Intro to Diabetes mellitus and plants thought to treat it.
(most of the items mentioned are under research....none of them should be used without physician permission and they are not to substitute regular treatments)
saptarshi pangrahi (BCDA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY & TECHNOLOGY)saptarshi panigrahi
This document presents information on Indian medicinal plants with anti-diabetic potential. It discusses diabetes as a chronic disease characterized by metabolic and vascular abnormalities resulting from inadequate insulin production or utilization. It describes the two main types of diabetes and their symptoms. Several herbal plants traditionally used to treat diabetes in India are described, including their botanical names, parts used and active chemical constituents. The mechanisms of action of these herbal antidiabetics are discussed. Commonly used herbal formulations for treating diabetes are listed. The document concludes with the need for further research on herbal treatments and potential interactions with conventional medications.
The document discusses diabetes and related topics. It defines diabetes, describes the different types, and explains insulin and its role in regulating blood glucose levels. It provides recommendations from WHO on diagnosing hyperglycemia in pregnancy. It lists plant families and compounds that show antidiabetic properties. Herbal drugs are classified based on their mechanisms of action and secondary metabolites. Various antidiabetic herbs, parts used, and active components are outlined. Symptoms and classes of oral hypoglycemic drugs are also mentioned.
Metformin is the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes. It works by decreasing glucose production in the liver and increasing the body's sensitivity to insulin. Common side effects include gastrointestinal issues. Metformin is excreted through the kidneys, so renal impairment is a contraindication. Proper monitoring of HbA1c and kidney function is important when using metformin.
Treatment for diabetes with herbs and herbal supplementsroycv
Herbs and Herbal Supplement which are powerful enough to cure diabetes and its complications. Diabetic herbs which are prevalent since the prehistoric age and mentioned in the ayruvedic texts is effective in treating the ailment. These herbs are still used by many herbalists and ayurvedic physicians as their prime ingredient in their herbal supplements.
Unlike treatment using modern medicines like the pills prescribed by doctors this type of treatment is free of any side effects moreover it will helps in treating the associated ailments that the person with diabetic mellitus has to suffer.
The herbs and the herbal supplement, diamellitone is capable to generating natural insulin in the body there by curing the ailment within a couple of months.
Anti-Diabetic Activity of Some Medicinal Plants IIJSRJournal
Diabetes mellitus is generally a chronic disease which is a main reason for deaths in whole world. It is not easy to control the delayed complication of diabetes even with progress in the medical management of the syndrome. The disease is spreading day by day. The main trait element of diabetes is hyperglycemia, which reflects the drop in the use of glucose due to a poor reaction to insulin discharge. There are many plants are used to cure diabetes because of the antidiabetic action. Hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic actions have been saved with abundant plants, a lot of which are worn as an established herbal treatment of diabetes. A huge number of substances are obtained from plants that suggest antidiabetic potential, while others may affect hypoglycemia as a bad result due to their toxicity, mainly their hepatotoxicity. This review shows the importance of plants and the action of some plants to act against diabetes that is used as a natural medicine for this disease.
This document outlines the key points about diabetes mellitus and antidiabetic drugs. It begins with an overview of diabetes, describing the different types of diabetes. It then discusses the pathophysiology and diagnostic criteria for diabetes. The document categorizes antidiabetic drugs and insulin, describing their mechanisms of action and side effects. It aims to help readers understand diabetes, how it is diagnosed and treated with both oral medications and insulin therapy.
This document discusses herbal remedies for diabetes, including anti-diabetic compounds found in various plants and how they work. It describes the types and causes of diabetes and the role of insulin. Various plant families containing anti-diabetic properties are listed, along with their active compounds and mechanisms of action. Examples of scientifically investigated antidiabetic plants and polyherbal formulations used to treat diabetes are provided.
saptarshi pangrahi (BCDA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY & TECHNOLOGY)saptarshi panigrahi
This document presents information on Indian medicinal plants with anti-diabetic potential. It discusses diabetes as a chronic disease characterized by metabolic and vascular abnormalities resulting from inadequate insulin production or utilization. It describes the two main types of diabetes and their symptoms. Several herbal plants traditionally used to treat diabetes in India are described, including their botanical names, parts used and active chemical constituents. The mechanisms of action of these herbal antidiabetics are discussed. Commonly used herbal formulations for treating diabetes are listed. The document concludes with the need for further research on herbal treatments and potential interactions with conventional medications.
The document discusses diabetes and related topics. It defines diabetes, describes the different types, and explains insulin and its role in regulating blood glucose levels. It provides recommendations from WHO on diagnosing hyperglycemia in pregnancy. It lists plant families and compounds that show antidiabetic properties. Herbal drugs are classified based on their mechanisms of action and secondary metabolites. Various antidiabetic herbs, parts used, and active components are outlined. Symptoms and classes of oral hypoglycemic drugs are also mentioned.
Metformin is the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes. It works by decreasing glucose production in the liver and increasing the body's sensitivity to insulin. Common side effects include gastrointestinal issues. Metformin is excreted through the kidneys, so renal impairment is a contraindication. Proper monitoring of HbA1c and kidney function is important when using metformin.
Treatment for diabetes with herbs and herbal supplementsroycv
Herbs and Herbal Supplement which are powerful enough to cure diabetes and its complications. Diabetic herbs which are prevalent since the prehistoric age and mentioned in the ayruvedic texts is effective in treating the ailment. These herbs are still used by many herbalists and ayurvedic physicians as their prime ingredient in their herbal supplements.
Unlike treatment using modern medicines like the pills prescribed by doctors this type of treatment is free of any side effects moreover it will helps in treating the associated ailments that the person with diabetic mellitus has to suffer.
The herbs and the herbal supplement, diamellitone is capable to generating natural insulin in the body there by curing the ailment within a couple of months.
Anti-Diabetic Activity of Some Medicinal Plants IIJSRJournal
Diabetes mellitus is generally a chronic disease which is a main reason for deaths in whole world. It is not easy to control the delayed complication of diabetes even with progress in the medical management of the syndrome. The disease is spreading day by day. The main trait element of diabetes is hyperglycemia, which reflects the drop in the use of glucose due to a poor reaction to insulin discharge. There are many plants are used to cure diabetes because of the antidiabetic action. Hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic actions have been saved with abundant plants, a lot of which are worn as an established herbal treatment of diabetes. A huge number of substances are obtained from plants that suggest antidiabetic potential, while others may affect hypoglycemia as a bad result due to their toxicity, mainly their hepatotoxicity. This review shows the importance of plants and the action of some plants to act against diabetes that is used as a natural medicine for this disease.
