATION RULES, 2010
Members of drafting committee11 members
1- Sr Advocate Supreme Court of India
2 – Public Interest Legal Support and Research
3 – Dept of Family Welfare, M of Fam Wel and Research
5 – experts from the field of Reproductive Medicine
This document outlines 10 key regulatory requirements for conducting clinical trials in India. It defines what constitutes a new drug and clinical trial. It discusses the need for ethics committee approval and registration, informed consent, reporting of adverse events, and compensation for injuries. The document emphasizes that clinical sites must be prepared for inspection and certain non-drug intervention studies still require ethics approval and registration. Overall, it provides an overview of the regulatory framework and responsibilities for investigators conducting clinical research in India.
The document discusses India's Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act of 1971, which legalized abortion in India. Some key points:
- The MTP Act aims to legalize abortion services, promote access to safe abortion, de-criminalize abortion seekers, and protect medical practitioners from prosecution for performing legal abortions.
- Abortions are legal under the MTP Act when performed by an approved practitioner at an approved facility, for reasons within the gestational limits (up to 20 weeks), and all other rules are followed.
- The MTP Act and Rules lay out the conditions for legal abortion, who can perform them, and approval processes for facilities. This framework aims to balance
MEDICO LEGAL ISSUES In Infertility & IVF DR. SHARDA JAIN Dr. Jyoti Agarwal ...Lifecare Centre
MEDICO LEGAL ISSUES In Infertility & IVF DR. SHARDA JAIN Dr. Jyoti Agarwal Dr. Jyoti Bhaskar
HISTORY of IVF
THE WORLD FIRST IVF BABY..LOUISE BROWN 25/7/1978
WORLD 2nd but INDIA,s first undocumented IVF BABY..KANUPRIYA [DURGA]…was born
67 days later on 3/10/1978 through effort of
DR SUBHAS MUKHERJEE****Mainly went unnoticed
BABY HARSHA 6/8/1986 …
BOMBAY KEM HOSPITAL + ICMR Effort.
This document discusses several key topics related to medico-legal aspects in obstetrics and gynecology:
1. It summarizes the Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PCPNDT Act) which regulates and restricts the misuse of technologies like ultrasound for sex-selective abortion.
2. It discusses the issue of female feticide in India and the ethical debates around it.
3. It provides an overview of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1971 and its amendments, which were introduced to address the high rates of unsafe abortions in India and reduce associated mortality and morbidity.
This document discusses issues related to female foeticide, honour killings, and trafficking of women in India. It provides details on:
1) What female foeticide is, how it occurs through sex determination tests and illegal termination of female fetuses. This has led to millions of "missing" girls and women in India.
2) Legal initiatives in India to address these issues, including the Pre-Conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act of 1994 which prohibits sex determination and female foeticide.
3) Offenses and punishments outlined under this law for violations by individuals, companies, doctors, and others. Those found guilty can face imprisonment, fines, and have their medical licenses
The document summarizes the key aspects of making abortion safe in India according to the MTP Act. It discusses patient safety, ensuring the qualifications and experience of doctors performing abortions, legal requirements for consent and documentation, infrastructure requirements for approved abortion sites, and some medical abortion and surgical abortion procedures and their risks. It also presents some case scenarios involving legal and compliance issues related to abortion in India.
Screening Colonoscopy - What you need to know Michael Rausher
This document from Atlanta Center for Gastroenterology discusses colonoscopy categories and provides guidance to patients on understanding their insurance coverage and financial responsibility for colonoscopy procedures. It explains the differences between diagnostic/therapeutic, surveillance/high risk screening, and preventive screening colonoscopies. It advises patients to contact their insurance to determine benefits, and outlines questions to ask regarding coverage, deductibles, and coinsurance. It also clarifies that physicians cannot change coding to alter insurance coverage determination or reimbursement.
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act,1971
Reasons for Abortion
Unwanted sex
Sexual violence
Unwanted pregnancy
Objectives
Aims to improve the maternal health scenario by preventing large number of unsafe abortions and consequent high incidence of maternal mortality & morbidity
Legalizes abortion services
Promotes access to safe abortion services to womenn
Offers protection to medical practitioners who otherwise would be penalized under the India Penall Code (sections 315-316)
Legal framework
MTP Act
Lays down when & where pregnancies can be terminated
Grants the central govt. power to make rules and the state govt. power to frame regulations
MTP Rules
Lays down who can terminate the pregnancy, training requirementss, approval process for place, etc.
