Published in the year 2014, this paper explains how interoperability and decentralized automation system can be achived in electrical distribution grid using IEC61850. Network information from neighboring nodes can help field controllers make decisions faster and more accurately thereby making the distribution network self- healing and reliable.
Presentation on power line career communication by ramanand sagarRamanand Sagar
Dear friends,
This ppt is created by me on "power line career communication".
It would certainly helpful to you.
your sincerly
RAMANAND SAGR
emai- silverramanand@gmail.com
PLCC: A promising futuristic technology!!!.. still in India we do not use it due to many reasons.... because PLCC, Power Line Carrier Communication, is an approach to utilize the existing power lines for the transmission of information.
Presentation on power line career communication by ramanand sagarRamanand Sagar
Dear friends,
This ppt is created by me on "power line career communication".
It would certainly helpful to you.
your sincerly
RAMANAND SAGR
emai- silverramanand@gmail.com
PLCC: A promising futuristic technology!!!.. still in India we do not use it due to many reasons.... because PLCC, Power Line Carrier Communication, is an approach to utilize the existing power lines for the transmission of information.
Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) is a communication method that uses electrical wiring to simultaneously carry both data and electric power. This makes power line communication one of the best means for networking. It is also known as power line carrier, power line digital subscriber line (PDSL), mains communication, power line telecommunications, or power line networking (PLN).
These slides presents an introduction to distributed generators integration in distribution system. Later its modelling, control, protection aspects will be presented.
Protection Technique for Complex Distribution Smart Grid Using Wireless Token...Power System Operation
Distributed generation is expected to increase sharply
as more and more renewable are integrated to power system with
the realization of smart grid, consequently complex distribution
smart grid is given. The traditional protection devices cannot
be able to protect complex power system configuration due to
many fault current loops will feed the fault point. Relays based on
standalone decisions cannot provide reliable and correct action
when used on a complex distribution system. This paper proposes
new protection philosophy using wireless technology. Data
sharing among relays to obtain reliable and accurate decision are
introduced. Wireless Token Ring Protocol (WTRP) as a wireless
local area network (LAN) protocol inspired by the IEEE 802.4
Token Bus Protocol is used for data sharing. WTRP is selected
to improve efficiency by reducing the number of retransmissions
due to collisions. WTRP architecture and protocol are described
to verify operation. MATLAB simulation program is used to
simulate the data exchange protocol between relays in a ring for
a specified amount of time.
Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) is a communication method that uses electrical wiring to simultaneously carry both data and electric power. This makes power line communication one of the best means for networking. It is also known as power line carrier, power line digital subscriber line (PDSL), mains communication, power line telecommunications, or power line networking (PLN).
These slides presents an introduction to distributed generators integration in distribution system. Later its modelling, control, protection aspects will be presented.
Protection Technique for Complex Distribution Smart Grid Using Wireless Token...Power System Operation
Distributed generation is expected to increase sharply
as more and more renewable are integrated to power system with
the realization of smart grid, consequently complex distribution
smart grid is given. The traditional protection devices cannot
be able to protect complex power system configuration due to
many fault current loops will feed the fault point. Relays based on
standalone decisions cannot provide reliable and correct action
when used on a complex distribution system. This paper proposes
new protection philosophy using wireless technology. Data
sharing among relays to obtain reliable and accurate decision are
introduced. Wireless Token Ring Protocol (WTRP) as a wireless
local area network (LAN) protocol inspired by the IEEE 802.4
Token Bus Protocol is used for data sharing. WTRP is selected
to improve efficiency by reducing the number of retransmissions
due to collisions. WTRP architecture and protocol are described
to verify operation. MATLAB simulation program is used to
simulate the data exchange protocol between relays in a ring for
a specified amount of time.
FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM FOR VOLT VAR CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS IN IS...csandit
This paper presents a fuzzy inference system for voltage/reactive power control in distribution
substations. The purpose is go forward to automation distribution and its implementation in
isolated power systems where control capabilities are limited and it is common using the same
applications as in continental power systems. This means that lot of functionalities do not apply
and computational burden generates high response times. A fuzzy controller, with logic
guidelines embedded based upon heuristic rules resulting from operators at dispatch control
center past experience, has been designed. Working as an on-line tool, it has been tested under
real conditions and it has managed the operation during a whole day in a distribution
substation. Within the limits of control capabilities of the system, the controller maintained
successfully an acceptable voltage profile, power factor values over 0,98 and it has ostensibly
improved the performance given by an optimal power flow based automation system.
FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM FOR VOLT/VAR CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS IN IS...cscpconf
This paper presents a fuzzy inference system for voltage/reactive power control in distribution
substations. The purpose is go forward to automation distribution and its implementation in
isolated power systems where control capabilities are limited and it is common using the same
applications as in continental power systems. This means that lot of functionalities do not apply
and computational burden generates high response times. A fuzzy controller, with logic
guidelines embedded based upon heuristic rules resulting from operators at dispatch control
center past experience, has been designed. Working as an on-line tool, it has been tested under
real conditions and it has managed the operation during a whole day in a distribution
substation. Within the limits of control capabilities of the system, the controller maintained
successfully an acceptable voltage profile, power factor values over 0,98 and it has ostensibly
improved the performance given by an optimal power flow based automation system.
Smart Communication System (SCS) defines the operation philosophy for the interface of new
generation power line carrier equipment PLC [1] with legacy fiber optic and radio communication
systems converging all them in a homogeneous communication network allowing packet switching
over the mesh grid using all existing point to point links even if they are TDM nature.
This paper proposes a single-bit ADC system based Proportional and Integral (PI) controller to maintain a desired level of power transfer efficiency in Capacitive Power Transfer (CPT) systems. In this paper, a simple single-bit ADC system i.e., Single-Bit Modulator (SBM) is considered as an alternative to the commonly used multi-bit ADC systems. Unique features of employing SBM are 1) its ability to convert analog signals into single-bit signals and 2) its easy integrability in digital chips with linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) such as FPGAs. A SBM based PI (SBM-PI) controller is designed to judicially interface with the single-bit output of SBM. The proposed (SBM-PI) controller guarantees less hardware resources, latency and regulates the output voltage to provide the desired power transfer efficiency. The behavior of SBM-PI controller is compared to that of a conventional multi-bit controller, with the results of both controllers being identical. The effectiveness of the proposed controller with SBM is further demonstrated using the experimental prototype of CPT by implementing a SBM-PI controller using $16$ MHz ATmega8 microcontroller. The experimental results from a laboratory prototype illustrate that SBM-PI controller successfully regulates the output voltage of CPT to control the power flow.
This paper presents a fuzzy inference system for integrated volt/var control (VVC) in distribution
substations. The purpose is go forward to automation distribution applying conservation voltage reduction
(CVR) in isolated power systems where control capabilities are limited. A fuzzy controller has been
designed. Working as an on-line tool, it has been tested under real conditions and it has managed the
operation during a whole day in a distribution substation. Within the limits of control capabilities of the
system, the controller maintained successfully an acceptable voltage profile, power factor values over 0,98
and it has ostensibly improved the performance given by an optimal power flow based automation system.
CVR savings during the test are evaluated and the aim to integrate it in the VVC is presented.
Smart Local Backup Protection for Smart SubstationIJECEIAES
This paper presents a novel smart local backup protection SLBP used for the support and backup of the protective relays in a smart substation. The proposed SLBP is based on the IEC61850 standards and the concept consists of the acquisition of Generic Object Oriented Substation Event GOOSE used for tripping and interlocks exchange between Intelligent Equipment Devices IEDs and the reading of the Sampled Value SV existing in the process bus coming from Mergin Units MU or Non-Conventional Instrument Transformers NCIT. Several logical schemes to protect different zones of the substation are presented and how can be integrated using data in the substation automation system. The SLBP was developed using an open source library and free operating system. Moreover, a low cost prototype is presented in order to evaluate the efficiency and the operation of the SLBP under diverse scenarios of the proposed logical protective schemes such us breaker failure and overcurrent protection.
STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF PROTECTION SCHEME OF DIGITAL SUBSTATION USING IEC61850-...IAEME Publication
Substations are a fundamental part in electrical energy transmission and
distribution. The role of a substation is to transfer and transform electrical energy by
stepping up or down the voltage. To do this, high voltage switching equipment and
power transformers are used, in addition to instrument transformers that supply the
status of the primary system to the secondary equipment. Substation Automation
Systems are then used to control, protect and monitor the substations. The IEC 61850
standard developed digital substation with most advanced techniques. The IEC 61850
standard define in its sub- clauses IEC 600448 and IEC 61850-9-2 about digital
interface, digital communication and Sampled Values transmission over an Ethernet
link called Process Bus. Process Bus technology mainly developed in order to reduce
the usage of copper wiring at substation control by introducing IEC 61850-9-2 digital
interface.
Distributed Utility-Based Energy Efficient Cooperative Medium Access Control...IJMER
Cooperative communication, that utilizes near terminals to relay the overhearing
information to grasp the variability gains, choices a nice potential to strengthen the transmission
potency in wireless networks. to the subsume the hard medium access interactions evoked by relaying
and leverage the advantages of such cooperation, associate economical Cooperative Medium Access
management (CMAC) protocol is required. throughout this paper, we've got an inclination to tend to
propose a completely unique cross-layer Wide unfold Energy-adaptive Location-based CMAC
protocol, notably WEAL-CMAC, for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). the design objective of
WEAL-CMAC is to strengthen the performance of the MANETs in terms of network amount and
energy potency. a wise energy consumption model is used throughout this paper, that takes the energy
consumption on each transceiver instrumentation and transmit instrumentation into thought. A
distributed utility-based best relay different strategy is incorporated, that selects the most effective
relay supported location information and residual energy. moreover, with the aim of enhancing the
spacial apply, associate innovative network allocation vector setting is provided to the subsume the
variable transmission power of the beginning and relay terminals. we've got an inclination to tend to
point that the planned WEAL-CMAC considerably prolongs the network amount below varied
circumstances even for prime instrumentation energy consumption cases by comprehensive simulation
study
Remote management and data access of solar pv systemsNirmal Thaliyil
This webinar provides high-level insights on data acquisition mechanisms commonly adopted for centralized Solar PV system. We will have la ook at how kalki.io as a cloud software solution helps in acquiring data from various assets and devices deployed in the field and helps you in diagnose issues using vendor specific tools remotely. Commercial and industrial power producer can make use of platform to collect data as an aggregator system from multiple field location and share those data with utility SCADA systems on standard interfaces. You can also make use of collected data by building or integrating custom applications on top of the platform using standard interfaces provided. Let’s look at how kalki.io centralized software as a service reduces your capital investment without compromising on the regulatory compliances and data security.
This webinar introduces the concept of Cloud-based HES (Head End System) for DLMS COSEM metering for Energy Data Management, AMI, Smart Grid and Smart Cities. With the meter data being crucial for all energy analytics and integration with multiple applications and systems becomes critical, Cloud-based HES provides a cost-effective, secure and scalable alternative for meter data acquisition
Remote Access Management of your Industrial and Utility assets can be challenging with expensive truck rolls and field visits. With the kalki.io Remote Access Management solution you can manage and maintain your asset remotely over a secure infrastructure that is TLS1.2/1.3 ready.
Cloud-based delivery enables your technicians and engineers to be located anywhere in the world and troubleshoot, engineer, re-engineer, configure or update the firmware of your assets in minutes.
Role-based access control based security infrastructure ensures that only authorized users with necessary privileges are allowed to access your asset. Further at all times you and your customers know who is doing what on your assets.