This document outlines the key points about diabetes mellitus and antidiabetic drugs. It begins with an overview of diabetes, describing the different types of diabetes. It then discusses the pathophysiology and diagnostic criteria for diabetes. The document categorizes antidiabetic drugs and insulin, describing their mechanisms of action and side effects. It aims to help readers understand diabetes, how it is diagnosed and treated with both oral medications and insulin therapy.
This document discusses herbal remedies for diabetes, including anti-diabetic compounds found in various plants and how they work. It describes the types and causes of diabetes and the role of insulin. Various plant families containing anti-diabetic properties are listed, along with their active compounds and mechanisms of action. Examples of scientifically investigated antidiabetic plants and polyherbal formulations used to treat diabetes are provided.
This document discusses diabetes, including its types and treatments. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 is usually diagnosed in childhood and requires daily insulin injections. Type 2 is the most common type and usually occurs in adulthood, though cases are increasing in younger people. It occurs when the body cannot properly respond to insulin. Gestational diabetes involves high blood sugar during pregnancy. Prediabetes refers to blood sugar levels that are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. Alternative treatments discussed include chromium, magnesium, and various plant foods like broccoli and the herb Gymnema Sylvestre.
MUMBAI UNIVERSITY SEMINAR on potential anti-diabetic herbal drugsDRx.Yogesh Chaudhari
This document discusses diabetes and herbal treatments for it. It begins by defining diabetes as a metabolic disorder caused by pancreatic beta cell dysfunction leading to insulin deficiency or resistance. It describes the two main types and their characteristics. Several herbal plants traditionally used to treat diabetes are then discussed in more detail, including their parts used, active chemical constituents, mechanisms of action, and other medicinal properties. These include Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia, Allium sativum, Ocimum sanctum, Trigonella foenum-graecum, and Tinospora cordifolia.
This document summarizes a lecture on pharmacology of antidiabetic drugs. It begins with an introduction to diabetes mellitus and its classification into four main types: type 1 characterized by insulin deficiency; type 2 characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency; type 3 characterized by other specific causes; and type 4 or gestational diabetes. It then discusses the mechanisms and pharmacokinetics of various classes of antidiabetic drugs including insulin, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and incretin mimetics. Adverse effects including hypoglycemia are also summarized.
This document summarizes type 2 diabetes, including its pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, management goals, and treatment approaches. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion. Diagnosis is based on elevated blood glucose levels. Treatment goals are to reduce risks of microvascular and macrovascular complications through control of glycemia, blood pressure, lipids, and other factors. Common drug treatments include metformin, sulfonylureas, and other classes that work to lower blood glucose levels by various mechanisms. Lifestyle modifications and ongoing monitoring are also important for management.
This document discusses biguanides and thiazolidinediones as oral hypoglycemic drugs. It describes metformin as the main biguanide currently used, noting its mechanism of action involves suppressing glucose production in the liver and enhancing glucose disposal in muscles. Pioglitazone is the only available thiazolidinedione, which works by enhancing insulin sensitivity. Potential side effects and appropriate uses are provided for both classes. Acarbose is also summarized as an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor that reduces glucose absorption from the gut. Clinical uses of glucagon for treating hypoglycemia are briefly mentioned.
Oral hypoglycemic agents with complicationschotatalha
The document summarizes information about diabetes mellitus and oral hypoglycemic agents. It defines diabetes as a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels according to WHO. It then provides global facts about the rising prevalence of diabetes. It describes the main types of diabetes - type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes - and their causes. It discusses the signs, complications and diagnostic criteria for diabetes. Finally, it describes various classes of oral hypoglycemic agents used to treat diabetes, including their mechanisms of action, efficacy, adverse effects and contraindications.
Active constituent of drugs used in diabetic therapyAkshay Kank
In this slide the active constituents which is isolated from herbal sources used for to treat the type 1 and type 2 diabetes is covered. 'Gymnema' and 'swerita chirata' herbal plant is also covered in the slide.This work help in to focus the herbal emphasis on diabetes.
This document discusses oral diabetic medications for treating type 2 diabetes. It explains that oral medications can supplement insulin production in type 2 diabetics but not treat type 1 diabetics who cannot produce insulin. The document provides a history of oral medications including sulfonylureas discovered in 1942 and reviews classes of oral medications like biguanides, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and more. Each class is described with examples of medications and their normal dosages.
This document discusses oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs), which are drugs taken orally to lower blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes. It describes two main types of diabetes and explains how OHAs work to increase insulin secretion, sensitivity, and decrease glucose absorption. The document classifies OHAs and discusses specific drug classes like sulfonylureas including first generation drugs like tolbutamide and second generation drugs like glipizide. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications and side effects of various OHAs.
In this PPTs you will get in depth information about insulin and the first class of oral hypoglycemic agents , Sulfonylurea.
useful for GPAT and Third Year B.Pharm students.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including the main types, pathophysiology, investigations, management, and complications. It discusses that diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action. The main types are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 is caused by beta cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency, while type 2 involves insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Investigations include fasting blood sugar, post-prandial blood sugar, HbA1c, and lipid profile. Management involves diet, exercise, oral hypoglycemic medications, and insulin therapy. Chronic complications can impact the eyes, blood vessels, kidneys, nerves, skin, and bone.
This document discusses various aspects of diabetes and its treatment with insulin and other drugs. It provides details on:
1) The two main types of diabetes - Type 1 characterized by a lack of insulin production and Type 2 characterized by insulin resistance.
2) How insulin controls blood glucose levels via its effects on various tissues like liver, muscle and fat.
3) The different types of insulin preparations used in treatment ranging from short-acting to prolonged-acting insulins.
4) Other oral hypoglycemic drugs used to treat Type 2 diabetes like sulfonylureas and meglitinide analogs which work by stimulating insulin secretion.
