The focus in this class is on awareness of the "naysayer" when discussing research results, and how the use of "hedging" is related to that awareness.

1. Discussing and concluding
Prof. Dr. Ron Martinez
PRPPG7000 - Academic Writing in English

2. Syllabus outline
• 15/08 - Introduction
• 22/08 - IMRaD, Most common errors,
electronic tools
• 29/08 - Strategic planning for your article:
CARS and other approaches
• 05/09 - Title, Abstract e Introduction
• 12/09 - Writing your Introduction
• 19/09 - Coherence, cohesion and clarity, and
use of authorial voice
• 26/09 - (Introduction due) The Results
section
• 03/10- No class (SIEPE)
• 10/10 - The Discussion section
• 17/10 - Discussing and Concluding
• 24/10 - Writing (no class)
• 31/10 - Plagiarism (Students exchange
articles)
• 07/11 - (peer feedback due) Special guest
speaker on journal trends
• 14/11 - The submission process

3. Introductions will be returned 07/11/18

4. DISCUSSION
INTRODUCTION
METHOD
RESULTS
I.M.R.aD.

5. DISCUSSION
INTRODUCTION
METHOD
RESULTS
I.M.R.aD.

6. Motivos mais comuns para rejeição:
Belcher (2007) Bordage (2001) Pierson (2012)
Wrong journal X ✓ X
Faulty method ✓ ✓ ✓
Lack of transparency X ✓ ✓
Problems with statistics X ✓ ✓
Poor Discussion (or overstating importance
of findings)
✓ ✓ ✓
Improper formatting X ✓ X
Writing difficult to follow ✓ ✓ ✓
Inadequate review of the literature ✓ ✓ ✓
Nothing new ✓ ✓ ✓
Contribution not clear ✓ ✓ X
Poor English X X X
Prof. Dr. Ron Martinez - UFPR

7. A good example...

8. Analysis of policy transfer and diffusion: a combination of methodological tools
Policy transfer and diffusion belong to an area of knowledge in development and with a potential
to explain political changes at national (COELHO et al., 2016b) and international levels (SILVA
et al., 2017), bringing together public policy analysis and international relations areas
(OLIVEIRA et al., 2017). As an area of knowledge in development, there is a concern about the
establishment of theoretical frameworks and conceptual reviews (DOLOWITZ, MARSH, 1996,
2000; OLIVEIRA et al., 2017; STONE, 2004). In addition to these theoretical concerns, the focus
is also on methods for analyzing these iterative processes. This emphasis may be related to the
difficulties faced in demonstrating empirically a policy diffusion/transfer process [JS3] (FARIAet
al., 2016; COELHO, 2016a; GONNET, 2016). Yet articles with this aim are a minority in studies
of policy transfer and diffusion.

9. Analysis of policy transfer and diffusion: a combination of methodological tools
Policy transfer and diffusion belong to an area of knowledge in development and with a potential
to explain political changes at national (COELHO et al., 2016b) and international levels (SILVA
et al., 2017), bringing together public policy analysis and international relations areas
(OLIVEIRA et al., 2017). As an area of knowledge in development, there is a concern about the
establishment of theoretical frameworks and conceptual reviews (DOLOWITZ, MARSH, 1996,
2000; OLIVEIRA et al., 2017; STONE, 2004). In addition to these theoretical concerns, the focus
is also on methods for analyzing these iterative processes. This emphasis may be related to the
difficulties faced in demonstrating empirically a policy diffusion/transfer process [JS3] (FARIAet
al., 2016; COELHO, 2016a; GONNET, 2016). Yet articles with this aim are a minority in studies
of policy transfer and diffusion.