MTP Regulations
Lays down forms for opinion, maintenance of records
Custody of forms and reporting of cases
Legal abortions
Termination done by a medical practitioner approvedd by the Act
Termination done at a place approved under the Act
Termination done for conditions and within the gestation prescribed by the Act
Other requirements of the rules & regulations are complied
Application
Risk to the life or grave injury to the physical or mental health of woman
Substantial risk of physical or mental abnormalities in the fetus as to render it seriously handicapped
Pregnancy caused by rape (presumed grave injury to mental health)
Contraceptive failure in married couple presumed grave injury to mental health
The document discusses various topics related to abortion, contraception and family planning in India. It defines abortion and categorizes it as spontaneous or induced. It notes complications of abortions can include hemorrhage, sepsis and infertility. The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1971 allows abortion under certain conditions by authorized medical practitioners. It also discusses methods of contraception like sterilization procedures, IUDs, and natural family planning methods. The emphasis is on making contraception services accessible throughout India to reduce unsafe abortions and maternal mortality.
The document provides a list of radiological signs and anatomical structures including: spotters for azygous lobe, Chilaiditi syndrome, ectrodactyly-lobster claw hand deformity, mini brain sign for plasmocytoma, and paint brush sign for medullary sponge kidney. It also lists Onodi cell and identifies anatomical structures including the seminal vesicle, mesorectal fat, coracoid process, anterior glenoid labrum, infraspinatus, middle glenohumeral ligament, and deltoid. Additionally, it mentions air embolism.
This document provides information about hysterosalpingography (HSG) and fistulogram procedures. It describes:
- HSG is used to evaluate the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes by injecting radio-opaque dye through the cervix. It can detect abnormalities in the shape of the uterus and fallopian tube blockages.
- A fistulogram uses injected contrast dye to visualize and determine the route and extent of abnormal passages like fistulas or sinuses.
- Both procedures require informed consent and have risks like discomfort, infection or allergic reaction to the contrast dye. Precautions are taken to perform them aseptically and accurately map any abnormalities found.
A PACS (picture archiving and communication system) is a digital system that replaces conventional radiology film. It allows images to be acquired, stored, transmitted, and displayed digitally. Key benefits include images always being available anywhere, simultaneous viewing by multiple users, and organized storage and retrieval of patient images. While expensive to implement, a PACS improves efficiency and can pay for itself within 5 years through cost savings.
1. The document reviews normal embryonic development in the first trimester as seen on ultrasound imaging. Key milestones include visualization of the gestational sac at 5 weeks, yolk sac at 5.5 weeks, and fetal pole and heart motion at 6 weeks.
2. Abnormal appearances of the gestational sac and yolk sac are described, many of which are associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. These include irregular shapes, thin decidual reactions, large or small sizes.
3. Ultrasound can also determine chorionicity and amnionicity in multiple gestations, identifying whether the placentas and amniotic sacs are shared between embryos. This provides information about risks for complications.
This document provides an overview of arterial anatomy in the brain and imaging of strokes. It discusses the anterior and posterior circulations, variants and anomalies like aberrant internal carotid arteries and persistent stapedial arteries. It also covers the circle of Willis and acute cerebral ischemia/infarction, including pathophysiology, CT findings like ASPECTS scoring, CTA, perfusion CT, and MRI findings in the hyperacute, subacute and chronic stages. Specific topics like watershed infarcts and artery of Percheron infarction are also mentioned.
IVP is used to examine the urinary tract by injecting contrast media intravenously and taking x-ray images. It is used to evaluate diseases of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder as well as detect abnormalities, injuries, and calculi. The procedure involves injecting contrast media into a vein while serial x-ray images are taken over 35 minutes to visualize the functioning of the kidneys and flow of contrast through the urinary tract. Precautions are taken for patients with iodine sensitivity, pregnancy, or risk of adverse reactions to contrast.
This document discusses traumatic diaphragmatic rupture detected using CT imaging. It presents two case studies of young male patients who experienced blunt trauma in road traffic accidents and presented with breathlessness and abdominal pain. CT scans revealed ruptures of the left diaphragm with herniation of the stomach in both cases. The document reviews that diaphragmatic injuries occur in 0.8-8% of blunt abdominal trauma cases but are often initially undiagnosed. Multi-detector CT is considered the best way to diagnose diaphragmatic injuries. It concludes that CT plays a key role in evaluating diaphragmatic injuries after trauma.
PLANNING OF X-RAY, CT ROOMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE.pptxSrinath Chowdary
Dr. Vimala presented on planning X-ray and CT rooms and quality assurance in diagnostic radiology. She discussed proper planning of radiology rooms and quality control measures to ensure safety and accurate diagnosis. The presentation was moderated by Dr. Ramakanth and focused on best practices in diagnostic imaging facilities.
This document summarizes key MRI features of common pediatric posterior fossa and suprasellar tumors. It discusses pilocytic astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, atypical teratoid-rhabdoid tumor, ependymoma, brainstem glioma, hemangioblastoma, craniopharyngioma, and hypothalamic hamartoma. For each tumor type, it describes typical location, imaging appearance on various MRI sequences, distinguishing imaging characteristics, and differential diagnosis considerations.
