DISCUSSION 1 In responding to the classmates post below, discuss whether you agree or disagree with the content of their original posts. Point out strengths and weaknesses in their arguments. Defend your own position with citations from the texts. Annie post This week we learned about Freud's theory and the theories of neo-Freudians that differed from his. Freud had many followers and some went on to develop their own theories that expanded upon his own theories. Alfred Adler and Carl Jung were two of his followers who did not agree on Freud's "excessive emphasis on sexual instincts" (Cervone & Pervin, 2016, p. 102). Adler put more of an emphasis on social urges, as well as conscious thoughts, which differed from Freud's preference of sexual instincts and the unconscious. Adler's theory deals a lot with inferiority and the motivations we have to compensate for that (Cervone & Pervin, 2016, p. 104). Jung, on the other hand, hadn't been solely a follower of Freud's; he had been quite close to Freud and Freud actually believed Jung to be his protégé, who would carry on the psychoanalytic tradition. However, this didn't happen after conflict arose between the two. Jung believed that Freud had emphasized sexuality too heavily, much like Adler did. Jung viewed the libido as a "generalized life energy," not as a sexual instinct, which is what Freud believed. Jung also believed our personality development to not be solely focused on what had happened in the past, which differed from Freud's thinking. Much like Adler and Jung, Karen Horney and Harry Stack Sullivan broke from Freud's way of thinking and went on to develop their own theories. Horney's theory put much more emphasis on cultural influences, as opposed to biological ones (Cervone & Pervin, 2016, p. 107). She also differed greatly on the view of women that Freud had and was very outspoken about the male bias that may have been present throughout his work concerning women. Sullivan also emphasized the role of social factors and contributed a way of thinking about development and personality that differed from Freud's. He put emphasis on our emotional experiences "not being based in biological drives, as Freud posited, but in relations with others" (Cervone & Pervin, 2016, p. 108).  Freud never did experiments or implemented the use of tests throughout his career. He developed his theories purely from case study evidence. He used free association with his clients and thought it to be a scientific method and primary evidence for his theories, which is problematic. Adler and Horney did a lot of their work through observation, as well. However, Jung and Sullivan had used tests to find results, which helped them develop their theories. As for ethics, I do not believe that ethics were fully considered or upheld for the studies by the neo-Freudians. Reliability and validity is an issue when observation is how you come to your results Zachary post Neo-Freudians built upon the work of S ...

1. DISCUSSION 1
In responding to the classmates post below, discuss whether you
agree or disagree with the content of their original posts. Point
out strengths and weaknesses in their arguments. Defend your
own position with citations from the texts.
Annie post
This week we learned about Freud's theory and the theories of
neo-Freudians that differed from his. Freud had many followers
and some went on to develop their own theories that expanded
upon his own theories. Alfred Adler and Carl Jung were two of
his followers who did not agree on Freud's "excessive emphasis
on sexual instincts" (Cervone & Pervin, 2016, p. 102). Adler put
more of an emphasis on social urges, as well as conscious
thoughts, which differed from Freud's preference of sexual
instincts and the unconscious. Adler's theory deals a lot with
inferiority and the motivations we have to compensate for that
(Cervone & Pervin, 2016, p. 104). Jung, on the other hand,
hadn't been solely a follower of Freud's; he had been quite close
to Freud and Freud actually believed Jung to be his protégé,
who would carry on the psychoanalytic tradition. However, this
didn't happen after conflict arose between the two. Jung
believed that Freud had emphasized sexuality too heavily, much
like Adler did. Jung viewed the libido as a "generalized life
energy," not as a sexual instinct, which is what Freud believed.
Jung also believed our personality development to not be solely
focused on what had happened in the past, which differed from
Freud's thinking.