This document discusses oral hypoglycemic toxicity from sulfonylureas. It notes that sulfonylureas are commonly prescribed to treat type 2 diabetes but can cause hypoglycemia from overdose. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include confusion, dizziness, and seizures. Treatment involves glucose administration via IV or glucagon injection. Patients may require glucose for hours to days depending on the drug and dose. Activated charcoal may help if ingestion was within an hour but has limited benefit for 1-2 tablet ingestions.
Type 2 diabetes is a growing epidemic in the UK, with prevalence expected to double over the next 20 years, costing the NHS 10% of its budget. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the pancreas can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for insulin resistance due to obesity. As the condition progresses and beta cell function deteriorates over time, patients typically require additional treatment such as oral medications or insulin therapy to manage blood sugar levels. Left untreated, type 2 diabetes can lead to serious macrovascular and microvascular complications. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and is gradually stepped up using oral medications and potentially insulin to control blood sugar and prevent complications.
This document provides an overview of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), including its pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, screening and diagnosis, management, and treatment. It discusses DM as characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and relative insulin deficiency. Risk factors include genetic susceptibility and environmental exposures. Symptoms result from hyperglycemia and long-term complications can include damage to blood vessels and nerves. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications, glucose monitoring, glycemic control through pharmacotherapy including various oral medications and insulin, and management of cardiovascular risk factors.
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease where the body does not properly respond to insulin, causing high blood sugar levels. Symptoms include blurred vision, fatigue, infections that heal slowly, increased appetite and thirst, and increased urination. It can be diagnosed through blood tests measuring fasting blood sugar and cholesterol levels, and risks include obesity, family history, inactivity, and an unhealthy diet. Treatment focuses on insulin medication as needed, weight control, exercise, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle and diet.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus and its treatment. It describes the four main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and other causes. It discusses the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of the different types. The document also describes various insulin preparations including rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulins. It discusses oral hypoglycemic agents that increase insulin secretion like sulfonylureas.
Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic drugs that enhance insulin secretion from the pancreas. They work by blocking ATP-sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells, which leads to insulin release. Common side effects include hypoglycemia and weight gain. Examples include glibenclamide, glipizide, and glimepiride. Choice of sulfonylurea depends on factors like duration of action, renal function, and patient age. They are generally effective treatments for type 2 diabetes but require caution in elderly patients or those with kidney/liver problems.
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Insects Pest and diseases a report by Allah Dad...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document discusses insects, diseases, and integrated pest management practices for medicinal and aromatic plants. It describes common pests like aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers that attack medicinal plants. It also discusses diseases like fusarium wilt and powdery mildew. The document recommends cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical control methods as part of an integrated pest management approach. This includes practices like intercropping, handpicking pests, using beneficial insects or oils/soaps, and following good agricultural practices.
The document discusses the Datura plant, which belongs to the Solanaceae family. It grows in warmer parts of the world and contains alkaloids like hyoscine, hyoscyamine, and atropine. In small doses, it has medicinal uses, but in large doses it is poisonous. The document describes the physical effects of Datura poisoning and provides methods to identify fragments of Datura seeds from vomit or stomach samples using microscopic examination, chemical tests like the Vitali test, and chromatography techniques like paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography.
This document discusses diabetes, including its types and treatments. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 is usually diagnosed in childhood and requires daily insulin injections. Type 2 is the most common type and usually occurs in adulthood, though cases are increasing in younger people. It occurs when the body cannot properly respond to insulin. Gestational diabetes involves high blood sugar during pregnancy. Prediabetes refers to blood sugar levels that are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. Alternative treatments discussed include chromium, magnesium, and various plant foods like broccoli and the herb Gymnema Sylvestre.
MUMBAI UNIVERSITY SEMINAR on potential anti-diabetic herbal drugsDRx.Yogesh Chaudhari
This document discusses diabetes and herbal treatments for it. It begins by defining diabetes as a metabolic disorder caused by pancreatic beta cell dysfunction leading to insulin deficiency or resistance. It describes the two main types and their characteristics. Several herbal plants traditionally used to treat diabetes are then discussed in more detail, including their parts used, active chemical constituents, mechanisms of action, and other medicinal properties. These include Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia, Allium sativum, Ocimum sanctum, Trigonella foenum-graecum, and Tinospora cordifolia.
This document summarizes a lecture on pharmacology of antidiabetic drugs. It begins with an introduction to diabetes mellitus and its classification into four main types: type 1 characterized by insulin deficiency; type 2 characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency; type 3 characterized by other specific causes; and type 4 or gestational diabetes. It then discusses the mechanisms and pharmacokinetics of various classes of antidiabetic drugs including insulin, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and incretin mimetics. Adverse effects including hypoglycemia are also summarized.
This document summarizes type 2 diabetes, including its pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, management goals, and treatment approaches. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion. Diagnosis is based on elevated blood glucose levels. Treatment goals are to reduce risks of microvascular and macrovascular complications through control of glycemia, blood pressure, lipids, and other factors. Common drug treatments include metformin, sulfonylureas, and other classes that work to lower blood glucose levels by various mechanisms. Lifestyle modifications and ongoing monitoring are also important for management.
This document discusses biguanides and thiazolidinediones as oral hypoglycemic drugs. It describes metformin as the main biguanide currently used, noting its mechanism of action involves suppressing glucose production in the liver and enhancing glucose disposal in muscles. Pioglitazone is the only available thiazolidinedione, which works by enhancing insulin sensitivity. Potential side effects and appropriate uses are provided for both classes. Acarbose is also summarized as an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor that reduces glucose absorption from the gut. Clinical uses of glucagon for treating hypoglycemia are briefly mentioned.
Oral hypoglycemic agents with complicationschotatalha
The document summarizes information about diabetes mellitus and oral hypoglycemic agents. It defines diabetes as a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels according to WHO. It then provides global facts about the rising prevalence of diabetes. It describes the main types of diabetes - type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes - and their causes. It discusses the signs, complications and diagnostic criteria for diabetes. Finally, it describes various classes of oral hypoglycemic agents used to treat diabetes, including their mechanisms of action, efficacy, adverse effects and contraindications.
