The document discusses several diseases of the pericardium, including acute pericarditis, pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis. Acute pericarditis is often caused by infections, immunological mechanisms, or after myocardial infarction. It presents with chest pain, pericardial friction, and fever. Pericardial effusion occurs when fluid in the pericardium exceeds normal amounts and can be caused by acute pericarditis. Cardiac tamponade is when excess fluid compresses the heart and hinders its filling. Constrictive pericarditis involves thickening and scarring of the pericardium that limits ventricular filling
CORPULMONALE
Its a condition in which the right ventricles of heart enlarges (with right side heart failure ) as a result of disease that affects the structure or function of the lung.
Any disease affecting the lungs and accompanied hypoxemia may result in CORPULMONALE.
CORPULMONALE
Its a condition in which the right ventricles of heart enlarges (with right side heart failure ) as a result of disease that affects the structure or function of the lung.
Any disease affecting the lungs and accompanied hypoxemia may result in CORPULMONALE.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
1. UNIVERSIDAD TECNICA DE MACHALA
ACADEMIC UNIT OF CHEMICAL
SCIENCES AND HEALTH
MEDICINE SCHOOL
ENGLISH
DISEASES OF THE
PERICARD
STUDENTS
William Cruz
Kevin Herrera
TEACHER:
Mgs. Barreto Huilcapi Lina Maribel
CLASS:
EIGHTH SEMESTER ‘’A’’
Machala, El Oro
2018
2. DISEASES OF THE PERICARD
The pericardium is a membrane that covers the heart like a sac. It is formed by
two leaves, the parietal leaf and the visceral leaf between which there is a small
amount of liquid. Where we can find the following pathologies:
ACUTE PERICARDITIS
Concept.- Acute inflammation of the pericardium that may or may not
occur with pericardial effusion or cardiac tamponade.
Etiology.- Infectious pericarditis; which can be: viral, tuberculous,
purulent and other types. Pericarditis due to immunological mechanism
and vasculitis. Pericarditis after myocardial infarction. Pericarditis
postpericardiotomy. Pericarditis associated with metabolic diseases.
Neoplastic pericarditis. Pericarditis due to physical agents; such as
radiotherapy.
Clinical Table.- The triad is presented. 1. Thoracic pain; it is located in
the anterior plane of the thorax and often radiates to the supraclavicular
region, neck and shoulders, increases with inspiration and with cough,
which can improve with sitting. 2. Pericardial friction; it can be listened to
3. better in the mesocardium, it can be confused with murmur and can
increase with inspiration. 3. Fever; common but not constant. There may
also be a dyspnea sensation.
Complementary Explorations.- Electrocardiogram, chest x-ray,
echocardiogram and laboratory tests (leukocytosis and elevation of the
ESR and CRP).
Prognosis.- According to the etiology. Recurrences can occur and
idiopathic ones are cured in their majority.
Treatment.- Symptomatic; Bed rest and acetylsalicylic acid 0.5-1 g every
6h. Idiopathic pericarditis; Colchicine 1-2 mg / day. and in pericarditis
with etiology, it will be done according to the one that presents.
PERICARDIAL EFFUSION
Concept.- The pericardial cavity contains, under normal conditions, about
15-50 mL of fluid, which is why it is considered pericardial effusion if it
exceeds this amount.
Etiology. - The most frequent is acute pericarditis. The massive chronic
effusion so-called because it lasts more than three months and is above
20mm on the electrocardiogram, is generally idiopathic but may be due to
hypothyroidism.
SINGS AND SYMPTONS.- In abundant effusions the auscultation may
be normal and the beating of the cardiac tip can be palpated.
Diagnosis.- On chest radiography, cardiomegaly can be seen. In the
echocardiogram, an echo-free space is shown in the anterior and posterior
sacs or around the heart, allowing the spill to be quantified in light (free
space in the anterior sac plus posterior sac less than 10mm), moderate
(between 10 and 20mm), and serious (greater than 20mm), it is also
appreciated if the presence of flanges or fibrin is also septate or free. CT,
MRI and ECG are very helpful.
Prognosis.- According to its etiology. Idiopathic massive chronic
pericardial effusion may be complicated by cardiac tamponade.
4. Treatment.- Pericardiocentesis is performed and if it is recurrent, a wide
pericardiectomy will be performed.
CARDIAC TAMPONADE
Concept.- Clinical-hemodynamic syndrome caused by compression of the
heart by a tension pericardial effusion that hinders the diastolic filling of
the heart.
Etiology.- As practically all the clinical entities that are accompanied by
pericardial effusion may present with tamponade, although pericarditis is
the most frequent cause.
SINGS AND SYMPTONS.- Chest pain, fever, malaise, dyspnea,
restlessness, venous hypertension, jugular engorgement accompanied by
jugular hyperpulsility, hepatomegaly, and presence of paradoxical arterial
pulse.
Complementary Explorations.- Echocardiography shows exaggerated
respiratory variations of the mitral flow and the end-diastolic inspiratory
inversion of the vena cava flow. Electrocardiogram, shows a generalized
low voltage. Cardiac catheterization, shows registration of intrapericardial
pressure and intracavitary pressures.
Differential Diagnosis.- It should be differentiated from; congestive heart
failure, exudative - acute and subacute constrictive pericarditis, extrinsic
cardiac compression, right ventricular infarction, cardiogenic shock and
acute cor pulmonale.
Treatment: Liquid evacuation through pericardiocentesis (subxiphoid or
precordial).
CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS
Concept.- Characterized by a limitation of the ventricular filling, caused
by thickening, fusion, and sometimes calcification of the leaves of the
pericardium that prevents normal ventricular diastolic relaxation.
Etiology.- In the majority the etiology is unknown, however the acute
pericarditis can evolve towards the constrictive one.
5. Sings and Symptons.- consists of; dyspnea, discomfort of edema of lower
extremities and abdominal swelling, asthenia, infrequent chest pain,
hepatomegaly, ascites and jugular engorgement.
Diagnosis.- Analysis of the jugular venous pulse, pulmonary hypertension,
and infrequently paradoxical pulse is presented.
Complementary Explorations.- Electrocardiogram, will present flattened
or negative T waves. Chest x-ray, there is extensive pericardial
calcification that is better seen in the lateral projection and with an image
intensifier, cardiomegaly is seen and in some cases pleural effusion.
Echocardiogram may show diastolic horizontalization of the pericardial
echo, increase in its density, and anterior protodiastolic movement of the
interventricular septum. CT and MR, allow to appreciate the thickness of
the pericardium as well as calcification. Cardiac catheterization, presents
certain hemodynamic alterations.
Differential Diagnosis.- Chronic constrictive pericarditis, differs from;
liver cirrhosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, mitral stenosis, dilated
cardiomyopathy, right atrial tumor, chronic cor pulmonale, and superior
vena cava syndrome.
Treatment.- Consists in the practice of a pericardiectomy, as extensive as
possible. Medical treatment with diuretics is only indicated in the forms
with obvious venous hypertension, which can not be treated by
pericardiectomy.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE:
SAULEDA, J. Sagrista. Diseases of the Pericardium.
In: ROZMAN and FARRERAS. Internal Medicine. Spain, Elseiver, 2016.
pp 527-535