Learn more at www.kalki.io
Monitoring MV& LV Distribution assets using LoRaWANNirmal Thaliyil
Webinar on last-mile connectivity of LV / MV substations using LoRaWAN.
This session covers the importance of network monitoring for LV and MV electrical distribution network and why do we need that by looking at some of the use cases and business benefits. It also covers the required network communication characteristics and issues faced to monitor data from assets deployment on the wide distribution area and how LoRaWAN technology plays a significant role in solving these issues.
This webinar is intended to explain why edge-based solution is important for utilities. How will the availability of automation and telemetry protocol fast track the data analytics for utilities.
Published in 2011, this paper explains the importance of advanced Metering Infrastructure Energy Industry. The need for communicable and possibly smart meters with open communication protocol with smart communication infrastructure and scalable head end system has attained significance. Lets identifies some of the essential requirements for building DLMS based scalable, flexible and open end to end Smart metering systemlarge scale AMI system.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
1. 1
DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION BASED ON IEC61850
Nirmal Thaliyil
nirmal@kalkitech.com
Kalki Communication Technologies Pvt Limited
Abstract: This paper illustrates an example of
an interoperable and decentralized
distribution automation system based on the
IEC61850 standard. Advanced distribution
automation controllers residing along with
primary equipment such as load break
switches, sectionalizers, autoreclosers and tie
switches have enough resources to make use
of IEC61850 ACSE services for information
exchanges between each other as well as with
the central location. Network information
from neighboring nodes can help field
controllers make decisions faster and more
accurately thereby making the distribution
network self- healing and reliable.
I. Distribution Automation
The challenges faced by Distribution utilities
have increased significantly recently, due to
increased demand, higher expectations of
reliability and power quality by customers and
integration of distributed resources into the
grid. Distribution Automation (DA) allows
utilities to operate power systems more
effectively. It improves reliability by using a
network that is self-healing with improved
power quality and efficiency (reduced losses),
better asset utilization, is immune to physical
and cyber breaches, and can incorporate
more energy generation and storage options.
The main distribution automation functions
which assist utilities to accomplish the above
requirements are
a)
b) Fault location isolation and service
restoration (FLISR)
c) Feeder Load balancing
d) Volt-VAR optimization
e) Conservative voltage reduction (CVR)
f) Condition monitoring
In this article, we choose one of the
elementary Distribution Automation use cases
called Volt-VAR optimization to try and find
the most suitable communication protocol,
media and data model, which may be best
suited for standardization.
II. Volt-VAR Optimization
The objectives for using Volt-VAR optimization
as a use case are:
a) Minimize kWh consumption at
voltages beyond given voltage quality
limits (i.e., ensure standard voltages
at customer terminals)
b) Minimize feeder segment(s) overload
c) Reduce load while respecting given
voltage tolerance
d) Conserve energy via voltage reduction
e) Reduce or eliminate overload in
transmission lines
f) Reduce or eliminate voltage violations
on transmission lines
g) Provide reactive power support for
distribution bus
h) Provide spinning reserve support
i) Minimize cost of energy
Capacitor banks are more widely used in
distribution systems for VAR (reactive power)
and regulators for voltage control. Controlling
the capacitor banks and regulators would
2. 2
June 2014
require measurement from single or multiple
phases e.g. voltage level, power factor, VAR
flow and time of day. The VAR/voltage control
devices can be used to switch capacitor banks
on/off in order to minimize the reactive
power flows on the system and to maintain
the bus voltage.
III. IEC61850
The IEC61850 communication standard had
originally been conceived by TC57 group for
substation automation functions. It provides a
panoptic view of the power system domain
and is now making the object model more
comprehensive and more standardized the
communication structure. Some of the
application areas added are hydro power
plants, DER, substation to substation and
substation to control center communication
and wind power plants. There are also work
under progress for adapting the standard for
feeder automation, electrical storage,
transportation, transferring synchrophasor
data etc.. This trend opens up new opportunities
for the development of intelligent applications for
the power system.