Active constituent of drugs used in diabetic therapyAkshay Kank
In this slide the active constituents which is isolated from herbal sources used for to treat the type 1 and type 2 diabetes is covered. 'Gymnema' and 'swerita chirata' herbal plant is also covered in the slide.This work help in to focus the herbal emphasis on diabetes.
This document discusses oral diabetic medications for treating type 2 diabetes. It explains that oral medications can supplement insulin production in type 2 diabetics but not treat type 1 diabetics who cannot produce insulin. The document provides a history of oral medications including sulfonylureas discovered in 1942 and reviews classes of oral medications like biguanides, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and more. Each class is described with examples of medications and their normal dosages.
This document discusses oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs), which are drugs taken orally to lower blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes. It describes two main types of diabetes and explains how OHAs work to increase insulin secretion, sensitivity, and decrease glucose absorption. The document classifies OHAs and discusses specific drug classes like sulfonylureas including first generation drugs like tolbutamide and second generation drugs like glipizide. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications and side effects of various OHAs.
In this PPTs you will get in depth information about insulin and the first class of oral hypoglycemic agents , Sulfonylurea.
useful for GPAT and Third Year B.Pharm students.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including the main types, pathophysiology, investigations, management, and complications. It discusses that diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action. The main types are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 is caused by beta cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency, while type 2 involves insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Investigations include fasting blood sugar, post-prandial blood sugar, HbA1c, and lipid profile. Management involves diet, exercise, oral hypoglycemic medications, and insulin therapy. Chronic complications can impact the eyes, blood vessels, kidneys, nerves, skin, and bone.
This document discusses various aspects of diabetes and its treatment with insulin and other drugs. It provides details on:
1) The two main types of diabetes - Type 1 characterized by a lack of insulin production and Type 2 characterized by insulin resistance.
2) How insulin controls blood glucose levels via its effects on various tissues like liver, muscle and fat.
3) The different types of insulin preparations used in treatment ranging from short-acting to prolonged-acting insulins.
4) Other oral hypoglycemic drugs used to treat Type 2 diabetes like sulfonylureas and meglitinide analogs which work by stimulating insulin secretion.
This document discusses oral hypoglycemic toxicity from sulfonylureas. It notes that sulfonylureas are commonly prescribed to treat type 2 diabetes but can cause hypoglycemia from overdose. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include confusion, dizziness, and seizures. Treatment involves glucose administration via IV or glucagon injection. Patients may require glucose for hours to days depending on the drug and dose. Activated charcoal may help if ingestion was within an hour but has limited benefit for 1-2 tablet ingestions.
Type 2 diabetes is a growing epidemic in the UK, with prevalence expected to double over the next 20 years, costing the NHS 10% of its budget. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the pancreas can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for insulin resistance due to obesity. As the condition progresses and beta cell function deteriorates over time, patients typically require additional treatment such as oral medications or insulin therapy to manage blood sugar levels. Left untreated, type 2 diabetes can lead to serious macrovascular and microvascular complications. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and is gradually stepped up using oral medications and potentially insulin to control blood sugar and prevent complications.
This document provides an overview of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), including its pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, screening and diagnosis, management, and treatment. It discusses DM as characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and relative insulin deficiency. Risk factors include genetic susceptibility and environmental exposures. Symptoms result from hyperglycemia and long-term complications can include damage to blood vessels and nerves. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications, glucose monitoring, glycemic control through pharmacotherapy including various oral medications and insulin, and management of cardiovascular risk factors.
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease where the body does not properly respond to insulin, causing high blood sugar levels. Symptoms include blurred vision, fatigue, infections that heal slowly, increased appetite and thirst, and increased urination. It can be diagnosed through blood tests measuring fasting blood sugar and cholesterol levels, and risks include obesity, family history, inactivity, and an unhealthy diet. Treatment focuses on insulin medication as needed, weight control, exercise, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle and diet.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus and its treatment. It describes the four main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and other causes. It discusses the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of the different types. The document also describes various insulin preparations including rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulins. It discusses oral hypoglycemic agents that increase insulin secretion like sulfonylureas.
Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic drugs that enhance insulin secretion from the pancreas. They work by blocking ATP-sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells, which leads to insulin release. Common side effects include hypoglycemia and weight gain. Examples include glibenclamide, glipizide, and glimepiride. Choice of sulfonylurea depends on factors like duration of action, renal function, and patient age. They are generally effective treatments for type 2 diabetes but require caution in elderly patients or those with kidney/liver problems.
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Insects Pest and diseases a report by Allah Dad...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document discusses insects, diseases, and integrated pest management practices for medicinal and aromatic plants. It describes common pests like aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers that attack medicinal plants. It also discusses diseases like fusarium wilt and powdery mildew. The document recommends cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical control methods as part of an integrated pest management approach. This includes practices like intercropping, handpicking pests, using beneficial insects or oils/soaps, and following good agricultural practices.
The document discusses the Datura plant, which belongs to the Solanaceae family. It grows in warmer parts of the world and contains alkaloids like hyoscine, hyoscyamine, and atropine. In small doses, it has medicinal uses, but in large doses it is poisonous. The document describes the physical effects of Datura poisoning and provides methods to identify fragments of Datura seeds from vomit or stomach samples using microscopic examination, chemical tests like the Vitali test, and chromatography techniques like paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography.
Digitális történetmesélés és kiterjesztett valóság – újszerű lehetőségek az i...Balázs Czékmán
A mobil eszközök térnyerése számos új lehetőségeket teremt a nyelvoktatás számára is. A MALL (Mobile Assisted Language Learning) egyre népszerűbb mind a nyelvoktatók, mind a tanulók körében. A hagyományos IKT-alapú módszerek mellett újszerű módszereket is használhatnak a tanárok a mindenhol elérhető mobileszközök (okostelefonok, táblagépek és notebook-ok) és internet-hozzáférésnek köszönhetően.
A digitális történetmesélés nem csupán a digitális kompetenciafejlesztés miatt tekinthető hatékony módszernek, hanem számos további kompetencia fejlesztését is támogatja. Castañeda és Rojas-Miesse (2016) szerint a digitális történetmesélés alkalmazása az idegennyelv oktatásban lehetőséget teremt a tanulók számára az írásos önkifejezésre, az idegen nyelven történő projekt munkára, és a valós, életszerű szituációkban történő fejlődésre. Ribeiro (2015) megállapítja, hogy a digitális történetmesélés egy olyan integrált megközelítést biztosít, amely a nyelvtanulás négy alapvető összetevőjét (szövegértés, szövegalkotás, hallás utáni értés és beszéd) egyaránt mozgósítani képes a tevékenység folyamat során.