10. Analysis of policy transfer and diffusion: a combination of methodological tools
Policy transfer and diffusion belong to an area of knowledge in development and with a potential
to explain political changes at national (COELHO et al., 2016b) and international levels (SILVA
et al., 2017), bringing together public policy analysis and international relations areas
(OLIVEIRA et al., 2017). As an area of knowledge in development, there is a concern about the
establishment of theoretical frameworks and conceptual reviews (DOLOWITZ, MARSH, 1996,
2000; OLIVEIRA et al., 2017; STONE, 2004). In addition to these theoretical concerns, the focus
is also on methods for analyzing these iterative processes. This emphasis may be related to the
difficulties faced in demonstrating empirically a policy diffusion/transfer process [JS3] (FARIAet
al., 2016; COELHO, 2016a; GONNET, 2016). Yet articles with this aim are a minority in studies
of policy transfer and diffusion.

11. Analysis of policy transfer and diffusion: a combination of methodological tools
Policy transfer and diffusion belong to an area of knowledge in development and with a potential
to explain political changes at national (COELHO et al., 2016b) and international levels (SILVA
et al., 2017), bringing together public policy analysis and international relations areas
(OLIVEIRA et al., 2017). As an area of knowledge in development, there is a concern about the
establishment of theoretical frameworks and conceptual reviews (DOLOWITZ, MARSH, 1996,
2000; OLIVEIRA et al., 2017; STONE, 2004). In addition to these theoretical concerns, the focus
is also on methods for analyzing these iterative processes. This emphasis may be related to the
difficulties faced in demonstrating empirically a policy diffusion/transfer process (FARIA et al.,
2016; COELHO, 2016a; GONNET, 2016). Yet articles with this aim are a minority in studies
of policy transfer and diffusion.

12. (next paragraph)
Since there is a gap in terms of methodological aspects, the objective of this article is to
identify which are the frequently used tools in order to demonstrate empirically public
policy transfer and/or diffusion. For reaching this objective, we have decided to do a
metanalysis a list of 100 articles (search term: policy transfer) and 100 articles (search
term: policy diffusion) with the highest impact factor in the Web of Science database .
The mapping of these methodological tools might help those scholars that are starting
in this field as well as in the development of future studies.

13. (next paragraph)
Since there is a gap in terms of methodological aspects, the objective of this article is to
identify which are the frequently used tools in order to demonstrate empirically public
policy transfer and/or diffusion. For reaching this objective, we have decided to do a
metanalysis a list of 100 articles (search term: policy transfer) and 100 articles (search
term: policy diffusion) with the highest impact factor in the Web of Science database .
The mapping of these methodological tools might help those scholars that are starting
in this field as well as in the development of future studies.

14. (next paragraph)
Since there is a gap in terms of methodological aspects, the objective of this article is to
identify which are the frequently used tools in order to demonstrate empirically public
policy transfer and/or diffusion. For reaching this objective, we have decided to do a
metanalysis a list of 100 articles (search term: policy transfer) and 100 articles (search
term: policy diffusion) with the highest impact factor in the Web of Science database .
The mapping of these methodological tools might help those scholars that are starting
in this field as well as in the development of future studies.

15. Motivos mais comuns para rejeição:
Belcher (2007) Bordage (2001) Pierson (2012)
Wrong journal X ✓ X
Faulty method ✓ ✓ ✓
Lack of transparency X ✓ ✓
Problems with statistics X ✓ ✓
Poor Discussion (or overstating importance
of findings)
✓ ✓ ✓
Improper formatting X ✓ X
Writing difficult to follow ✓ ✓ ✓
Inadequate review of the literature ✓ ✓ ✓
Nothing new ✓ ✓ ✓
Contribution not clear ✓ ✓ X
Poor English X X X
Prof. Dr. Ron Martinez - UFPR

16. Discussion : 6 common elements
!

17. Discussion : 6 common elements
!
Revisit points raised
in the Introduction

18. Discussion : 6 common elements
!
Revisit points raised
in the Introduction
Compare with other
studies

19. Discussion : 6 common elements
!
Revisit points raised
in the Introduction
Compare with other
studies
Expand, explain,
extrapolate

20. Discussion : 6 common elements
!
Revisit points raised
in the Introduction
Compare with other
studies
Expand, explain,
extrapolate
Talk about applications
and practical implications

21. Discussion : 6 common elements
!
Revisit points raised
in the Introduction
Compare with other
studies
Expand, explain,
extrapolate
Talk about applications
and practical implications
Talk about limitations

22. Discussion : 6 common elements
!
Revisit points raised
in the Introduction
Compare with other
studies
Expand, explain,
extrapolate
Talk about applications
and practical implications
Talk about limitations
Talk about how the study
advances the area;
what is still needed

23. Your homework from last week...
Download and read the article on our class webpage. What elements
discussed in today’s class are present? Which are missing? (Respond
on Formative.)