The document summarizes the key components and functioning of fluoroscopic imaging equipment, specifically x-ray image intensifiers. It describes:
1) The four basic elements of an image intensifier - input phosphor, photocathode, electrostatic focusing lens, and output phosphor. X-ray photons are converted to light photons which eject electrons that are focused to the output phosphor.
2) Key materials used - the input phosphor is cesium iodide which converts x-rays to light efficiently. The output phosphor is zinc sulfide which produces a brighter image.
3) Benefits of image intensifiers over earlier fluoroscopy include a brighter image from electron multiplication and the ability to view images
The document discusses primary CNS lymphoma, noting that it refers to lymphoma isolated to the craniospinal axis without primary tumors elsewhere. It can occur in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients, with HIV/AIDS being a major risk factor. Presenting symptoms and imaging findings may vary depending on immune status and tumor location, but classic presentations include solitary enhancing masses on MRI, often in deep brain regions. Early diagnosis is important for effective treatment.
Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma refers to isolated involvement of the brain or spinal cord without tumors elsewhere. It was once rare but is now more common, especially in immunocompromised patients like those with HIV. On imaging, primary CNS lymphoma typically appears as a solitary, enhancing mass in the brain in immunocompetent patients but can present atypically in HIV patients as multiple deep brain lesions with necrosis and irregular enhancement. Imaging plays a key role in the diagnosis and treatment of primary CNS lymphoma.
This document discusses scatter radiation and methods to reduce it in radiography. It defines scatter radiation as photons that are deflected from their original path during imaging. Scatter radiation degrades image quality by adding unwanted density. The document explores how increasing field size, patient thickness, and kVp can increase scatter and describes various methods to reduce it, including filters, grids, collimation, and beam centering devices. It provides details on different types of filters, grids, and how moving grids can help eliminate visibility of grid lines while increasing patient dose.
This document discusses various types of radiation detectors. It begins by explaining the need for detectors to measure ionizing radiation since our senses cannot detect it. The key detection methods discussed are ionization, luminescence, photographic effect, thermoluminescence, chemical effect, and biological effect. Specific detector types covered in detail include gas-filled detectors like ionization chambers and Geiger counters, scintillation detectors, semiconductor detectors, and dosimeters. The document provides information on how each type of detector works and its applications.
Primary Effects of CNS Trauma
The document summarizes various primary injuries that can occur to the central nervous system following traumatic brain injury. It describes direct injuries such as scalp lacerations, skull fractures, and epidural or subdural hematomas caused by blows to the head. It also discusses indirect injuries such as diffuse axonal injury caused by rapid acceleration/deceleration forces. Specific types of injuries are defined, including cortical contusions, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and deep brain injuries to structures like the brainstem and ventricles. Diagnostic imaging findings for the various injuries on CT and MRI are also summarized.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of an x-ray generator. It discusses how transformers are used to change voltage levels for the filament circuit and high voltage circuit. The filament circuit uses a step-down transformer to provide low voltage for heating the x-ray tube filament. The high voltage circuit uses an autotransformer and step-up transformer to provide high voltage of 40,000-150,000 volts for electron acceleration. Rectification is also discussed, which converts the alternating current output of the high voltage transformer to direct current required by the x-ray tube.
1) The document discusses the components and functioning of an x-ray tube, including the cathode, thermionic emission, space charge effect, focussing cup, anode, and grid control.
2) It describes how increasing the voltage across the x-ray tube increases the kinetic energy of electrons, producing x-rays via bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation processes.
3) Rotating and stationary anodes are discussed as ways to dissipate heat generated during x-ray production and allow higher power outputs from the tube.
1. There are several radiological signs that can help determine if a retroperitoneal mass originates from an adjacent organ, including the beak sign, phantom organ sign, and embedded organ sign.
2. Primary retroperitoneal sarcomas are the most common retroperitoneal masses in adults. The most common subtypes are liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma.
3. Lymphoma is also a common retroperitoneal malignancy that typically presents as bilateral confluent lymphadenopathy along the superior mesenteric vessels, known as the "sandwich sign".
This document discusses various methods of craniometry used to diagnose craniovertebral junction (CVJ) anomalies through multimodality radiological assessment. It describes several important cranial landmarks and reference lines used to evaluate the CVJ, including Chamberlain's line, McRae's line, McGregor's line, and Wackenheim's line. It then classifies common congenital CVJ anomalies such as atlanto-occipital assimilation, platybasia, basilar invagination, occipital condyle hypoplasia, atlas anomalies, axis anomalies, and discusses associated conditions like Chiari malformation.
This document discusses different types of bone fractures and how they appear on x-rays. It outlines key factors for interpreting x-rays such as whether the fracture is complete or incomplete, comminuted, caused by stress or trauma. Stress fractures occur from repetitive lower magnitude stress rather than acute trauma. Fracture orientation provides clues, with oblique fractures resulting from direct blows, transverse from diseases, and spiral from torsion and compression forces.