A kiterjesztett valóság, mint a mobil eszközök elterjedésével hozzáférhetővé vált új technológia, nagy motiváló erővel bír a tanulók részére, és jól kiegészíti a digitális történetmesélés lehetőségeit. Fontos kiemelnünk, hogy a konstruktív pedagógiai elvek alapján nem a tartalomfogyasztást, hanem a tartalom készítését tartjuk elsődlegesnek ezen esetekben (lásd módosított Bloom-taxonómia magasabb rendű gondolkodási folyamatokat kívánó szintjei), amely a fentiekben már említett komplex kompetenciafejlesztésen kívül a tanulók közötti együttműködést és az elkészített tartalmak közreadását is lehetővé teszi.
Előadásunkban néhány gyakorlati példát, illetve folyamatban lévő projektet is bemutatunk a fentiek illusztrálására.
A 96-year-old African American female presented with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, confusion and double vision. She had been recently discharged from the hospital where digoxin was started for atrial fibrillation. Her digoxin level was elevated at 1.8 ng/mL. On examination, she was in pain, combative and confused. It was determined that her symptoms were due to digoxin toxicity from an elevated level. Her digoxin was stopped and levels monitored. Symptoms resolved as the level decreased to the therapeutic range. She was discharged once controlled.
This document discusses glycosides, which are organic natural compounds found in many plants and some animals. Glycosides are composed of a sugar (glycone) and non-sugar (aglycone) moiety linked together by a glycosidic linkage. The sugar is often glucose but can also be other sugars. Glycosides have therapeutic effects when the aglycone is released upon hydrolysis. The document further classifies and discusses the properties, extraction, uses and examples of various types of glycosides including saponins, liquorice roots, brahmi, dioscorea, ginseng, and sarsaparilla.
The document discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants. It notes that plants have historically been an important source of medicines and there is still much to be learned from studying plant compounds, as only a small percentage of plant species have been investigated. The document then provides definitions of alkaloids and discusses their physical and chemical properties, common tests used to detect them, where they are found in plants, methods of extraction, and more. It aims to give an overview of alkaloids found in plants and their significance.
This document provides information on various pharmacognostic drugs. It begins by outlining 52 objectives to be covered, which include bitter glycosides, marine toxins, phyotoxins, hormones/steroids, incense materials, and many other drug classes. It then delves into details on each objective, providing the botanical source, chemical constituents, uses, and microscopic and chemical characteristics of many important drugs. Key drugs discussed include clove, cardamom, licorice, picrorhiza, andrographis, and their volatile oils. Extensive chemical tests are also outlined for different drug classes.
This document provides information about carbohydrates including their history, occurrence, classification, isolation, properties, identification tests, pharmaceutical importance, and pharmacognostic study of individual carbohydrate-containing drugs. It discusses the various classes of carbohydrates such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Examples are provided for each class. The document also outlines methods for extracting different types of carbohydrates from plant materials and identifying carbohydrates using common chemical tests. The pharmaceutical uses and importance of some specific carbohydrates are highlighted. Individual drug monographs on pectin, guar gum, agar, acacia, honey, isapgol, and tragacanth are also included which detail
This document provides information on glycosides, including their structure, classification, and examples. It begins by defining a glycoside as an organic compound composed of a sugar portion linked to a non-sugar moiety. It then discusses different types of glycosides based on the atoms involved in the linkage and the sugar moiety. The document provides examples of several classes of glycosides and discusses their therapeutic activity. It includes sections focusing on specific glycosides including cardiac glycosides like digitalis, anthraquinone glycosides found in senna, rhubarb, and cascara, and provides details on the botanical source, active constituents, uses and more for each one.
The document discusses carbohydrates and provides details about their classification and properties. It begins by defining carbohydrates and noting they are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates are then classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of monosaccharide units they contain. Important monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose are highlighted. Common disaccharides and polysaccharides are also listed such as sucrose, lactose, starch, and cellulose. In closing, it emphasizes that polysaccharides serve important structural or energy storage functions in plants and animals.
This document provides information about alkaloids. It begins with definitions and classifications of alkaloids. It then discusses two specific alkaloids - ephedra and colchicum. For ephedra, it describes the plant source, chemical constituents including ephedrine, uses, and chemical tests. For colchicum, it provides the plant source, chemical constituents including colchicine, and geographical sources.
Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels due to either the body not producing enough insulin or cells not responding properly to insulin. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, causing insulin deficiency; type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and sometimes reduced insulin secretion, often associated with obesity and genetic factors. Common symptoms of diabetes include excessive thirst, hunger, fatigue, and frequent urination. Long-term complications can include damage to various organs systems like the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves.
Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Types of Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1, 2 and
gestational diabetes
rescent research in Type 1 diabetes
Risk factors and causes
Complications short term and long term of diabetes
Management
Treatment with Insulin
Diabetic drugs
Healthy Diet
Exercises prescription
aerobic exercises,
resistance exercises and
flexibility
The document discusses the pancreas and its role in producing hormones that regulate blood sugar levels. It describes the types of diabetes and lists the main hormones involved - insulin and glucagon. Insulin is produced by beta cells in the pancreas and works to lower blood sugar levels by stimulating glucose uptake and storage. Glucagon is produced by alpha cells and has the opposite effect of insulin, raising blood sugar levels. The document provides details on the discovery of insulin as a treatment for diabetes and discusses oral medications and their mechanisms of action and side effects. It also outlines the purposes, symptoms, and management of hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis.
This document provides an introduction and overview of in vitro and in vivo models used for antidiabetic activity. It begins with defining diabetes mellitus and the roles of insulin and the pancreas. It then discusses types of diabetes (type 1 and type 2), mechanisms of insulin action and adverse effects. Animal models of induced diabetes are described using alloxan, streptozotocin and dithizone. In vitro models for evaluating antidiabetic activity are also summarized, including tissue and cell culture systems to study mechanisms and toxicities.