IEC61850 has an inherent ability to support
more sophisticated automation systems with
larger numbers of smart devices. The
adoption of 61850 by vendors in their
products will provide a standardized
information model for each type of vendor
product, e.g., relay, capacitor bank,
switchgear, etc. The principal benefits of using
IEC 61850 for Distribution Automation
functions are
Object oriented data model
Adaptable data exchange rate as per
application
Peer to peer communication topology
Process bus integration
Simplified engineering process
Enhanced security features
IV. Modeling for Volt-VAR control
The Shunt capacitor can be modeled as
shown in Figure 1.
A capacitor bank normally consists of several
parallel capacitors per-phase. Therefore each
phase has more than one switch logical node
XSWI (Circuit Switch) associated with it to
engage and disengage capacitors into the
circuit. For measurement purposes, there are
three instrument transformers TCTR (Current
transformer) and TVTR (Voltage Transformer)
for each phase. ZCAP (Capacitor bank) logical
node represents capacitor bank status such as
health, device status, name plate, and
operation time. Automatic control logical
node AVCO (Automatic Voltage controller)
can either be based on local setpoints or
setpoints that are received remotely through
a communications link from a centralized or
peer capacitor controller. Scheduled or set
points for a certain range are available for
taking necessary actions. Ranges are normally
used for voltage, VAR, temperature and
current.
Voltage regulators with automatic tap
changing capabilities allow for controlling the
XSWI
AVCO CSWI
ZCAP
MMXU/
MMXN
XSWI
XSWI
XSWI
XSWI
XSWI
TCTR
XSWI
XSWI
TVTR
Figure 1: Modelling capacitor bank
3. 3
June 2014
voltage according to predefined automatic
logic or by remote access through the
operator command. Regulators can be
modeled as shown in Figure 2.
To regulate the voltage of a three-phase
three-wire system, banks of single phase
regulators can be created. The common
schemes are two single-phase voltage
regulators connected in an open delta
connection, or three single-phase voltage
regulators connected in a closed delta. Open-
delta configuration requires fewer devices at
the cost of a smaller regulation range. Typical
regulation range for open delta configuration
is ±10% for phases with regulators and ±5%
for phase without the regulator. In case of
closed delta configuration the range is about
±15% for all phases.
ATCC or Automatic Tap Changer Control
logical node will control the tap changers.
ATCC will have status indication for local
operation, operation counter, tap position,
parallel/independent operations and block
automatic control in addition to controlling
operation data and settings and other status
information. There may be three or two YLTC
(Transformer tap changer) logical nodes in the
system as per the scheme explained above.
V. Communication Protocols
Abstract data models defined in IEC 61850 can
be mapped to a number of protocols.
Currently, mappings are available for MMS
(Manufacturing Message Specification),
GOOSE (Generic object oriented substation
events) , SMV (Sampled Measured Values) and
Web Services. These protocols are usually run
over Ethernet links. Mission critical messages
that need to be transferred between devices
are transferred as GOOSE messages. GOOSE
messages are connection less packets that are
sent to the network as a multicast message on
layer 2 in the OSI model. The router is
designed to prevent broadcast and multicast
packets from leaving the LAN and only passes
IP packets on layer 3. However, this is
achieved by attaching a VLAN tag that can be
recognized by the router, with each GOOSE
message. The router converts GOOSE
messages with a VLAN tag into a routable IP
packet and sends it to the destination IP.