24. Why was it rejected?
"The manuscript is interesting and it brings original ideas. However a major
revision is necessary. The methods should be described comprehensively and not
confused as it is. Details such as use of water or not to process the mixtures are
not mentioned and this is an important point in this kind of product compositons,
mainly due to lime and phase formnation; there are not characterisitics of the
individual components as the authors mentioned that the materials were
characterized; the results should justify the interpretations and conclusions,
however they are just pointed out and not discussed at all. Figures II, III and IV
should be standardized (scale). Sometimes one of the components is
namely referirng to paper sludge, sometimes it is namely ETE's sludge waste, and
so on. Language should be also reviewed. Since the manuscript is concerning
to technological development it could present sample image (example: fracture
surface image). Finally, a good, very good revision in the manuscript is necessary."

25. From “Alexa”
“Dos seis elementos comuns passados na última aula … Não encontrei
nenhum presente na seção de Results and Discussion do artigo
rejeitado. Ao meu ver a seção de discussão só tinha comentários sobre
os resultados encontrados, não tinha nada de discussão dos mesmos.
Nem mesmo o aspecto mais conhecido de trazer os resultados de
outros autores para conversar com o seu estava presente nos
resultados, muito menos os outros cinco elementos. A minha
impressão é que não tinha nenhuma Discussion e sim somente uma
explanação dos resultados.”

26. From “Barbara”
“[...] Outro ponto que poderia ser melhorado é
em relação a conclusão dos dados, já que das
nove composições testadas, apenas uma
apresentou resultados promissores, mesmo
assim não foram abordados os pontos
limitantes desse trabalho.”

27. LIMITATIONS "DEFECTS"

37. Abstract
Axillary body odor is individually specific and potentially a rich source of information about
its producer. Odor individuality partly results from genetic individuality, but the influence
of ecological factors such as eating habits are another main source of odor variability.
However, we know very little about how particular dietary components shape our body
odor. Here we tested the effect of red meat consumption on body odor attractiveness. We
used a balanced within-subject experimental design. Seventeen male odor donors were on
“meat” or “nonmeat” diet for 2 weeks wearing axillary pads to collect body odor during the
final 24 h of the diet. Fresh odor samples were assessed for their pleasantness,
attractiveness, masculinity, and intensity by 30 women not using hormonal contraceptives.
We repeated the same procedure a month later with the same odor donors, each on the
opposite diet than before. Results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed that
the odor of donors when on the nonmeat diet was judged as significantly more attractive,
more pleasant, and less intense. This suggests that red meat consumption has a negative
impact on perceived body odor hedonicity.

38. From the Introduction

39. From the Introduction

40. From the Introduction

41. From the Introduction

42. From the Method section

43. From the Method section

45. Discussion
The results of this study show for the first time that red
meat consumption may have a perceivable impact on
axillary body odor. Odors of donors on the nonmeat
diet were judged as more pleasant, more attractive, and
less intense. This pattern was not influenced by raters'
menstrual cycle phase or partnership status.
The number of odor donors was relatively small (17
men). However, the nature of the experiment was
balanced and within subject. In other words, each rater
assessed some donors first in meat condition and some

46. Discussion
The results of this study show for the first time that red
meat consumption may have a perceivable impact on
axillary body odor. Odors of donors on the nonmeat
diet were judged as more pleasant, more attractive, and
less intense. This pattern was not influenced by raters'
menstrual cycle phase or partnership status.
The number of odor donors was relatively small (17
men). However, the nature of the experiment was
balanced and within subject. In other words, each rater
assessed some donors first in meat condition and some

47. Discussion
The results of this study show for the first time that red
meat consumption may have a perceivable impact on
axillary body odor. Odors of donors on the nonmeat
diet were judged as more pleasant, more attractive, and
less intense. This pattern was not influenced by raters'
menstrual cycle phase or partnership status.
The number of odor donors was relatively small (17
men). However, the nature of the experiment was
balanced and within subject. In other words, each rater
assessed some donors first in meat condition and some

49. The "Naysayer"
1. In the "Discussion" section (online), underline/highlight
parts that were probably written thinking of the
"Naysayer".
2. Compare with others.