This document discusses antidiabetic drugs used to treat diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting from inadequate insulin production or utilization. The two main types of diabetes, type 1 and type 2, are described. Type 1 is an autoimmune disorder destroying pancreatic beta cells, while type 2 involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Common antidiabetic drug classes discussed include insulin, sulfonylureas, biguanides, glitazones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and meglitinides. Specific medications within each class are named and their mechanisms of action and side effects are summarized. Complications of uncontrolled diabetes like diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus. It begins with objectives of reviewing the anatomy of the pancreas and classifications, signs, and treatments of diabetes. It then covers the anatomy of the pancreas and classifications of diabetes types I and II. Key differences and clinical manifestations are described for each type. Complications are identified including cardiovascular, renal, and neurological issues. The document concludes with nursing diagnoses and interventions for managing diabetes.
This document discusses antidiabetic drugs used to treat diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting from inadequate insulin production or utilization. The two main types of diabetes, type 1 and type 2, are described. Type 1 is an autoimmune disorder destroying pancreatic beta cells, while type 2 involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Common antidiabetic drug classes discussed include insulin, sulfonylureas, biguanides, glitazones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and meglitinides. Specific medications within each class are named and their mechanisms of action and side effects are summarized. Complications of uncontrolled diabetes like diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar
This document provides information on antidiabetic drugs used to treat diabetes mellitus. It describes the two main types of diabetes, type 1 resulting from autoimmune destruction of beta cells and type 2 characterized by insulin resistance. Insulin and other hypoglycemic drugs are discussed, including rapid, short, intermediate and long-acting insulins as well as oral medications like sulfonylureas, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, biguanides, and glitazones. Age-related considerations and potential side effects are also reviewed.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus. It begins by defining type 2 diabetes and noting its increasing prevalence globally and in India. It then discusses the history and terminology of diabetes. The document outlines the anatomy and function of the pancreas and hormones insulin and glucagon. It describes the classification, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of diabetes through medical nutrition therapy, oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin.
Includes Information about Pharmacotherapeutic of Diabetes Mellitus, all details about etiology, Pathophysiology, pharmacology, treatment, current clinical trials on DM etc.
There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes results from a lack of insulin production and requires lifelong insulin treatment. Type 2 diabetes accounts for around 75% of diabetes cases and involves insufficient insulin production or resistance. Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy. Diabetes occurs when the body cannot properly use or produce insulin to regulate blood glucose levels, leading to symptoms like increased thirst, hunger, and urination. Treatment involves diet, exercise, oral medications, and sometimes insulin injections.
1) There are several classes of anti-diabetic drugs that treat diabetes mellitus by lowering blood glucose levels, including insulin secretagogues, insulin sensitizers, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and DPP-4 inhibitors.
2) Insulin secretagogues like sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release from the pancreas. Insulin sensitizers like biguanides and thiazolidinediones improve target cell response to insulin without increasing secretion.
3) Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors prevent carbohydrate digestion and absorption, reducing post-meal blood sugar spikes. DPP-4 inhibitors prolong incretin hormone activity, increasing insulin release and reducing glucagon levels in response to meals.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus and related conditions. It begins by defining diabetes mellitus as a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or insulin action. The document then discusses the signs and symptoms of diabetes, including increased urination, thirst, weight loss, and high blood sugar. It describes the causes of diabetes, types of diabetes (type 1 and type 2), and related conditions like hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia. Treatment options are provided for managing blood sugar levels and symptoms.
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels due to either insufficient insulin production or resistance. There are three main types - Type 1 is an autoimmune disease destroying insulin-producing cells; Type 2 is most common caused by lifestyle factors impairing insulin function; Gestational occurs during pregnancy. Symptoms vary but include excessive thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, hunger and blurred vision. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medication, blood sugar monitoring and medical care to manage the condition long-term.
Diabetes mellitus is caused by the pancreas's inability to produce insulin or use it effectively, resulting in high blood sugar. It is classified into type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. The main symptoms are excessive thirst, urination, and hunger. Risk factors include genetics, obesity, and lifestyle factors. Treatment involves patient education, pharmacological interventions like insulin, oral medications, and managing complications which can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels if not controlled.
Screening Models for Anti-Diabetic Drugs.Nisar Ali
in this slide, You will get to know about different screening Invivo and Invitro models used for screening of Anti-Diabetic drugs used in Pharmacology.
McDonald's mission is to be its customers' favorite place and way to eat and drink. Its global strategy focuses on exceptional customer experience. It is committed to continuously improving operations and customer experience. McDonald's sees its competitive advantages as affordable prices, adherence to the fast food format, universal taste, and its large real estate holdings. It conducts segmentation, targeting and positioning as part of its marketing strategy.
This document provides an agenda for a presentation on Janssen (a division of Johnson & Johnson). The agenda includes an introduction to J&J, Janssen's organizational structure and divisional model, their vision, mission, strategy and goals, sustainability approach, an example product (Balversa), work culture, SWOT analysis, and financial statements and ratios. Key points covered are Janssen's focus on access to affordable medicines, developing innovative products, and their Earthwards sustainability program.
Lehman Brothers and the subprime crisis.pptxMarina Ibrahim
Lehman Brothers was a major global investment bank that filed for bankruptcy in 2008 during the subprime mortgage crisis. It originated from a general store in Alabama in the mid-1800s and grew to become one of the largest investment banks in the world. However, its downfall was precipitated by the subprime mortgage crisis after it invested heavily in mortgage-backed securities and collateralized debt obligations composed of risky subprime loans. As borrowers began defaulting on these risky loans in large numbers, the value of these investments plunged, severely damaging Lehman Brothers' business and ultimately causing it to collapse.
Implementation of Artificial Intelligence Health Technologies & HTA.pptxMarina Ibrahim
This document discusses the implementation of artificial intelligence health technologies and health technology assessment. It defines AI and HTA, describes how AI can help address some HTA challenges and outlines five dimensions to consider for AI health technologies. Applications of AI in healthcare are explained and the technological, clinical, human, professional, economic, and ethical challenges of AI are outlined. The benefits and limitations of AI are also summarized. A case study on an AI-based decision support system for multiple sclerosis is presented and the document concludes that evaluations of AI must address its role in transforming health systems.