1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdfNeal Brewster
After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
5 Tips for Creating Standard Financial ReportsEasyReports
Well-crafted financial reports serve as vital tools for decision-making and transparency within an organization. By following the undermentioned tips, you can create standardized financial reports that effectively communicate your company's financial health and performance to stakeholders.
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdfNeal Brewster
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby...Donc Test
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia
2. PCPNDT ACT
Moderator: Dr. C N PRADEEP KUMAR
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF RADIO-DIAGNOSIS.
MMCRI, MYSORE
Presenter: Dr. ANVITH M
POST-GRADUATE,
DEPARTMENT OF RADIO-DIAGNOSIS.
MMCRI, MYSORE
3. • Q. Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (PC-PNDT).
• Q. Briefly describe recent amendments of PC-PNDT,2012.
• Q. Legal responsibilities and duties of radiologist in clinical practice.
• Q. Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques{Regulation and
Prevention of Misuse} Act, 1994.[PC-PNDT Act|.
5. Introduction
• The pre-natal diagnostic techniques (regulation
and prevention of misuse) act, was formed in
1994.
• Came into effect on 1st January 1996.
• AN "ACT" IS A WRITTEN ORDINANCE OF
PARLIAMENT
• NATIONAL SEX RATIO – 940/1000 (2011 CENSUS)
924/1000 (2020 STATS)
• Credit for this act goes to
Centre for the Enquiry of Health and Allied Themes
(CEHAT)
The Mahira Sarvangeen Utkarsh Mandal (MASUM)
6. • In 1996, it was called as the pre-conception & pre-natal diagnostic techniques
(prohibition of sex selection) act,1996.
• Registration of Centre started from October 2001.
• Certain amendments have also been brought about in the Rules of 1996, to
ensure effective implementation of the Act . The amended Rules have come
into effect from 14th Feb.2003.
7. Definition
1. An act to provide for the prohibition of sex selection, before or after
conception.
2. Regulation of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for detecting
genetic abnormalities
metabolic disorders
chromosomal abnormalities
congenital malformations
sex-linked disorders
3. Prevention of female feticide due to misuse of sex selection.
8. The act governs Three ‘p’
• PROCEDURES (TECHNIQUES)
• PLACES
• PERSONS
10. (A) Pre-natal diagnostic procedures
All gynecological or obstetrical or medical procedures such as:
* Ultrasonography
* Foetoscopy
* Taking or removing samples of
- amniotic fluid, - chorionic villi
- blood, - any tissue, - fluid
of a man or a woman before or after conception.
11. (B) Pre-natal diagnostic tests
* Ultrasonography
* Test or analysis of
- amniotic fluid, - chorionic villi, - blood,
- any tissue, - fluid
Of any pregnant woman or conceptus conduced to detect:
- Genetic disorder,
- Metabolic disorder,
- Chromosomal abnormalities,
- Congenital anomalies,
- Haemoglobinopathies,
- Sex linked diseases.
12. (C) Sex selection includes:
* Technique
* Procedure
* Test
* Administration
* Prescription
* Provision
Of anything for the purpose of ensuring or increasing the probability that
an embryo will be of a particular sex.
14. Genetic Counselling Centre
means
• An institute
• Hospital
• Nursing home
• Any place
by whatever name called which provides genetic counselling to
patients.
15. Genetic Clinic
means
• A clinic
• Institute
• Hospital
• Nursing home
• Any place
by whatever name called which is used for conducting pre-
natal diagnostic procedures.
16. Genetic Laboratory
means
• a laboratory; and
• includes a place
where facilities are provided for conducting analysis or tests of
samples received from
Genetic Clinic for pre-natal diagnostic test.
17. QUALIFIED PERSONS
• Gynaecologist
• Medical Geneticist
• Paediatrician
• Registered Medical Practitioner
• laboratory technician
• Radiologist
• Sonologist or Imaging Specialist
18. Gynaecologist
• For a genetic counseling center, the gynaecologist must have
- 6 months experience in genetic counseling; or
- 4 weeks training in genetic counseling.
• For a genetic clinic
Should have performed at least 20 procedures in
Chorionic villi aspirations per vagina or per abdomen,
chorionic villi biopsy, Amniocentesis, cordocentesis ,foetoscopy, foetal skin
or organ biopsy or foetal blood sampling etc. Under supervision of an experienced
gynaecologist in these fields.
19. (B) Medical Geneticist
• includes a person who possesses:
- degree, or
- diploma
in genetic science in the fields of sex selection and pre-natal
diagnostic techniques or has experience of not less than two years in
any of these fields.
(C) Paediatrician
For a genetic counseling center, the paediatrician must have
- 6 months experience in genetic counseling; or
- 4 weeks training in genetic counseling
20. (d) For a genetic laboratory, there should be a laboratory technician Having
B.Sc. Degree in biological sciences; or
Degree; or
Diploma In medical laboratory course; and
- At least one year’s experience in conducting appropriate pre-natal diagnostic
Techniques, tests or procedures.
