Drug and gene delivery vehicles are biocompatible devices that can carry therapeutic components in the body. Synthetic vehicles include block copolymers, liposomes, dendrimers, and magnetic nanoparticles. Block copolymers form micelles with hydrophobic cores that can encapsulate drugs. Liposomes are phospholipid vesicles that can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Dendrimers are nanoscale polymers that can be functionalized to target drugs. Magnetic nanoparticles can be used for drug delivery, hyperthermia cancer treatment, and as MRI contrast agents. These vehicles aim to improve drug bioavailability and targeting while decreasing toxicity.
Liposomes are microscopic phospholipid bubbles with a bilayered membrane structure that can be used to deliver drugs. Developments over the past 50 years have led to their use in clinical applications. Modifications like PEG coating and attaching ligands allow for long-circulating liposomes and targeted delivery to specific cells. New ligands under investigation include antibodies, folate, transferrin, and growth factors to target receptors overexpressed on tumor cells. pH-sensitive liposomes are also an area of focus to release drugs intracellularly.
Genes carry hereditary information and encode proteins. Gene therapy aims to treat diseases by correcting defective genes through various approaches like inserting a normal gene or repairing an abnormal gene. Early research in the 1980s involved inserting human genes into bacteria. The first human gene therapy treated a girl for SCID in 1990 by inserting a normal gene into her white blood cells. Viral vectors like retroviruses and adenoviruses as well as non-viral methods can deliver genes, but all methods face challenges like short-lived effects, immune responses, and difficulties treating multi-gene disorders and diseases. While progress has been made, setbacks include a death in 1999 from an immune response and some children developing cancer from viral vectors.
Liposomes are spherical vesicles made of phospholipid bilayers that can encapsulate hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs. They range in size from 25nm to 5000nm. This document discusses the structure of liposomes and their components, including phospholipids and cholesterol. Various preparation methods are described, such as lipid film hydration, ethanol injection, and detergent removal. Liposomes offer advantages for drug delivery, such as the ability to encapsulate different drug types and provide controlled release. They can be classified based on structure, method of preparation, composition, and specialty type.
This document provides an overview of liposomes. It begins with an introduction describing liposomes as concentric bilayer vesicles composed mainly of phospholipids and cholesterol. It then covers the mechanism of liposome formation, classifications, biological fate, preparation methods, characterization techniques, advantages and disadvantages, and applications. Preparation methods discussed include physical dispersion, solvent dispersion, detergent solubilization, and various size reduction/increase techniques. Characterization includes assessing size, shape, lamellarity, surface charge, drug release, and encapsulation efficiency using tools like microscopy, NMR, and chromatography.
McDonald's mission is to be its customers' favorite place and way to eat and drink. Its global strategy focuses on exceptional customer experience. It is committed to continuously improving operations and customer experience. McDonald's sees its competitive advantages as affordable prices, adherence to the fast food format, universal taste, and its large real estate holdings. It conducts segmentation, targeting and positioning as part of its marketing strategy.
This document provides an agenda for a presentation on Janssen (a division of Johnson & Johnson). The agenda includes an introduction to J&J, Janssen's organizational structure and divisional model, their vision, mission, strategy and goals, sustainability approach, an example product (Balversa), work culture, SWOT analysis, and financial statements and ratios. Key points covered are Janssen's focus on access to affordable medicines, developing innovative products, and their Earthwards sustainability program.
Lehman Brothers and the subprime crisis.pptxMarina Ibrahim
Lehman Brothers was a major global investment bank that filed for bankruptcy in 2008 during the subprime mortgage crisis. It originated from a general store in Alabama in the mid-1800s and grew to become one of the largest investment banks in the world. However, its downfall was precipitated by the subprime mortgage crisis after it invested heavily in mortgage-backed securities and collateralized debt obligations composed of risky subprime loans. As borrowers began defaulting on these risky loans in large numbers, the value of these investments plunged, severely damaging Lehman Brothers' business and ultimately causing it to collapse.
Drug and gene delivery vehicles are biocompatible devices that can carry therapeutic components in the body. Synthetic vehicles include block copolymers, liposomes, dendrimers, and magnetic nanoparticles. Block copolymers form micelles with hydrophobic cores that can encapsulate drugs. Liposomes are phospholipid vesicles that can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Dendrimers are nanoscale polymers that can be functionalized to target drugs. Magnetic nanoparticles can be used for drug delivery, hyperthermia cancer treatment, and as MRI contrast agents. These vehicles aim to improve drug bioavailability and targeting while decreasing toxicity.