2. Much like Adler and Jung, Karen Horney and Harry Stack
Sullivan broke from Freud's way of thinking and went on to
develop their own theories. Horney's theory put much more
emphasis on cultural influences, as opposed to biological ones
(Cervone & Pervin, 2016, p. 107). She also differed greatly on
the view of women that Freud had and was very outspoken
about the male bias that may have been present throughout his
work concerning women. Sullivan also emphasized the role of
social factors and contributed a way of thinking about
development and personality that differed from Freud's. He put
emphasis on our emotional experiences "not being based in
biological drives, as Freud posited, but in relations with others"
(Cervone & Pervin, 2016, p. 108).
Freud never did experiments or implemented the use of tests
throughout his career. He developed his theories purely from
case study evidence. He used free association with his clients
and thought it to be a scientific method and primary evidence
for his theories, which is problematic. Adler and Horney did a
lot of their work through observation, as well. However, Jung
and Sullivan had used tests to find results, which helped them
develop their theories. As for ethics, I do not believe that ethics
were fully considered or upheld for the studies by the neo-
Freudians. Reliability and validity is an issue when observation
is how you come to your results
Zachary post
Neo-Freudians built upon the work of Sigmund Freud in many
ways.

3. Karen Horney built upon Freud's theory in two main ways.
First, she recognized that cultural factors were just as important
(if not more important) at explaining people's personality
development as were biological factors. These cultural factors
include gender roles. Second, she reached the conclusion that
"...interpersonal relationships are at the core of all healthy and
disturbed personality functioning" (Cervone & Pervin, 2019, pg.
107). In other words, while Freud generally focused on
individuals and the conflict between their primitive urges and
social constraints, Horney analyzed the urges created by
relationships and societal institutions as well.
Harry Sullivan's main contribution to personality psychology
was his ideas of the "good me," the "bad me," and the "not me."
The "good me" is the part of one's personality that is favorable
and accepted by the person. The "bad me" are parts of
someone's personality that he or she associates with pain and
punishment, and the "not me" are the parts of one's personality
that he or she rejects entirely (Cervone & Pervin, 2019).
Alfred Adler's main contribution to personality psychology was
the idea that people who feel inferior in some way generally try
to compensate or overcompensate for their inferiorities. For
example, someone who is deaf might work towards becoming a
very respected musician (Cervone & Pervin, 2019).
The most unique aspect of Carl Jung's contributions to
personality psychology is the idea of the collective unconscious,
where all of humanity has the thoughts and experiences of their
ancestors stored in their subconscious minds. Second, Jung
generalized the concept of libido beyond sex, arguing that it is
energy for all tasks in life. This slight contrast in ideas was
enough to destroy the long and powerful father-son-like
relationship between Freud and Jung (Cervone & Pervin, 2019).

4. The four neo-Freudians of this discussion forum used research
designs differing significantly from those of Freud, who utilized
case studies involving his patients to draw his conclusions.
Horney's specific research design is not directly mentioned in
the textbook, and I was unable to find specific information
about her studies online. However, based on the sentence "...
when moving from European culture to the United States,
Horney judged that she observed differences in personality
structure between European and U.S. patients" (Cervone &
Pervin, 2019, pg. 107), I am led to believe that at least some of
her research was conducted by observing her patients in case-
studies, similar to the research design of Freud. Her studies
were likely ethical, as long as she ensured the privacy and
confidentiality of her patients and obtained their consent to be
participants in her research. However, her research design was
very limited, as case studies tell us little about people in
general.
At the Sheppard Pratt Hospital, Sullivan used an experimental
research design in order to create new treatments for young
schizophrenic patients (Good Therapy, 2015). It is difficult to
determine the ethicality of his research, as little information is
given, but ethical concerns include confidentiality, and
informed consent.
I was entirely unable to find information about the research
design of Albert.
While Jung's specific research methods are not discussed, based
on the nature of his claim of "collective consciousness," I can
conclude that he did not use studies that are scientific in nature,
as a claim about a "collective consciousness" in the
subconscious would be impossible to test. We simply do not
have the technology to systematically test such a claim, and we

5. certainly did not during Jung's time. I am unsure of Jung's
ethics, as no information about his research design is given.
Although perhaps he used scientific methods in order to support
his other ideas.
DISCUSSION 2
For this worksheet task, you will identify a gap in personality
psychology research and begin to develop a basic research
question to address the identified gap.
First, review the literature from the article in my chosen track
(three that were provided for you and two that you chose on
your own). Using the Research Gap Worksheet as a guide,
identify a gap in the research from your articles. Based on that
research gap, develop a question to address the gap.
Note: The Research Gap Worksheet is filled out to provide an
example for you to follow. Use this sheet as a template by
deleting the highlighted portion and replacing it with your own
content.