21. (e) A Sonologist, Imaging Specialist/ Radiologist or Registered Medical
Practitioner
having
Post graduate degree or diploma
or six months training
or one year experience in sonography or image scanning
22. REGISTRATION
• What is to be registered?
• Centre/USG machine/ Sonologist/Place etc.?
• The answer is that it is the place (clinic or centre or nursing home or mobile van
where U/S is performed).
• No separate registration for number of machines in the same clinic/centre.
23. Under this Act there is provision of
Registration in 3 categories only
1. Genetic Counselling Centre (GCC)
2. Genetic Laboratory (GL)
3. Genetic Clinic / Ultrasound Clinic / Imaging
Centre
24. Procedure of registration
• Application to the Chief Medical Officer of the district or any other medical officer
constituted as appropriate authority, owner needs to register at least 3 months In
advance
• Submission of Form “ A” in duplicate
• Affidavit: an undertaking that the clinic/Center shall not conduct any test or procedure
for sex determination.
• Another affidavit undertaking that the center/clinic prominently display a signage
board of no sex determination
Application fee in the form of a DD(free for govt institutions)
• 25,000 since 2012 FOR GCC/GC/GL & ULTRASOUND CLINIC
• 35,000 since 2012 FOR ANY PLACE PROVIDING A COMBINATION OF THE ABOVE
25. REGISTRATION CERTIFICATE
• Certificate of registration shall be given in duplicate and in the form as
prescribed in FORM B.
• The grant of certificate of registration shall be communicated < 90 days from
the date of receipt of application for registration.
• Doctors using USG machines need to have their names entered in the PC-PNDT
certificate.
• It is mandatory for everybody registered under this act to display certificate of
registration
• Valid for a period of five years since its issuance.
• Non-transferable
26. • Change of ownership – old certificate is surrendered
• new owner- apply for fresh application.
• One center can have multiple USG machines, but the manufacturer’s name and
the makes and models of the machines should be noted in the PC-PNDT
registration certificate (all ultrasound machines available at that center including
port. u/s should be registered on the certificate or on a separate attached
sheet).
• No doctor other than the one registered in that particular center may use the
machine installed there.
• Any changes in the center (e.g, Change in machine or place of use) should be
intimated to the AA 30 days in advance.
• Any change of the doctor operating the machine should be intimated to the AA
within 30 days.
27. REJECTION OF APPLICATION FOR
REGISTRATION
• If applicant has not complied with the requirements of the act then the said
application will be rejected.
• The reasons for the rejection shall be given in writing and as specified in form c
• The rejection of registration shall be communicated to the applicant within 90
days from the date of the receipt of the registration
28. CANCELLATION OR SUSPENSION OF
REGISTRATION
• Show cause notice
• Appeal: < 30 days.
• The appeal may be made to:
- The appropriate authority at the district level if the order is passed by the
appropriate authority at sub-district level.
-The appropriate authority at the state/UT level if the order is passed by the
appropriate authority at district level.
• Each appeal shall be disposed of within 60 days of its receipt
29. RENEWAL OF REGISTRATION
• Application form A in duplicate to appropriate authority (AA) 30 days
before the expiry of reg. Certificate.
• Registration fees of half of what was initially(free for govt institutions)
12500 FOR GCC/GC/GL & ULTRASOUND CLINIC
17500 FOR ANY PLACE PROVIDING A COMBINATION
• Authority will renew the certificate of registration in the prescribed Form
B for a further period of 5 years starting from the date of expiry of the old
certificate.
• Two copies of earlier certificates to be surrendered.
• If AA fails to renew the certificate within 90 days , it will amount to
automatic renewal or deemed renewal.
30. Prohibitions
Every genetic counselling centre or genetic
clinic or genetic laboratory is required to
DISPLAY prominently a notice in ENGLISH and
in the LOCAL LANGUAGE or languages that
“conduct of sex-determination
tests/disclosure of sex of the foetus is
prohibited”.
31. PRESCRIPTIONS AND REGULATIONS
• The act prohibits the conduct of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for
determination of the sex of the foetus but allows the conduct of pre-natal
diagnostic techniques for detection of:
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
GENETIC METABOLIC DISEASES
HAEMOGLOBINOPATHIES
SEX-LINKED GENETIC DISEASES
• Written consent
• Give a declaration on each report on ultrasonography/image scanning that
he/she has neither detected nor disclosed the sex of foetus.