E-ciggarettes & work productivity- research.pptxMarina Ibrahim
E-cigarette use in the workplace can negatively impact productivity and employee health. A survey found that the majority of employees see colleagues vaping at work, and most feel bothered by it. While vaping may be used to quit smoking, exposure to secondhand vaping in the workplace encourages tobacco use and relapse. Regulations are needed to restrict vaping in offices to protect employees and support quitting efforts. Employers should implement tobacco-free policies and provide resources to address this workplace issue.
Senior managers play an important but indirect role in developing strategy as everyday decisions by divisional, middle, and operational managers determine how resources are allocated and opportunities are pursued. These managers have dispersed knowledge, power, and perspectives that shape strategy in a bottom-up fashion. For strategy to be coherent, senior leaders must understand how decisions are made throughout the organization and intervene when necessary to ensure resource allocation aligns with strategic objectives.
Cost Effective measures that can be used to restrain the rising incidence of ...Marina Ibrahim
Cost effective management requires implementing effective strategies while balancing resources and demands. In Egypt, chronic diseases cause 70% of deaths, including hepatitis C (HCV) which affected 7% of adults in 2015. Egypt launched an aggressive HCV screening and treatment program from 2014-2021. Each successive wave reduced costs while improving health outcomes and cost effectiveness. Wave 3 using the WHO-qualified test was most cost effective. Country-wide HCV elimination programs can improve health and reduce economic burden, showing the potential for worldwide scalability of similar programs.
This document discusses the key features of transformative business models. It analyzes 40 companies that launched new business models and identifies six common features among the most successful models. The six features are: (1) personalization, (2) closed-loop processes, (3) asset sharing, (4) usage-based pricing, (5) collaborative ecosystems, and (6) agile and adaptive organizations. The summary concludes that business models exhibiting three or more of these six features have the greatest potential to transform an industry.
- Cryptocurrency is digital currency that uses cryptography to secure transactions and control the creation of new units. Bitcoin was the first cryptocurrency, created in 2008 by an unknown person under the name Satoshi Nakamoto.
- Bitcoin uses blockchain technology to achieve a decentralized consensus on transactions without a central authority. Miners verify transactions and are rewarded with new bitcoins for solving complex math problems. This process, called proof-of-work, secures the network against fraud.
- While Bitcoin has no intrinsic value, its price has risen dramatically since inception due to speculation. However, Bitcoin remains highly volatile and its long-term value is uncertain since it is not backed by any government or central bank.
This document provides an overview and comparison of pharmaceutical companies Hoffman La Roche, Janssen, and Novartis. It begins with an introduction to Roche, including its founding, size, ownership, and subsidiaries. It then discusses Roche's board of directors and corporate governance practices. The document outlines Roche's business model, focusing on elements like personalization, partnerships, and revenue sources. It also summarizes Janssen's profile as a Johnson & Johnson subsidiary and highlights elements of its business model and demand planning practices. Key financial and SWOT analyses are presented for Roche.
Analysis of Manufacturing Costs in Pharmaceutical Companies.pptxMarina Ibrahim
This document defines key financial terms used in the pharmaceutical industry such as sales, cost of goods sold, research and development expenses, selling and administrative expenses, taxes, depreciation, and operating income. It then describes the methods and selected companies used in an analysis of manufacturing costs in brand-name, generic, and biotech pharmaceutical companies. Key observations from the analysis include that generics have the highest cost of goods sold percentage while biotechs have the lowest, and that brand-name companies increased research and development expenditures as cost of goods sold decreased.
Word-of-mouth marketing (WOMM) is when customers share their experiences and opinions about a company's products and services with others. It is a free and effective form of advertising. Netflix is an example of a company that utilizes WOMM through personal recommendations on social media. To encourage positive WOMM, companies should focus on exceeding customer expectations and providing opportunities for customer engagement. Monitoring both customer lifetime value and customer referral value can help companies optimize their WOMM strategy.
The Hawthorne Studies conducted experiments at Western Electric Company in Chicago from 1924-1932 to understand how human behavior affects productivity. The studies found that productivity increased with any changes made, including increased lighting or shorter hours, due to the attention paid to workers rather than the changes themselves. Later experiments confirmed social bonds between workers and feeling valued by management positively impacted productivity more than financial incentives alone. The studies established that social and psychological factors are more important for motivation than physical working conditions.
Definition of the word DRUG & introduction to our YouTube channel 'About Drugs'
To watch the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8h-C4gDaZ0&feature=youtu.be
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
3. *A group of metabolic diseases in which a
person has high blood sugar, either because
the pancreas does not produce enough insulin,
or because cells do not respond to the insulin
that is produced.
*This high blood sugar produces the classical
symptoms of polyuria (frequent urination),
polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia
(increased hunger).
Marina Adel Ibrahim
4. Type 1 DM Type 2 DM
*results from the
body's failure to
produce insulin, and
currently requires the
person to inject insulin.
*results from insulin
resistance, a condition
in which cells fail to
use insulin properly,
sometimes combined
with an absolute
insulin deficiency.
Marina Adel Ibrahim
5. *Many of the signs of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are similar. In both,
there is too much glucose in the blood and not enough in the body
cells.
For type 1Common
Signs
For type 2
Marina Adel Ibrahim
7. Common Signs and Symptoms:
*Fatigue, constantly tired: Body is inefficient and unable to
use glucose for fuel.
*Unexplained weight loss: People are unable to process
many of the calories in the food.
*Excessive urination (polyuria): Body tries to get rid of the
extra sugar in the blood by excreting it in the urine.
*Excessive thirst (polydipsia): Excess urine as the kidney
spills the excess sugar. body tries to counteract this by
sending a signal to the brain to dilute the blood, translated
into thirst.
*Excessive eating (polyphagia): If the body is able, it will
secrete more insulin in order to try to manage the
excessive blood sugar levels and higher insulin levels lead
to increased hunger.
*Blurred vision: Frequently present with high blood sugar
levels.
Signs
Marina Adel Ibrahim
8. Common Signs and Symptoms:
*Poor wound healing: High blood sugar levels prevent white
blood cells from defending the body against bacteria and
also in cleaning up dead tissue and cells, from functioning
normally. When these cells do not function properly,
wounds take much longer to heal and become infected
more frequently.