50. WHERE MANY AUTHORS STOP

51. DISCUSSING WITH AWARENESS OF “NAYSAYER”

55. MAKING A CONCESSION

62. TIP: PRACTICE BEING A NAYSAYER
Ask your “orientador” if you can review
manuscripts together.

63. Discussion : 6 common elements
!
Revisit points raised
in the Introduction
Compare with other
studies
Expand, explain,
extrapolate
Talk about applications
and practical implications
Talk about limitations
Talk about how the study
advances the area;
what is still needed

65. !

69. “Hedging”: Examples
1. Curitibanos have many umbrellas. This is because
umbrellas are easily lost.

70. “Hedging”: Examples
1. Curitibanos have many umbrellas. This is because
umbrellas are easily lost.
2. Curitibanos often have many umbrellas. This is because
umbrellas are easily lost.

71. “Hedging”: Examples
1. Curitibanos have many umbrellas. This is because
umbrellas are easily lost.
2. Curitibanos often have many umbrellas. This is because
umbrellas are easily lost.
3. Curitibanos have many umbrellas. This may be because
umbrellas are easily lost.
4. Curitibanos are known to have many umbrellas. This is
because umbrellas can be easily lost.
5. Curitibanos have many umbrellas. This is likely due to the
fact that umbrellas are easily lost.

72. “Hedging”: Examples
1. Curitibanos have many umbrellas. This is because
umbrellas are easily lost.
2. Curitibanos often have many umbrellas. This is because
umbrellas are easily lost.
3. Curitibanos have many umbrellas. This may be because
umbrellas are easily lost.
4. Curitibanos are known to have many umbrellas. This is
because umbrellas can be easily lost.
5. Curitibanos have many umbrellas. This is likely due to the
fact that umbrellas are easily lost.

73. “Hedging”: Examples
1. Curitibanos have many umbrellas. This is because
umbrellas are easily lost.
2. Curitibanos often have many umbrellas. This is because
umbrellas are easily lost.
3. Curitibanos have many umbrellas. This may be because
umbrellas are easily lost.
4. Curitibanos are known to have many umbrellas. This is
because umbrellas can be easily lost.
5. Curitibanos have many umbrellas. This is likely due to the
fact that umbrellas are easily lost.

74. “Hedging”: Examples
1. Curitibanos have many umbrellas. This is because
umbrellas are easily lost.
2. Curitibanos often have many umbrellas. This is because
umbrellas are easily lost.
3. Curitibanos have many umbrellas. This may be because
umbrellas are easily lost.
4. Curitibanos are known to have many umbrellas. This is
because umbrellas can be easily lost.
5. Curitibanos have many umbrellas. This is likely due to
the fact that umbrellas are easily lost.

75. Hedging: a definition
In academic writing, a “hedge” is a word
or phrase used by the author(s) to show
they are being careful about their claims.

77. Hedging (when discussing results)
Current knowledge allows us only to speculate what particular compounds and
metabolic processes are responsible for hedonic changes in body odor after
the meat consumption. We propose that it could be due to changes in amount
and/or relative abundance of aliphatic acids. The axillary region contains
abundant numbers of apocrine glands producing milky secretions. Fresh
apocrine secretion is odorless but is rapidly converted by axillary microflora to
odorous breakdown products. Of particular interest are corynobacteria A as
they metabolize fatty acids to short aliphatic acids (James et al. 2004).
Chromatographic examination of axillary sweat found a number of both
saturated and unsaturated and branched and nonbranched aliphatic acids
particularly of C5–C11 length (Zeng et al. 1991). If this is the case, we may
expect a correlation between the change in the odor and fat proportion in
meat.