32. FURTHER PERMISSIBLE [“4 A’s”]–
• AGE OF THE PREGNANT WOMAN IS ABOVE 35YEARS
• ABORTIONs - PREGNANT WOMAN HAS UNDERGONE 2 OR MORE
SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS OR FOETAL LOSS
• AGENTS - PREGNANT WOMAN HAS BEEN EXPOSED TO POTENTIALLY
TERATOGENIC AGENTS SUCH AS DRUGS, RADIATION, INFECTION OR CHEMICALS
• AMENTIA -THE PREGNANT WOMAN OR HER SPOUSE HAS A FAMILY HISTORY OF
MENTAL RETARDATION OR PHYSICAL DEFORMITIES SUCH AS, SPASTICITY OR
ANY OTHER GENETIC DISEASE
33. INDICATIONS FOR OBSTETRIC ULTRASOUND
• Ultrasound is not indicated/advised/performed to determine the sex of
fetus except for diagnosis of sex-linked diseases such as Duchenne
Muscular Dystrophy, Hemophilia A & B etc.
• During pregnancy ultrasonography should only be performed when
indicated. The following is the representative list of indications for
ultrasound during pregnancy.
34. 1. To diagnose intra-uterine and/or ectopic pregnancy and confirm viability.
2. Estimation of gestational age (dating).
3. Detection of number of foetuses and their chorionicity.
4. Suspected pregnancy with iucd in-situ or suspected pregnancy following
contraceptive failure/MTP failure.
5. Vaginal bleeding / leaking.
6. Follow-up of cases of abortion.
7. Assessment of cervical canal and diameter of internal os.
8. Discrepancy between uterine size and period of amenorrhoea.
9. Any suspected adenexal or uterine pathology / abnormality.
10. Detection of chromosomal abnormalities, foetal structural defects and
other abnormalities and their follow-up.
35. 11. To evaluate foetal presentation and position.
12. Assessment of liquor amnii.
13. Preterm labour / preterm premature rupture of membranes.
14. Evaluation of placental position, thickness, grading and abnormalities
(placenta praevia, retroplacental haemorrhage, abnormal adherence etc.).
15. Evaluation of umbilical cord – presentation, insertion, nuchal encirclement,
number of vessels and presence of true knot.
16. Evaluation of previous caesarean section scars.
17. Evaluation of foetal growth parameters, foetal weight and foetal well being.
36. 18. Colour flow mapping and duplex doppler studies.
19. Ultrasound guided procedures such as medical termination of pregnancy,
external cephalic version etc. And their follow-up.
20. Adjunct to diagnostic and therapeutic invasive interventions such as chorionic
villus sampling (CVS), amniocenteses, foetal blood sampling, foetal skin biopsy,
amnio-infusion, intrauterine infusion, placement of shunts etc.
37. MANDATORY PREREQUISITES FOR A U/S
CLINIC
• Signage Board in English and in the local language must be displayed prominently,
indicating the fetal sex is not disclosed in the clinic
• A copy of Registration Certificate Shall be displayed in the U/S Room
• A copy of PC-PNDT ACT Book shall be available in the U/S Department.
• Form ‘F’ shall be filled before every OBS examination and for any invasive procedure
Form ‘G ‘ shall be filled and to be signed by the Patient and the Doctor.
• A Register containing the name of the patient and spouse, address, ref. Doctor name and
date of the scanning etc. to be maintained.
• Form ‘F ‘and Ref. Doctor Requisition to be preserved.
38. • Case Records and U/S Report to be preserved.
• Sonographic plates/Films/slides to be preserved.
• A complete statement of report of all the OBS scans/procedures to be sent by 5th
day of following month to AA.
• Intimation about every change of employee, place, address and equipment
installed shall be sent to the appropriate authority within a period of 30 days.
• Preservation of Records: 2 Yrs.
• In case of legal disputes: till the final disposal of legal proceedings.
• In the event portable ultrasound machines are taken to
health camps prior permission of the aa under whose
jurisdiction camp is conducted should be obtained
39. Can one arrange for a locum sonologist when
one is on leave or vacation
• One month notice has to be given to local AA with copies of certificates of that
doctor.
• A recent gazette notification has stated that application for locum to adding a
doctors name for registration certificate has to be done 30 days in advance.
• This gazette has been challenged by IRIA in Delhi high court in July 2012 and an
interim relief of 7 days has been given
40. Is there a restriction on number of places a
sonologist can visit?
• As per the recent gazette dated 5 June 2012, a sonologist can visit only 2 places
in one district.
• This has been challenged in delhi high court by IRIA and ad-interim has been
obtained.
• In the next hearing the appropriate authority informed the court that they were
unconditionally withdrawing the restriction on number of places visited by
radiologist.
41. CODE OF CONDUCT
• Wear NAME TAG yourself and every employee working at the US
Clinic. Write full name and designation under signatures.
(Rule18 - viii & ix)
• Should not indulge in SEX DETERMINATION & FEMALE FETICIDE
and do not commit any other act of professional misconduct.
(Rule18 - x & xi)
42. OFFENCES AND PENALTIES
• A.A. Can inspect any time and can seize the machine and records in case of any omission
of rules.