Liposomes are microscopic phospholipid bubbles with a bilayered membrane structure that can be used to deliver drugs. Developments over the past 50 years have led to their use in clinical applications. Modifications like PEG coating and attaching ligands allow for long-circulating liposomes and targeted delivery to specific cells. New ligands under investigation include antibodies, folate, transferrin, and growth factors to target receptors overexpressed on tumor cells. pH-sensitive liposomes are also an area of focus to release drugs intracellularly.
Genes carry hereditary information and encode proteins. Gene therapy aims to treat diseases by correcting defective genes through various approaches like inserting a normal gene or repairing an abnormal gene. Early research in the 1980s involved inserting human genes into bacteria. The first human gene therapy treated a girl for SCID in 1990 by inserting a normal gene into her white blood cells. Viral vectors like retroviruses and adenoviruses as well as non-viral methods can deliver genes, but all methods face challenges like short-lived effects, immune responses, and difficulties treating multi-gene disorders and diseases. While progress has been made, setbacks include a death in 1999 from an immune response and some children developing cancer from viral vectors.
Liposomes are spherical vesicles made of phospholipid bilayers that can encapsulate hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs. They range in size from 25nm to 5000nm. This document discusses the structure of liposomes and their components, including phospholipids and cholesterol. Various preparation methods are described, such as lipid film hydration, ethanol injection, and detergent removal. Liposomes offer advantages for drug delivery, such as the ability to encapsulate different drug types and provide controlled release. They can be classified based on structure, method of preparation, composition, and specialty type.
This document provides an overview of liposomes. It begins with an introduction describing liposomes as concentric bilayer vesicles composed mainly of phospholipids and cholesterol. It then covers the mechanism of liposome formation, classifications, biological fate, preparation methods, characterization techniques, advantages and disadvantages, and applications. Preparation methods discussed include physical dispersion, solvent dispersion, detergent solubilization, and various size reduction/increase techniques. Characterization includes assessing size, shape, lamellarity, surface charge, drug release, and encapsulation efficiency using tools like microscopy, NMR, and chromatography.
McDonald's mission is to be its customers' favorite place and way to eat and drink. Its global strategy focuses on exceptional customer experience. It is committed to continuously improving operations and customer experience. McDonald's sees its competitive advantages as affordable prices, adherence to the fast food format, universal taste, and its large real estate holdings. It conducts segmentation, targeting and positioning as part of its marketing strategy.
This document provides an agenda for a presentation on Janssen (a division of Johnson & Johnson). The agenda includes an introduction to J&J, Janssen's organizational structure and divisional model, their vision, mission, strategy and goals, sustainability approach, an example product (Balversa), work culture, SWOT analysis, and financial statements and ratios. Key points covered are Janssen's focus on access to affordable medicines, developing innovative products, and their Earthwards sustainability program.
Lehman Brothers and the subprime crisis.pptxMarina Ibrahim
Lehman Brothers was a major global investment bank that filed for bankruptcy in 2008 during the subprime mortgage crisis. It originated from a general store in Alabama in the mid-1800s and grew to become one of the largest investment banks in the world. However, its downfall was precipitated by the subprime mortgage crisis after it invested heavily in mortgage-backed securities and collateralized debt obligations composed of risky subprime loans. As borrowers began defaulting on these risky loans in large numbers, the value of these investments plunged, severely damaging Lehman Brothers' business and ultimately causing it to collapse.
Implementation of Artificial Intelligence Health Technologies & HTA.pptxMarina Ibrahim
This document discusses the implementation of artificial intelligence health technologies and health technology assessment. It defines AI and HTA, describes how AI can help address some HTA challenges and outlines five dimensions to consider for AI health technologies. Applications of AI in healthcare are explained and the technological, clinical, human, professional, economic, and ethical challenges of AI are outlined. The benefits and limitations of AI are also summarized. A case study on an AI-based decision support system for multiple sclerosis is presented and the document concludes that evaluations of AI must address its role in transforming health systems.
E-ciggarettes & work productivity- research.pptxMarina Ibrahim
E-cigarette use in the workplace can negatively impact productivity and employee health. A survey found that the majority of employees see colleagues vaping at work, and most feel bothered by it. While vaping may be used to quit smoking, exposure to secondhand vaping in the workplace encourages tobacco use and relapse. Regulations are needed to restrict vaping in offices to protect employees and support quitting efforts. Employers should implement tobacco-free policies and provide resources to address this workplace issue.