*Infections: Certain infections, such as frequent yeast
infections of the genitals, skin infections, and frequent
urinary tract infections, may result from suppression of
the immune system by diabetes and by the presence of
glucose in the tissues, which allows bacteria to grow.
*Altered mental status: Agitation, unexplained irritability,
inattention, extreme lethargy, or confusion can all be signs
of very high blood sugar.
Signs
Marina Adel Ibrahim
9. Symptoms of Type1 DM:
*Symptoms of type 1 diabetes: are often dramatic and
come on very suddenly.
*Type 1 diabetes is usually recognized in childhood or early
adolescence: Often in association with an illness (such as a
virus or urinary tract infection) or injury.
*The extra stress can cause diabetic ketoacidosis:
Symptoms of ketoacidosis include nausea and vomiting.
Dehydration and often-serious disturbances in blood
levels of potassium follow.
Without treatment, ketoacidosis can lead to coma and
death.
Signs
Marina Adel Ibrahim
10. Symptoms of Type2 DM:
*Symptoms of type 2 diabetes: are often subtle and may be
attributed to aging or obesity.
*A person may have type 2 diabetes for many years
without knowing it: People with type 2 diabetes can
develop hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome.
*Type 2 diabetes can be precipitated by steroids and stress:
If not properly treated, type 2 diabetes can lead to
complications such as blindness, kidney failure, heart
disease, and nerve damage.
Signs
Marina Adel Ibrahim
12. Marina Adel Ibrahim
*There has been marked interest in recent
years in the use of plants for the treatment of
diabetes.
*More than 400 traditional plant treatments
for diabetes mellitus have been recorded, but
only a small number of these have received
scientific and medical evaluation to assess
their efficacy.
14. Marina Adel Ibrahim
Origin:
The dried park of Cinnamomum cassia Family Lauraceae.
Active Constituents and Action:
*In most cases Type 2 diabetics make enough insulin, it is just not
able to do it's job of shepherding the glucose into the cells properly.
*Cinnamomum cassia 's claim to fame is that it makes the cells more
receptive to the available insulin (decreases insulin resistance).
*Cinnamomum cassia is what is known as an insulin mimetic - in
other words a substance that affects the cells in the same way as
insulin itself, activating the insulin receptors. So the two substances
work together to get glucose taken up by the cells.
*The active ingredient in Cinnamomum cassia was at first thought to
be MHCP but in 2004 Dr Anderson stated that that was incorrect and
the real ingredient causing the changes was the water soluble
polyphenol type-A polymer.
16. Marina Adel Ibrahim
Origin:
The Rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Family Zingiberaceae.
Active Constituents and Action:
*In type 2 diabetic patients, the capacity of skeletal muscle to
uptake glucose is markedly reduced due to impaired insulin signal
transduction and inefficiency of the GLUT4.
*Gingerols (particularly the [6]- and [8]-gingerols) can increase
glucose uptake by increasing the surface distribution of the protein
GLUT4. When the protein localizes on the surface of muscle cells it
allows transport of glucose into cells.
18. Marina Adel Ibrahim
Origin:
The ripe seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum Family Fabaceae.
Active Constituents and Action:
*4-hydroxyisoleucine, isolated from the seeds of the herb, has
shown significant potential as an anti-diabetic agent because it
suppressed progression of type 2 diabetes
in mice by improving insulin sensitivity and uptake of glucose.
*Saponin compounds namely diosgenin and yamogenin.
*Alkaloids consisting mainly of trigonelline.
*Fenugreek contains fiber and pectin, 55 percent soluble fiber. This
gel-forming fiber absorbs water as it passes through the gut and
swells up, binding with the food. It delays gastric emptying, slows
down carbohydrate absorption and inhibits glucose transport.
*Some research also indicates that fenugreek seed may be helpful in
preventing complications of diabetes, including eye disease such as
retinopathy, when used alone or along with sodium orthovandate.
20. Marina Adel Ibrahim
Origin:
The fruits of Momordica charantia Family Cucurbitaceae.
Active Constituents and Action:
*It has charantin, which has hypoglycemic effect.
*Bitter melon has been found to increase insulin sensitivity.
*Other compounds in bitter melon have been found to activate the
AMPK, the protein that regulates glucose uptake (a process which is
impaired in diabetics).
*Bitter melon also contains a lectin that has insulin-like activity due
to its nonprotein-specific linking together to insulin receptors. This
lectin lowers blood glucose concentrations by acting on peripheral
tissues and, similar to insulin's effects in the brain, suppressing
appetite. This lectin is likely a major contributor to the hypoglycemic
effect that develops after eating bitter melon.
22. Marina Adel Ibrahim
Origin:
The flowers of Catharanthus roseus L. Fam. Apocyanaceae.
Active Constituents and Action:
* Alkaloid : vincristine & vinblastine.
* Acts as an insulin substitute and has 55 active alkaloids. the
antihyperglycemic effect of this plant appears to be at least in part,
due to extra pancreatic activity, including increased glucose
utilization by the liver and muscle (glycolysis), enhanced glucose
oxidation through shunt pathway, via activation of G6PDH, and
decreased glucose production by depression of glycogenolytic
enzyme.
24. Marina Adel Ibrahim
Origin:
Allium sativum Linn. Fam. Alliaceae.
Active Constituents and Action:
* Contains at least 33 sulfur compounds like aliin,allicin .
*Decreases the concentration of serum lipids, blood glucose and
activities of serum enzymes like alkaline phosphatase ,acid
phosphatase, lactase dehydrogenase and liver Glucose-6
phosphate.
26. Marina Adel Ibrahim
Origin:
Extracted gum of Acacia arabica Fam. Fabaceae.
Active Constituents and Action:
* Flavonoids, sterols, triterpenoids, alkaloids , rich in linoleic
acid, oleic acid , hydroxy fatty acids, gallic acid, catechin.
* It acts through release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells.
27. Marina Adel Ibrahim
*Wikipedia
*Plants and their active constituents-Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy.
*Natural medicines from plant source used for therapy of diabetes
mellitus: An overview of its pharmacological aspects - Asian Pacific
Journal of Tropical Disease.