• Offences by service provider:
• First offence - 3 yrs imprisonment and fine Rs.10000/-.
• Subsequent offences - 5 yrs imprisonment & fine up to 50,000/-.
• Offences by medical professionals:
• Suspension by State Medical Council and removal of name from the register of MCI – 5
yrs for first offence & permanently for subsequent offence.
43. • Persons seeking to know the sex of the foetus:
• First offence: Imprisonment extending upto 3 years and/or fine of Rs.
50,000/-.
• Subsequent offence: Imprisonment upto 5 years and/ or fine of Rs.
1,00,000/-.
• Offences by company:
• Director/Manager/Secretary/officer.
• Arrest without warrant and Non bailable warrant(NBW).
• Non – compoundable.
45. Functions of the Board
• ADVISE the central government on policy matters relating to use of pre-natal
diagnostic techniques, sex selection techniques and against their misuse
• to review and monitor implementation of the ACT and the rules made
thereunder and to recommend to the central government changes in both.
• To create public awareness against the practice of preconception sex selection
and pre-natal determination of sex of foetus leading to female foeticide
• To lay down code of conduct to be observed by persons working at gcc, gl &
genetic clinics.
• Oversee the performance of various bodies (appropriate authority) constituted
under the act & take appropriate steps to ensure its proper and effective
implementation
46. Appropriate authority:
District level, the CHIEF MEDICAL OFFICERS or THE CIVIL SURGEONS
Functions:
▪ To grant, suspend or cancel the registration
▪ To enforce the standards for genetic counselling Centre, genetic clinic and
genetic laboratory.
▪ To investigate complaints of breach of provisions of the act and the rules
▪ to take the complaints to the court.
47. ▪ To take appropriate legal action & also to initiate independent investigations in
such matter
▪ To create public awareness against the practice of sex selection or pre-natal
determination of sex.
▪ To supervise the implementation of the provisions of the act and rules
▪ To recommend to the CSB and state boards modifications.
▪ To take action on the recommendations of the advisory committee made after
investigation.
48. MAINTENANCE AND PRESERVATION OF
RECORDS
Genetic counselling center, genetic clinic or genetic laboratory, ultrasound clinic
and imaging center is required to maintain certain records
Register showing in serial order:
• Names and addresses of men or women given genetic counselling and/or
subjected to pre-natal diagnostic procedure or test
• Names of their spouses or fathers
• Date on which they first reported for such counselling, procedure or test.
In case records are maintained in computer or any other electronic equipment, a
printed copy has to be preserved.
Records at all reasonable times made available for inspection.
49. • Record by every
Genetic Counselling Centre FORM D
Genetic Laboratory FORM E
Genetic Clinic FORM F
• Other records
Case records
Forms of consent
Laboratory results
Microscopic pictures
Sonographic plates or slides
Recommendations and letters
50. The appropriate authority is to maintain a permanent record of
• Applications for grant of certificate of registration
• Applications for renewal of registration as specified in form H under the rules.
• Letters of intimation of every change in employee, place, address and equipment
installed
51. SEARCH AND SEIZURE
• Enter freely into the place of search.
• Examine and inspect all documents.
• Search at all reasonable times.
• Seize and seal any document, record,
material object or equipment .
• Amendment 2011 in rule no. 11(2)
These machines of the organizations may be released if such organization pays
penalty equal to five times of the registration fee to the Appropriate Authority
concerned and gives an undertaking that it shall not undertake detection of sex of
foetus or selection of sex before or after conception
Substituted by These machines of the organizations shall be confiscated and
further action shall be taken as per the provision of the section 23 of the act.
53. THE PRE-NATAL DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES
(REGULATION AND PREVENTION OF MISUSE) ACT, 1994 AND THE PRE-NATAL
DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES (ACT NO. 57 OF 1994)
(REGULATION AND PREVENTION OF MISUSE) AMENDMENT ACT, 2002
Added definitions & rules of Registration of Genetic Counselling Centres,
Genetic Laboratories or Genetic Clinics
54. PORTABLE USG MACHINES
amendment rules,2012
Its use is permitted with certain conditions:
• Has to be used within the premises its registered.
• The machine under no circumstances used for sex determination.
• The stand alone mobile ultrasound clinic offering only prenatal diagnostic tests is
prohibited.
• In case of breakdown the AA has to be informed within 7 days.
• One copy of certificate of registration shall be displayed which should specify
-area of operation, -no. of portable machines installed,
-make and model no., -registration no of the vehicle, full address of service provider.
55. • Doctors conducting USG examination will have to restrict themselves
to 2 ultrasound centres.
• Hike of registration fee from 3000 to 25,000.
• Registration application should be filled and filed a month prior.
• Purchase of a USG machine and change of radiologists at scan centre
to be notified in advance to the authority.