78. Hedging (when discussing results)
Current knowledge allows us only to speculate what particular compounds
and metabolic processes are responsible for hedonic changes in body odor
after the meat consumption. We propose that it could be due to changes in
amount and/or relative abundance of aliphatic acids. The axillary region
contains abundant numbers of apocrine glands producing milky secretions.
Fresh apocrine secretion is odorless but is rapidly converted by axillary
microflora to odorous breakdown products. Of particular interest are
corynobacteria A as they metabolize fatty acids to short aliphatic acids (James
et al. 2004). Chromatographic examination of axillary sweat found a number of
both saturated and unsaturated and branched and nonbranched aliphatic
acids particularly of C5–C11 length (Zeng et al. 1991). If this is the case, we
may expect a correlation between the change in the odor and fat proportion in
meat.

80. Hedging (when discussing results)
Current knowledge allows us only to speculate what particular compounds and
metabolic processes are responsible for hedonic changes in body odor after the
meat consumption. We propose that it could be due to changes in amount and/or
relative abundance of aliphatic acids. The axillary region contains abundant
numbers of apocrine glands producing milky secretions. Fresh apocrine secretion
is odorless but is rapidly converted by axillary microflora to odorous breakdown
products. Of particular interest are corynobacteria A as they metabolize fatty
acids to short aliphatic acids (James et al. 2004). Chromatographic examination of
axillary sweat found a number of both saturated and unsaturated and branched
and nonbranched aliphatic acids particularly of C5–C11 length (Zeng et al. 1991). If
this is the case, we may expect a correlation between the change in the odor and
fat proportion in meat.

81. Hedging
Current knowledge allows us only to speculate what particular compounds and
metabolic processes are responsible for hedonic changes in body odor after the
meat consumption. We propose that it could be due to changes in amount and/or
relative abundance of aliphatic acids. The axillary region contains abundant
numbers of apocrine glands producing milky secretions. Fresh apocrine secretion
is odorless but is rapidly converted by axillary microflora to odorous breakdown
products. Of particular interest are corynobacteria A as they metabolize fatty
acids to short aliphatic acids (James et al. 2004). Chromatographic examination of
axillary sweat found a number of both saturated and unsaturated and branched
and nonbranched aliphatic acids particularly of C5–C11 length (Zeng et al. 1991). If
this is the case, we may expect a correlation between the change in the odor and
fat proportion in meat.
CLAIM

82. Hedging
Current knowledge allows us only to speculate what particular compounds and
metabolic processes are responsible for hedonic changes in body odor after the
meat consumption. We propose that it could be due to changes in amount and/or
relative abundance of aliphatic acids. The axillary region contains abundant
numbers of apocrine glands producing milky secretions. Fresh apocrine secretion
is odorless but is rapidly converted by axillary microflora to odorous breakdown
products. Of particular interest are corynobacteria A as they metabolize fatty
acids to short aliphatic acids (James et al. 2004). Chromatographic examination of
axillary sweat found a number of both saturated and unsaturated and branched
and nonbranched aliphatic acids particularly of C5–C11 length (Zeng et al. 1991). If
this is the case, we may expect a correlation between the change in the odor and
fat proportion in meat.
CLAIM

83. Hedging
Current knowledge allows us only to speculate what particular compounds and
metabolic processes are responsible for hedonic changes in body odor after the
meat consumption. We propose that it could be due to changes in amount and/or
relative abundance of aliphatic acids. The axillary region contains abundant
numbers of apocrine glands producing milky secretions. Fresh apocrine secretion
is odorless but is rapidly converted by axillary microflora to odorous breakdown
products. Of particular interest are corynobacteria A as they metabolize fatty
acids to short aliphatic acids (James et al. 2004). Chromatographic examination of
axillary sweat found a number of both saturated and unsaturated and branched
and nonbranched aliphatic acids particularly of C5–C11 length (Zeng et al. 1991). If
this is the case, we may expect a correlation between the change in the odor and
fat proportion in meat.
CLAIM
WARRANTING

