The document discusses three main topics related to classroom discourse: 1. It discusses focusing on linguistic practices in school settings, including classroom interaction as a cultural practice, classroom discourse and literacy development, and discourse study of second language development. 2. It discusses classroom discourse as a form of learning, with teachers initiating questions, students responding, and teachers providing optional evaluations. 3. It discusses measuring students' cognition through Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, where guidance from a knowledgeable person allows students to develop skills just beyond their current abilities.

2. •1.Focus on linguistic practices in
school.
•2.Topics of discourse in school
settings:
•a. Classroom interaction as
cultural practice.
•b.Classroom discourse and
literacy development.
•c.Discourse study of second
language development.
•3.Classroom discourse as
learning.

6. Math
1.Teacher: Who can tell
Carter what group one does,
when they’re done
with their number book.
2.Hai: I know
3.Teacher: Hai?
4.Hai: Um . . after you
finish your workbook,
you get something quiet
to do
Griffin&Shy

7. continued
T:…And .I've got this here.
What`s that ?Trevor.
S. An axe.
T. Its an axe yes. What do we
cut with the axe?
S. Wood ,wood
T. Yes, I cut wood with the axe.
initiation
response
Follow-
up/initiation
response
Follow-up

8.  The teacher asks a question:
Teacher initiation
The teacher evaluates
The teacher
continues to
ask another
question

9. An initiation A response An evaluation x
Mehan argued
that the
evaluation
turn is
optional
Griffin &Shy
argued that
the evaluation
turn is
obligatory

11. continued
 Italian American students
Home School
One person talked at a time
several conversations could
co-occur

12. Literacy: the
ability to read
and write
 Michaels’s work on thematic progression in children’s
narrative

14. 2.3 Discourse study of second language development
Biliteracy
The freedom to use
English and Spanish in
classroom meant that
children developed
literate skills in both
languages. not just the
means of writing ,but
the ability for literate
thinking where writing
in English involves
reflecting on Spanish
language experience.

15. Student's cognition theory
 Student's cognition :the way they are thinking.
 Students are sponge they are essentially taking in every
thing round them both socially and environmentally
and internalizing that into cognitive or their way of
thinking.

16. What is the measure of Children's cognition?
The zone of proximal cognitive ZPD.
Vygotsky’s thinking:
That individuals learn in their own zones of proximal
development lying just beyond the domains of their current
expertise, and that they learn through interacting in that zone
with a more knowledgeable individual and internalizing the
resulting socially assembled knowledge

17. Guidance from a
knowledgeable
person
Students can't
Students
can
ZPDLower Limit Upper Limit

18. Classroom has its own special
culture
Why it's difficult to generalize about classroom discourse?