56. Amendment rules, 2014 ( concerned with Form F substitution)
• All column mentioned in “F” form should be filled up, no column should be
added/ deleted.
• Previous obst. History of patients with number of children with sex of each child
should be mentioned in “F” form.
• ‘F” form to be filled up in duplicate and copy to be given to appropriate
authority i.E., (M.O.H {Medical Officer Of Health} Of the wards.)
• Name of referral doctor, indication, results of USG must be mentioned
whichever column is not required must be filled up as not applicable.
• “F” form should be signed by doctor conducting sonography & not by the owner
of the centre.
• Declaration of the patient and doctor should be signed before doing the
sonography and after explaining the patient in her own language as per the act.
57. Registration of CT/MRI/B-SCAN(2015),
echocardiography(2016)
• Centre registered – if new– submit details of the new equipment to the
appropriate authority – no need to apply for fresh registration/fees.
• Exclusively CT /MRI/echocardiography – not registered – need to apply for fresh
registration.
• Require to fill form f – when investigation is done on pregnant woman – for
abdomen scan only
58. • Amendment rules 2015, rule 18(A) subrule (4) in clause (ii) has been substituted
to ensure that no fresh application or renewal of registration is accepted if any
case in any court is pending against the applicant for violation of the act.
• Section 22 of the PCPNDT act prohibits any advertisement in any form,
including internet relating to preconception and prenatal determination of sex
or sex selection.
Hon’ble supreme court order dated 16/11/2016 directed union of India to
constitute a Nodal agency for monitoring E-advertisements related to the act.
Nodal agency has been constituted accordingly on 17/1/2017.
59. • Amendment dated 19th June 2017 exempts govt institutions which provides
health and medical services not to pay fee for registration and renewal of
registration.
• Amendment 23 may,2017 appointment of state appellate authority.
60. Covid 19 updates
4 April 2020
No changes in the PCPNDT act however there is relief in
• Rule8, renewals will be considered till lockdown
• Rule 9(8), monthly report can be submitted till 30 June 2020
• rule18A(6), for AA for submission of form H
Filling form F, signing, maintenance of records and all other rules of the act must
be followed strictly
61. PCPNDT FORMS
• Form A Form of application of registration or renewal of registration
• Form B Certificate of registration
• Form C Form of rejection of application for grant /renewal of registration
• Form D Form of maintenance of records by genetic counselling centre
• Form E Form of maintenance of records by genetic laboratory
• Form F Form of maintenance of records in case of pregnant woman by
genetic clinic/ultrasound clinic/imaging centre
• Form G Form of consent for invasive techniques
• Form H Form for maintenance of permanent record of applications for
grant/rejection of registration
62. Summary
1. Register all the places wherever USG machine/any imaging machine like color
doppler/2D/3D/4D machine is used, including medical/ surgical nursing
home/ICCU wherever USG machine is used.
2. The machine should not be shifted from one center to other center. The
company name & make of machine should be noted in PCPNDT registration
certificate.
3. All radiologist /sonologist / doctors using machines, their names to be entered
in the pcpndt certificate or on the separate sheet to be displayed along with
pcpndt registration certificate
4. No doctor other than registered in that particular centre should use that
machine. Other qualified doctor may use that machine after notifying to
appropriate authority.
63. 5. Display registration certificate in original in waiting area and USG room
6. Display on notice board the message in english and local language that "sex
selection and detection is not done in this centre" and is punishable under the
act. This should be displayed in waiting area and USG room
7 PCPNDT act book copy both in English and local language should be maintained
in the centre
8 F" form to be maintained by USG centre / genetic clinic as per PCPNDT act book
for pregnant patients only.
9. Monthly report should be sent in time by 1st of month by all PNDT registered
centres to appropriate authority / by 3rd of month by A.A. To special officer, F.W.
& M.C.H./M.I.S.
64. 10. All records of all the patients to be maintained for minimum 2 years or if any
legal case against the centre is pending then records to be maintained till the
same case is disposed off.
11. Any changes in centre - like machine / doctor should be intimated to A. A.
Within 30 days. Accordingly he/she should do changes in registration certificate
immediately and inform special officer, F.W. & M.C.H. In writing and also does the
changes in "H" register.
12. For renewal of registration, apply one month in advance to A.A. Otherwise
centre will be considered as un-registered. Penalty of rs.15,000/- will be charged
13. Advertisement of any sort is banned even on internet, or coding form -
punishable under the act - rs.1 lac fine with 5 years imprisonment
65. REFERENCES
• Handbook on PCPNDT Act.
http://qi.nhsrcindia.org/sites/default/files/Handbook%20on%20PC%26P
NDT%20Act%20%26%20Rules%20with%20Amendments.pdf
• SPECIALITY BOARD REVIEW, ESSENTIALS OF RADIOLOGY 1ST EDITION 2021 BY DR RAJESH
RAMAN, DR H N PRADEEP