84. Hedging
Current knowledge allows us only to speculate what particular compounds and
metabolic processes are responsible for hedonic changes in body odor after the
meat consumption. We propose that it could be due to changes in amount and/or
relative abundance of aliphatic acids. The axillary region contains abundant
numbers of apocrine glands producing milky secretions. Fresh apocrine secretion
is odorless but is rapidly converted by axillary microflora to odorous breakdown
products. Of particular interest are corynobacteria A as they metabolize fatty
acids to short aliphatic acids (James et al. 2004). Chromatographic examination of
axillary sweat found a number of both saturated and unsaturated and branched
and nonbranched aliphatic acids particularly of C5–C11 length (Zeng et al. 1991). If
this is the case, we may expect a correlation between the change in the odor and
fat proportion in meat.
CLAIM
WARRANTING

85. Some common hedges
MODALITY
• may
• can
• could
• might
• possibly
• likely
EFFECT/CAUSE
• cause / caused by
• attribute / attributable to
• due to
• affect / affected by
• related to
• (as) a result of
suggestseem / appearwould

86. Some common hedges
MODALITY
• may
• can
• could
• might
• possibly
• likely
EFFECT/CAUSE
• cause / caused by
• attribute / attributable to
• due to
• affect / affected by
• related to
• (as) a/the result of
+ BE
+ HAVE
suggestseem / appearwould

87. For example...

89. Some common hedges
MODALITY
• may
• can
• could
• might
• possibly
• likely
EFFECT/CAUSE
• cause / caused by
• attribute / attributable to
• due to
• affect / affected by
• related to
• (as) a/the result of
+ BE
+ HAVE
suggestseem / appearwould

90. Using hedges
• The unexpected result may have been caused by an underestimation of
Trump's popularity among mainstream media outlets.
• Traditionally democratic states that voted more republican in the
election is likely the result of heavier campaigning by Trump.
• The low voter turnout on election day is possibly attributable to
ambivalent feelings towards Hillary Clinton among democratic voters.
• The recent mass influx of Syrian refugees could have affected voter
sentiment in favor of Trump.
• In future elections, it may be useful to verify emotional stability and
cognitive functioning before allowing a candidate to run for president.

91. Some common hedges
MODALITY
• may
• can
• could
• might
• possibly
• likely
EFFECT/CAUSE
• cause / caused by
• attribute / attributable to
• due to
• affect / affected by
• related to
• (as) a/the result of
+ BE
+ HAVE
suggestseem / appearwould

92. Using hedges
• The unexpected result may have been caused by an underestimation of
Trump's popularity among mainstream media outlets.
• Traditionally democratic states that voted more republican in the
election is likely the result of heavier campaigning by Trump.
• The low voter turnout on election day is possibly attributable to
ambivalent feelings towards Hillary Clinton among democratic voters.
• The recent mass influx of Syrian refugees could have affected voter
sentiment in favor of Trump.
• In future elections, it may be useful to verify emotional stability and
cogniti.

93. Some common hedges
MODALITY
• may
• can
• could
• might
• possibly
• likely
EFFECT/CAUSE
• cause / caused by
• attribute / attributable to
• due to
• affect / affected by
• related to
• (as) a/the result of
+ BE
+ HAVE
suggestseem / appearwould

94. Using hedges
• The unexpected result may have been caused by an underestimation of
Trump's popularity among mainstream media outlets.
• Traditionally democratic states that voted more republican in the
election is likely the result of heavier campaigning by Trump.
• The low voter turnout on election day is possibly attributable to
ambivalent feelings towards Hillary Clinton among democratic voters.
• The recent mass influx of Syrian refugees could have affected voter
sentiment in favor of Trump.
• In future elections, it may be useful to verify emotional stability and
cognit.