Senior managers play an important but indirect role in developing strategy as everyday decisions by divisional, middle, and operational managers determine how resources are allocated and opportunities are pursued. These managers have dispersed knowledge, power, and perspectives that shape strategy in a bottom-up fashion. For strategy to be coherent, senior leaders must understand how decisions are made throughout the organization and intervene when necessary to ensure resource allocation aligns with strategic objectives.
Cost Effective measures that can be used to restrain the rising incidence of ...Marina Ibrahim
Cost effective management requires implementing effective strategies while balancing resources and demands. In Egypt, chronic diseases cause 70% of deaths, including hepatitis C (HCV) which affected 7% of adults in 2015. Egypt launched an aggressive HCV screening and treatment program from 2014-2021. Each successive wave reduced costs while improving health outcomes and cost effectiveness. Wave 3 using the WHO-qualified test was most cost effective. Country-wide HCV elimination programs can improve health and reduce economic burden, showing the potential for worldwide scalability of similar programs.
This document discusses the key features of transformative business models. It analyzes 40 companies that launched new business models and identifies six common features among the most successful models. The six features are: (1) personalization, (2) closed-loop processes, (3) asset sharing, (4) usage-based pricing, (5) collaborative ecosystems, and (6) agile and adaptive organizations. The summary concludes that business models exhibiting three or more of these six features have the greatest potential to transform an industry.
- Cryptocurrency is digital currency that uses cryptography to secure transactions and control the creation of new units. Bitcoin was the first cryptocurrency, created in 2008 by an unknown person under the name Satoshi Nakamoto.
- Bitcoin uses blockchain technology to achieve a decentralized consensus on transactions without a central authority. Miners verify transactions and are rewarded with new bitcoins for solving complex math problems. This process, called proof-of-work, secures the network against fraud.
- While Bitcoin has no intrinsic value, its price has risen dramatically since inception due to speculation. However, Bitcoin remains highly volatile and its long-term value is uncertain since it is not backed by any government or central bank.
This document provides an overview and comparison of pharmaceutical companies Hoffman La Roche, Janssen, and Novartis. It begins with an introduction to Roche, including its founding, size, ownership, and subsidiaries. It then discusses Roche's board of directors and corporate governance practices. The document outlines Roche's business model, focusing on elements like personalization, partnerships, and revenue sources. It also summarizes Janssen's profile as a Johnson & Johnson subsidiary and highlights elements of its business model and demand planning practices. Key financial and SWOT analyses are presented for Roche.
Analysis of Manufacturing Costs in Pharmaceutical Companies.pptxMarina Ibrahim
This document defines key financial terms used in the pharmaceutical industry such as sales, cost of goods sold, research and development expenses, selling and administrative expenses, taxes, depreciation, and operating income. It then describes the methods and selected companies used in an analysis of manufacturing costs in brand-name, generic, and biotech pharmaceutical companies. Key observations from the analysis include that generics have the highest cost of goods sold percentage while biotechs have the lowest, and that brand-name companies increased research and development expenditures as cost of goods sold decreased.
Word-of-mouth marketing (WOMM) is when customers share their experiences and opinions about a company's products and services with others. It is a free and effective form of advertising. Netflix is an example of a company that utilizes WOMM through personal recommendations on social media. To encourage positive WOMM, companies should focus on exceeding customer expectations and providing opportunities for customer engagement. Monitoring both customer lifetime value and customer referral value can help companies optimize their WOMM strategy.
The Hawthorne Studies conducted experiments at Western Electric Company in Chicago from 1924-1932 to understand how human behavior affects productivity. The studies found that productivity increased with any changes made, including increased lighting or shorter hours, due to the attention paid to workers rather than the changes themselves. Later experiments confirmed social bonds between workers and feeling valued by management positively impacted productivity more than financial incentives alone. The studies established that social and psychological factors are more important for motivation than physical working conditions.
Definition of the word DRUG & introduction to our YouTube channel 'About Drugs'
To watch the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8h-C4gDaZ0&feature=youtu.be
The nasal route provides an alternative to intravenous administration by offering a large surface area, porous membrane, and avoidance of first-pass metabolism. The optimal particle size for nasal delivery is 3-7 microns. More lipophilic drugs are better absorbed. Permeation enhancers, prodrugs, and mucoadhesive polymers can improve nasal absorption by inhibiting enzymes, overcoming mucociliary clearance, and enhancing permeation. Calcitonin is used nasally for osteoporosis and its pain management. The bioavailability of nasal calcitonin is only 3% compared to subcutaneous injection but can be improved using absorption enhancers like Intravail.
