2. LINKERS ARE USED FOR...
adding ideas
expressing cause
expressing
purpose expressing contrast
making
conditions
sequencing
a narrative
sequencing an
argument
to begin a sentence
unless/as long as
to join
words/clauses
but only if/providing
that
to begin a sentence
before.../then...
to join clauses
before.../after...
to end a sentence
afterwards/in the end
to begin a
sentence
firstly…/finally...
to begin a
sentence
however/
nevertheless
to join clauses
but.../yet...
to end a
sentence
…,though
to end a
sentence
to this end...
to join clauses
so that
to begin a
sentence
in order to
to begin a
sentence
moreover,...
to join clauses
and.../in
addition...
to end a
sentence
...as
well/...too
to begin a
sentence
because/as
to join
clauses
due to...
to end a
sentence
...for the reason
3. ADDING IDEAS
● To begin a sentence: (also…, in addition…, moreover…, as well as…)
Ex: I speak French. Also, I speak English.
Ex: In addition to the recipe ingredients, you’ll need the following.
Ex: He didn't have his shoes on; moreover, the wasn´t wearing a shirt.
To join words/clauses: (and…, in addition to…, as well as…)
Ex: Try harder and you will succeed.
Ex: I like to use sugar, in addition to cream, when flavoring my coffee.
Ex: Our neighbor brought cake as well as juice for everyone.
● To end a sentence: (...as well, ...too)
Ex: These exercises will keep your body healthy and functioning, as well.
Ex: You will stay behind after class, and I want to speak to your parents, too.
4. EXPRESSING CAUSE
● To begin a sentence: (due to…, because(of)..., as..., since..., that is why…)
Ex: Due to the bad weather we won't go out.
Ex: That is why you fail, you don't study enough.
Ex: Since you're gone the nights are getting strange.
● To join words/clauses: (due to…, because(of)..., as…, since…)
Ex: The game was cancelled due to bad weather.
Ex: I was late because of heavy traffic.
Ex: He has worked at the factory since 1999.
Ex: Noemi is five feet ten and Inés is just as tall.
5. SEQUENCING AN ARGUMENT
● To begin a sentence: (firstly…, secondly…, thirdly…, finally…, lastly)
Ex: Firstly, I would like to remark that it is not my fault.
Ex: Firstly, thankyou all for coming. Secondly, let me introduce our host.
Ex: Firstly, I don't like fish. Secondly, I'm not hungry. Thirdly, I'm broke.
Ex: We finally made it home after midnight.
Ex: Lastly, please make sure you don't leave your things behind.
6. SEQUENCING A NARRATIVE
● To begin a sentence: (before…, afterwards…, then…, finally…, after
that…, first…, in the end…)
Ex: Before God I declare that I will always tell the truth.
Ex: In the end, everything will be all right.
● To join words/clauses: (before…, after…)
Ex: Come and say goodbye before you go.
Ex: We can discuss it more after lunch.
● To end a sentence: (...afterwards, ...in the end)
Ex: Let's eat and go to a movie afterwards.
Ex: You will get the job in the end.
7. MAKING CONDITIONS
● To begin a sentence: (as long as…, providing that…, unless…)
Ex: As long as we're together I will be happy.
Ex: Unless you have a better idea, we will follow my plan.
Ex: Providing that it is not their own money, they will spend it all.
● To join words/clauses: (as long as…, but only if… providing that…)
Ex: I will help you as long as you are nice to your classmates.
Ex: They will go on the cruise, but only if they pass everything.
Ex: You may go to the ball, Cinderella, providing that you are back by midnight.
8. EXPRESSING CONTRAST
● To begin a sentence: (however…, nevertheless…, nonetheless, on the one
hand, …, on the other hand,...)
Ex: However he did it, it was very clever
Ex: On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of living in a big city.
Ex: Susan was a plain women. Nevertheless, she had many boyfriends.
● To join words/clauses: (but…, yet…, even though…, despite… in spite
of…)
Ex: I may be old, but I can still ride a bike.
Ex: I decided to walk to the library even though it was raining.
Ex: You could help us with the cooking, or better yet, why don't you set the table?.
● To end a sentence: (...,though)
Ex: He doesn't study a lot, but he gets very good marks, though.
9. EXPRESSING PURPOSE
● To begin a sentence: (in order to…, in order that…)
Ex: In order to travel abroad you must have a valid passport.
Ex: In order that he can buy a car, he will need to save money.
● To join words/clauses: (so that…, in order to…)
Ex: You don't need a degree in order to work as an escort.
Ex: She studied hard so that she might become a doctor.
● To end a sentence: (...for this purpose, ...to this end)
Ex: We will do our best for this purpose.
Ex: We need to raid the castle! We must find some swords to this end.