95. Some common hedges
MODALITY
• may
• can
• could
• might
• possibly
• likely
EFFECT/CAUSE
• cause / caused by
• attribute / attributable to
• due to
• affect / affected by
• related to
• (as) a/the result of
+ BE
+ HAVE
suggestseem / appearwould

96. Using hedges
• The unexpected result may have been caused by an underestimation of
Trump's popularity among mainstream media outlets.
• Traditionally democratic states that voted more republican in the
election is likely the result of heavier campaigning by Trump.
• The low voter turnout on election day is possibly attributable to
ambivalent feelings towards Hillary Clinton among democratic voters.
• The recent mass influx of Syrian refugees could have affected voter
sentiment in favor of Trump.
• In future elections, it may be useful to verify emotional stability and
cognitive fu

97. Some common hedges
MODALITY
• may
• can
• could
• might
• possibly
• likely
EFFECT/CAUSE
• cause / caused by
• attribute / attributable to
• due to
• affect / affected by
• related to
• (as) a/the result of
+ BE
+ HAVE
suggestseem / appearwould

98. Using hedges
• The unexpected result may have been caused by an underestimation of
Trump's popularity among mainstream media outlets.
• Traditionally democratic states that voted more republican in the
election is likely the result of heavier campaigning by Trump.
• The low voter turnout on election day is possibly attributable to
ambivalent feelings towards Hillary Clinton among democratic voters.
• The recent mass influx of Syrian refugees could have affected voter
sentiment in favor of Trump.
• In future elections, it may be useful to verify emotional stability and
cognitive functioning before allowing a candidate to run for president.

99. Some common hedges
MODALITY
• may
• can
• could
• might
• possibly
• likely
EFFECT/CAUSE
• cause / caused by
• attribute / attributable to
• due to
• affect / affected by
• related to
• (as) a/the result of
+ BE
+ HAVE
suggestseem / appearwould

100. Some common hedges
MODALITY
• may
• can
• could
• might
• possibly
• likely
EFFECT/CAUSE
• cause / caused by
• attribute / attributable to
• due to
• affect / affected by
• related to
• (as) a/the result of
+ BE
+ HAVE
suggestseem / appearwould

101. Some common hedges
MODALITY
• may
• can
• could
• might
• possibly
• likely
EFFECT/CAUSE
• cause / caused by
• attribute / attributable to
• due to
• affect / affected by
• related to
• (as) a/the result of
+ BE
+ HAVE
suggestseem / appearwould

102. Using hedges
• The unexpected result may have been caused by an underestimation of
Trump's popularity among mainstream media outlets.
• Traditionally democratic states that voted more republican in the election is
likely the result of heavier campaigning by Trump.
• The low voter turnout on election day is possibly attributable to ambivalent
feelings towards Hillary Clinton among democratic voters.
• The recent mass influx of Syrian refugees could have affected voter sentiment
in favor of Trump.
• In future elections, it may be useful to verify emotional stability and cognitive
functioning before allowing a candidate to run for president.
• The result of the 2016 election would seem to suggest that a change in US
politics appears to be needed.

103. TURMA PRESENCIAL

104. TURMA À DISTÂNCIA

105. TURMA TOTAL

107. Concluding...

108. How to conclude?
• Separate section? ("Conclusion")
• Integrated into the Discussion?
• How to signal you are “closing”?
• What should you include?

109. First: check the journal (you
want to submit to)

121. Can the Discussion and Conclusion be
integrated?

141. Discussão : 6 elementos comuns
!
Retomar assuntos
da Introdução
Comparar com
outros estudos
Expandir, explanar,
extrapolar
Falar de aplicações e
implicações práticas
Falar das limitações
Falar do que ainda
há por fazer; como
a pesquisa contribui
para o avanço

142. By next class (31/10):
1. Write your (draft!!!) Discussion/Conclusion section
on the “Peer Feedback Submission Form”
(online). Include “hedging” where appropriate.
2. By 31/10: Submit your (draft!!!) article to
prppg7000duvidas@gmail.com. (Assunto: “Draft
article”)
3. On 31/10, you will receive instructions on how to give
peer feedback.
4. This assignment counts towards your participation
grade. (Don’t worry if it’s not “complete.”)

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