Opioid drugs like morphine produce their pharmacological effects like analgesia by acting on neuronal cell membrane receptors. Morphine was first isolated in 1804 and is used to treat dull constant pain. It causes side effects like euphoria, nausea, constipation and respiratory depression due to binding to mu, kappa and delta opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord. Several morphine analogs were developed as drugs, including codeine, heroin, methadone, levorphanol, fentanyl, dipipanone, sufentanil and tapentadol, by modifying functional groups on morphine. These analogs have varying degrees of potency and side effect profiles compared to morphine.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses. Viral hepatitis means a specific virus is causing liver inflammation. Hepatitis C affects many people worldwide with varying symptoms ranging from fatigue and nausea to jaundice. Risk factors include sharing drug equipment or personal hygiene items with blood. Prevention involves not sharing these items and properly handling needles. Hepatitis C is tested through antibody and PCR tests and treated through combination therapy of pegylated interferon and ribavirin injections and tablets for 6-12 months.
Implementation of Artificial Intelligence Health Technologies & HTA.pptxMarina Ibrahim
This document discusses the implementation of artificial intelligence health technologies and health technology assessment. It defines AI and HTA, describes how AI can help address some HTA challenges and outlines five dimensions to consider for AI health technologies. Applications of AI in healthcare are explained and the technological, clinical, human, professional, economic, and ethical challenges of AI are outlined. The benefits and limitations of AI are also summarized. A case study on an AI-based decision support system for multiple sclerosis is presented and the document concludes that evaluations of AI must address its role in transforming health systems.
E-ciggarettes & work productivity- research.pptxMarina Ibrahim
E-cigarette use in the workplace can negatively impact productivity and employee health. A survey found that the majority of employees see colleagues vaping at work, and most feel bothered by it. While vaping may be used to quit smoking, exposure to secondhand vaping in the workplace encourages tobacco use and relapse. Regulations are needed to restrict vaping in offices to protect employees and support quitting efforts. Employers should implement tobacco-free policies and provide resources to address this workplace issue.
Senior managers play an important but indirect role in developing strategy as everyday decisions by divisional, middle, and operational managers determine how resources are allocated and opportunities are pursued. These managers have dispersed knowledge, power, and perspectives that shape strategy in a bottom-up fashion. For strategy to be coherent, senior leaders must understand how decisions are made throughout the organization and intervene when necessary to ensure resource allocation aligns with strategic objectives.
Cost Effective measures that can be used to restrain the rising incidence of ...Marina Ibrahim
Cost effective management requires implementing effective strategies while balancing resources and demands. In Egypt, chronic diseases cause 70% of deaths, including hepatitis C (HCV) which affected 7% of adults in 2015. Egypt launched an aggressive HCV screening and treatment program from 2014-2021. Each successive wave reduced costs while improving health outcomes and cost effectiveness. Wave 3 using the WHO-qualified test was most cost effective. Country-wide HCV elimination programs can improve health and reduce economic burden, showing the potential for worldwide scalability of similar programs.
This document discusses the key features of transformative business models. It analyzes 40 companies that launched new business models and identifies six common features among the most successful models. The six features are: (1) personalization, (2) closed-loop processes, (3) asset sharing, (4) usage-based pricing, (5) collaborative ecosystems, and (6) agile and adaptive organizations. The summary concludes that business models exhibiting three or more of these six features have the greatest potential to transform an industry.
- Cryptocurrency is digital currency that uses cryptography to secure transactions and control the creation of new units. Bitcoin was the first cryptocurrency, created in 2008 by an unknown person under the name Satoshi Nakamoto.
- Bitcoin uses blockchain technology to achieve a decentralized consensus on transactions without a central authority. Miners verify transactions and are rewarded with new bitcoins for solving complex math problems. This process, called proof-of-work, secures the network against fraud.
- While Bitcoin has no intrinsic value, its price has risen dramatically since inception due to speculation. However, Bitcoin remains highly volatile and its long-term value is uncertain since it is not backed by any government or central bank.