Decentralized automation methods are
chosen over centralized methods for higher
scalability, better performance and for
enabling micro-grid operations. Adoption of
IEC61850 for distribution automation
application requires transferring GOOSE
packets over IP for peer-to-peer
communication. Decentralized distribution
automation use cases FLISR, VVO (volt-var
optimization), CVR require sending
measurement and status information
between intelligent electronic controllers
residing in the field. Protocol Independent
Multicast (PIM) used for intra-domain
multicast is a bandwidth-conserving
technology that reduces traffic by
simultaneously delivering a single stream of
information to potentially thousands of
nodes. Bidirectional PIM variant can be
adopted for efficient many-to-many
communications within an individual PIM
distribution network domain. Although PIM is
said to be suitable because of less overhead,
MMXU/
MMXN
ATCC
XSWI
XSWI
TVTR
XSWI
XSWI
YLTC
XSWI
XSWI
TCTR
Figure 2: Modelling Voltage Regulators
4. 4
June 2014
there are also other mechanisms to transfer
GOOSE packets over IP using layer 2 tunneling
protocol, GRE tunneling, MPLS encapsulation
and virtual private LAN service encapsulation
methods.
VI. Communication Technologies
As per the IEC61850 standard, the protection
class of a distribution network is P1 which
means it transfers trip signals in the order of
half a cycle i.e. 10ms. For other fast messages,
total transmission time shall be less than or
equal to 100ms. So it is critical to select the
communication technologies which will be
able to meet the above specified performance
criteria.
The assets of distribution utilities are spread
across their service territory. In urban areas,
the length of the 11kV feeder is typically 3 km
and in rural areas, the feeder length may go
up to 20km.
Wireless solutions have shown the greatest
potential for automating distribution
networks because they communicate virtually
anywhere at a comparatively less investment
cost.
VII. Conclusion
Communication latency, coverage/reach,
availability, security, installation, operating
and maintenance costs are critical parameters
that unremarkably drive the decision-making
behind the technology to be used for DA
applications. More over out of the above
listed communication technologies, only some
have the option for peer-to-peer
communication using meshing technologies
like 802.15.4 and 802.11 mesh. There are
standard guideline work in progress like
IEEEP1777 to develop the functional,
performance, security, and on-site testing
requirements for wireless data
802.15.4 Mesh WLAN
(802.11s)
WLAN (802.11b/g) Cellular/3G/LTE Wimax (802.16
d/e/m)
Usage Low data rate Last mile, broadband
for rural area
LAN & indoor
wireless,
Backhaul
connectivity, internet
Broadband internet/
VoIP/ IPTV
Frequency
range
ISM: 868 MHz ,
2.4GHz (unlicensed)
DSSS
900 MHz, 2.4 GHz,
5.8 GHz (unlicensed)
Both ISM and U-NII
frequency
bands
Unlicensed: 2.4 and 5
GHz; DSSS, OFDM
GSM 900 MHz, UMTS
1900/2100MHz,
GSM 1800 MHz,
PCS1900MHz,
Cellular 850 MHz
2.3, 2.5, 3.5 GHz
licensed bands;
450 MHz, 700 MHz
also used
Channel
Bandwidth
200kHz to 1.2MHz 20/40 MHz for
802.11n
20 MHz for 802.11
a/g
200kHz to 20MHz 20 or 25
MHz (United States)
or 28 MHz (Europe)
Coverage 50 to 1000 meters as
per line of sight
Varies with frequency
line of sight : 0-15
miles
non-line of sight :0-3
miles
Indoor: up to 100 m;
Outdoor: up to 250 m
3-5 miles (to base
station)
3-4 miles
Single user
data rate
20 to 250 kbps,
depending on
frequency band
As high as 300 Mbps 802.11b: up to 11
Mbps
802.11g/h/j: up to 54
Mbps
HSPA+: Up to 28
Mbps,
cdma2000/EVDO rev
B: Up to 14.7 Mbps
Typical 4-16 Mbps
Cost Low Moderate Low High Moderate
5. 5
June 2014
communication technologies that are to be
used in different aspects (types, classes) of
power system operations. Whole success of
distribution automation depends on
communication technology which would be
able to cater to above mentioned network
constraints which can transfer data over
futuristic communication protocol also
meeting advanced distribution automation
use-cases.