This document provides an overview and comparison of pharmaceutical companies Hoffman La Roche, Janssen, and Novartis. It begins with an introduction to Roche, including its founding, size, ownership, and subsidiaries. It then discusses Roche's board of directors and corporate governance practices. The document outlines Roche's business model, focusing on elements like personalization, partnerships, and revenue sources. It also summarizes Janssen's profile as a Johnson & Johnson subsidiary and highlights elements of its business model and demand planning practices. Key financial and SWOT analyses are presented for Roche.
Analysis of Manufacturing Costs in Pharmaceutical Companies.pptxMarina Ibrahim
This document defines key financial terms used in the pharmaceutical industry such as sales, cost of goods sold, research and development expenses, selling and administrative expenses, taxes, depreciation, and operating income. It then describes the methods and selected companies used in an analysis of manufacturing costs in brand-name, generic, and biotech pharmaceutical companies. Key observations from the analysis include that generics have the highest cost of goods sold percentage while biotechs have the lowest, and that brand-name companies increased research and development expenditures as cost of goods sold decreased.
Word-of-mouth marketing (WOMM) is when customers share their experiences and opinions about a company's products and services with others. It is a free and effective form of advertising. Netflix is an example of a company that utilizes WOMM through personal recommendations on social media. To encourage positive WOMM, companies should focus on exceeding customer expectations and providing opportunities for customer engagement. Monitoring both customer lifetime value and customer referral value can help companies optimize their WOMM strategy.
The Hawthorne Studies conducted experiments at Western Electric Company in Chicago from 1924-1932 to understand how human behavior affects productivity. The studies found that productivity increased with any changes made, including increased lighting or shorter hours, due to the attention paid to workers rather than the changes themselves. Later experiments confirmed social bonds between workers and feeling valued by management positively impacted productivity more than financial incentives alone. The studies established that social and psychological factors are more important for motivation than physical working conditions.
Definition of the word DRUG & introduction to our YouTube channel 'About Drugs'
To watch the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8h-C4gDaZ0&feature=youtu.be
The nasal route provides an alternative to intravenous administration by offering a large surface area, porous membrane, and avoidance of first-pass metabolism. The optimal particle size for nasal delivery is 3-7 microns. More lipophilic drugs are better absorbed. Permeation enhancers, prodrugs, and mucoadhesive polymers can improve nasal absorption by inhibiting enzymes, overcoming mucociliary clearance, and enhancing permeation. Calcitonin is used nasally for osteoporosis and its pain management. The bioavailability of nasal calcitonin is only 3% compared to subcutaneous injection but can be improved using absorption enhancers like Intravail.
Opioid drugs like morphine produce their pharmacological effects like analgesia by acting on neuronal cell membrane receptors. Morphine was first isolated in 1804 and is used to treat dull constant pain. It causes side effects like euphoria, nausea, constipation and respiratory depression due to binding to mu, kappa and delta opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord. Several morphine analogs were developed as drugs, including codeine, heroin, methadone, levorphanol, fentanyl, dipipanone, sufentanil and tapentadol, by modifying functional groups on morphine. These analogs have varying degrees of potency and side effect profiles compared to morphine.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses. Viral hepatitis means a specific virus is causing liver inflammation. Hepatitis C affects many people worldwide with varying symptoms ranging from fatigue and nausea to jaundice. Risk factors include sharing drug equipment or personal hygiene items with blood. Prevention involves not sharing these items and properly handling needles. Hepatitis C is tested through antibody and PCR tests and treated through combination therapy of pegylated interferon and ribavirin injections and tablets for 6-12 months.
Plant Power: Why You Should Consider Switching to Plant-Based ProteinsAng Chong Yi
In a world where dietary choices impact both our health and the environment, the rise of plant-based proteins is a welcome shift but Ang Chong Yi-the top reasons to switch to Plant-Based Proteins because these green warriors not only nourish our bodies but also contribute to the restoration of our planet. Let’s explore the science, benefits, and delicious possibilities of embracing plant power.
Food Processing and Preservation Presentation.pptxdengejnr13
The presentation covers key areas on food processing and preservation highlighting the traditional methods and the current, modern methods applicable worldwide for both small and large scale.
Vietnam Mushroom Market Growth, Demand and Challenges of the Key Industry Pla...IMARC Group
The Vietnam mushroom market size is projected to exhibit a growth rate (CAGR) of 6.52% during 2024-2032.
More Info:- https://www.imarcgroup.com/vietnam-mushroom-market